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U. Give the derivation of abstract, conspire, contradiction, introduction, objective, sustain, transpose.

21. Give the meaning of the following words :-subordinate, subdue, subdivide, submit, sublunary, subscribe; and show how they are compounded.

22. Give the derivation and original meaning of the following words, and trace the connection between the original and the present meaning:-gossip, insolent, officious, prevent.

HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE.

1. The English language is made up of several component parts; state what they are, and when each part was incorporated into it.

2. In what respects did Anglo-Saxon or Early English differ in form from Modern English?

3. Give an account of the history of any of the following words, and point out any changes in their form or usage:—which, who, its, is, they, whit, the merrier, nearer, foremost, best.

4. Give instances of English words borrowed from the Arabic and the Persian.

5. When was the English language brought into Britain? and name with as much exactness as you can the tribes who brought it.

6. Explain the following sentence:-The English is a composite language, based on the Anglo-Saxon.'

7. 'Look who that is most virtuous alway

Prive and Apert1 and most intendeth aye

To do the gentil deedës that he can

And take him for the greatest gentleman.'-CHAUCER.

(a) Point out any grammatical or verbal differences that you observe in these four lines from Chaucer, when you compare them with the English we speak now.

(6) In what century did Chaucer live? and what changes had taken place in the language spoken by Englishmen between his time and the time of Edward the Confessor?

8. The English tongue belongs to the Teutonic family of 1 In private and public.

languages, but it contains a great many words derived from other sources; what are these sources? Give examples.

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A gentle knight was pricking on the plaine
Ycladd in mightie armes and silver shielde
Wherein old dints of deepe wounds did remain.'

SPENSER, Fairie Queene.

To what stage of our language does the above passage belong? Mention any other great English writer who flourished when Spenser did, and whose style is much more modern.

10. 'Air and ye elements-the eldest birth

Of Nature's womb, that in quaternion run
Perpetual circle multiform, and mix

And nourish all things; let your ceaseless change
Vary to your great Maker still new praise.'

MILTON.

To what period in the English language does the above passage belong? Mention any differences you notice between it and the language of Shakespeare, or that used in the present day.

11. Give a short account of the sources and growth of the English language.

12. State, as far as you can, under what circumstances, and at what periods, Latin words came into our language.

13. To what period and to what circumstances would you ascribe the amalgamation of the Old English and the Norman elements in our language?

14. From what languages are the following town suffixes taken-burgh, by, caster, ham, wich.

15. What dates would you assign respectively to 'Old English,' 'Early English,' 'Middle English,' and 'Modern English'? Name words and writers in the Middle English' period.

16. Quote any words in ordinary use amongst us which we get from-(1) The Persian, (2) the Turkish, or (3) the Hindostani language.

17. State in each case to what people we are indebted for the following words:-yacht, harlequin, calico, canoe, satin, zenith, iceberg, grimace, cigar.

18. What decree was issued in the reign of Edward III. which affected our language?

19. State all the particulars with which you are acquainted about Piers Ploughman's Vision.

20. What are the natural stages of our language? and how may they be designated? Also mention the principal names of those who wrote in Anglo-Saxon.

21. State, in as many instances as you can, at what periods the following words have been introduced:-photograph, tobacco, street, alligator, telegraph, tarn, plaid.

22. To what family of languages is English considered to belong? and why? Answer carefully and clearly.

23. From what language are the greatest number of English words derived?

24. What is the earliest source from which Latin words have been introduced into our language?

25. Give a brief historic account of the Scandinavian element in our language, and illustrate by common Scandinavian words. 26. What different eras have been assigned in the history of the English language? and what is the character of each?

27. Show the source from which the following words have been derived, and point out their roots :-extract, amphibious, circumlocution, retrograde, paradox, Cheapside, farewell, cavalier.

28. From what source do we derive priest, cry, quiet, abbot, are, bask, cradle? State as far as you can the several periods of their introduction into the language.

29. Describe the effect of the Norman Conquest upon our language.

30. Our language is sometimes divided into four periods,(1) Old English, (2) Early English, (3) Middle English, and (4) Modern English. Name the writings in (i) or (2) or (3), and comment on any changes which appear in each period.

31. Give a short account of the special influence of NormanFrench upon the vocabulary of the English language.

32. When was the English language brought into Great Britain? Name the four Low-German tribes who are said to have introduced the language.

33. Name as many old Celtic words still in use as you

can.

34. Assign dates to 'Old English,' to 'Early English,' and to 'Middle English ;' and name writers and works in the period called 'Middle English.'

35. What dates would you assign to 'Early English,' and to 'Modern English'? Name works and writers in the 'Early English' period.

36. Give a brief account of the English language and English writers between 1066 A.D. and 1350 A.D.

37. Enumerate chronologically, as far as you can, the works written in English between the years 450 A.D. and 1250 A.D. 38. Give a list of the Indo-European languages.

39. What is meant by the Scandinavian element in our language? Can you mention any traces of it to be found in the language we speak now?

40. What language was spoken in England before the Norman Conquest? and what changes in the language followed from that event?

41. What classes of words has our language mainly derived from the French? Give examples.

42. Mention any words of Celtic origin that occur in our language, and give the reason why so few words from this source are to be found.

43. From what language are the following words derived: -clout, cradle, mattock, darn, mop, pillow? What historical inference may be drawn from the homely character of these words?

44. Mention any Latin or Greek words that have been introduced into our language in connection with the Christian religion.

EXERCISES FOR PARSING AND ANALYSIS.

N.B.-The following exercises are arranged according to the 'years of apprenticeship' for which they were given. The subjoined will show which questions were given to each year :

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Questions 1-30 (inclusive) to candidates before 1st May 1878.
31-78 (incl.) to candidates or First Year.
79-128 (incl.) to First Year or Second Year.
129-200 (incl.) to Second Year or Third Year.
201-277 (incl.) to Third Year or Fourth Year.
278-351 (incl.) to Fourth Year or Fifth Year.

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It must be borne in mind that pupil teachers apprenticed after 1st May 1878 have only four years to serve instead of five. But the requirements of candidates since this date are the same as those for the First Year before the same date; and so on with the following years. This is the explanation of the arrangement of the above table.

1. Show what part of speech every word is in the following sentence :-' In India I often had occasion to observe that dogs in a wild state were less brave than the domestic animal.'

2. Parse the following passage:-'A few weeks after Elizabeth's accession, Philip of Spain made her an offer of marriage. She neither accepted nor refused the offer, but politely informed him that she could not answer so important a question till she had consulted her Parliament.'

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3. Parse as fully as you are able the following passage :—' If you climb to the top of a church tower, you find that many objects come into sight which cannot be seen from the ground.'

4. Parse the following sentence as fully as you are able:— 'Some writers have discovered ugliness and a want of grace in the giraffe, but I consider him one of the most strikingly beautiful animals in the creation.'

5. Parse the following sentence as fully as you can:"Though Jonas was very diligent, many weeks passed before he had finished the heavy task, by which he hoped to raise himself to the rank of master.'

6. Parse as fully as you are able the following passage :'To form the barometer, a glass tube, open at one end, and filled with quicksilver, is plunged with its open end downwards into a bowl containing some of the same fluid.'

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