(a.) Rule.-Multiply the LENGTH by the BREADTH, and the product will be the surface.

(b.) Square measure is used in calculating areas or surfaces; as of land, lumber, painting, paving, &c.

(c.) Artificers usually estimate their work—

1. By the square foot; as in glazing and stone-cutting. 2. By the square yard; as in painting, plastering, paperhanging, &c.

3. By the 100 square feet; as in flooring, roofing, slating, &c.

4. By the thousand bricks, by the square yard, and 100 square feet; as in bricklaying.

(d.) NOTES.-1. The painting of mouldings, cornices, &c., is estimated by measuring the entire surface.

2. When bricklaying is estimated by square measure, the work is understood to be 12 inches thick.

How many square miles in 418783741864 square inches?

40 sq. rd.)10682168 sq. rd. +84 q. sq. yd. 21 sq. yd.

SURVEYOR'S SQUARE MEASURE.

93. Surveyor's Square Measure is used in find

ing the area of land.

CUBIC MEASURE.

- 94. A Cube is a solid, having six equal square sides. Thus, a cubic foot is a body 1 foot in length, 1 foot in breadth, and 1 foot in

95. A Cubic Yard is a solid, one yard or three feet in length, 1 yard or 3 feet in width, and 1 yard or three feet in thickness; therefore a cubic yard consists of three tiers of feet, each tier consisting of three rows, and each row consisting of 3 cubic feet.

(a.) Anal. Steps.-1. Find the number of rows of cu. ft. in 1 cubic yd. FORM.-Since there are 3 rows of cubic feet in 1 tier of feet, in 3 tiers there are 3 times 3 rows, which are 9 rows.

(b.) 2. Find the number of cubic feet in 1 cu. yd.

FORM. Since in 1 row there are 3 cubic feet, in 9 rows there are 9 times 3 cubic feet, which are 27 cubic feet.

Conclusion.-Therefore, in one cubic yard there are 27 cubic feet. Hence to find the solid contents of a body we have the following

(b.) Rule.-Multiply the LENGTH by the BREADTH, and that product by the

THICKNESS.

-(c.) Cubic Measure is used in estimating the contents of solids; as wood, stone, capacity of cisterns, &c.

(d.) NOTES.-1. A load of earth contains a cubic yard, and weighs about 3250 lb.

2. Railway and transportation companies estimate light freight by the number of cubic feet it occupies; but heavy freight is estimated by weight.

3. A pile of wood 4 feet wide, and 4 feet high, and 8 feet long, contains 1 cord; and a cord foot is 1 foot in length of such a pile, thus:

4. A perch of stone or masonry is 16 feet long, 1 feet wide, and 1 foot high, and contains 24 cubic feet.

5. A brick is usually 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and 2 inches thick; hence 27 bricks make a cubic foot. In the western states it is usually 9 x 41 x 21 in.

6. Joiners, painters, and masons make no allowance for windows, doors, &c. Masons make no allowance for the corners of the walls of houses or of cellars. The size of a cellar is estimated by the measurement of the outside of the wall. 7. Round timber when squared is estimated to lose one-fifth; hence a ton of round timber is said to contain only 40 cubic feet.

8. Sawed lumber, as joists, plank, and scantlings, are now generally bought and sold by board measure. The dimensions of a foot of board measure is 1 foot long, 1 ft. wide, and 1 inch thick.

MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

96. Measures of capacity are cubic measures, and are the liquid or dry measures.

LIQUID OR WINE MEASURE.

97. Liquid Measure is, of course, used in measur

(b.) NOTE.-1. The denominations barrel and hogshead are used in estimating the capacity of cisterns, reservoirs, vats, &c.

2. The barrel, hogshead, tierce, pipe, butt and tun are the names of casks, which are usually gauged, having the number of gallons they hold marked on them.

3. Ale or beer measure, formerly used in measuring beer, ale, and milk, is now seldom used.

4. 1 gallon of pure water weighs nearly 8 lb. avoirdupois; hence a pint weighs about a pound.

5. The standard unit of wine measure is the gallon, which contains 231 cubic inches.

DRY MEASURE.

98. Dry Measure is used for things not liquid, as grain, fruit, ashes, &c.

(a.) NOTE.-The English quarter contains 8 bushels of 70 pounds each, and

is used in measuring grain. It is of the gross ton.