that a horse may walk into it, supported by four posts, of such length that the frame-work shall be at least two feet above the

horse. There are two rollers, a and b, made of wood, which rest and are fixed upon the two end beams of the frame-work. At the fore end of each roller is a screw-wheel, and there is an iron plate at the back end. Each wheel and plate has a small hole in it, and there is also a groove along each roller; and an iron rod is placed along this groove and fixed by its ends in the hole of the screw and the hole of the plate respectively. To this rod upon each roller is attached one end of the canvass c. Above the screws at the end of the rollers is the spindle d, fixed upon the beams, with a handle at the end for working it; and upon this spindle above each roller is fixed an endless screw, to work into the screws upon the rollers. There is a pad fixed to the canvass before, and which passes below the horse's fore-legs; to this pad is attached two straps or belts, one passing up on each side of the horse's neck, which are attached to the spindle between the two endless screws, and wound up by it.

The canvass c is of such breadth as to cover the belly of the horse from the fore to the hind legs, and of such length that when not wound up, the bottom of it can lie flat upon the ground. The horse is then brought into the machine and tied to a post before it. And the spindle is wrought by the handle, which, with the endless screws working into the screws upon the

end of the rollers, causes the rollers to revolve, and lifts up the canvass regularly on each side. This is continued until the horse is lifted up a little from the ground. In this position most horses, however untractable they may be, will become quite docile; but should they not be so, they can now be perfectly secured without any danger to themselves, by fixing each foot by a belt round a post.

From the nature and relative position of the endless screw and the screw on the end of the roller, which are made so as to be driven by the spindle, but which will not revolve back by any weight upon the canvass itself, the animal remains, when lifted up, without any additional machinery. But should the spindle and roller wheels not be so fitted to each other as to answer this purpose, a ratchet wheel can be fixed upon the fore cross beam to work into, and keep secure, the wheels on the end of the rollers.

NEW HOLLAND.

A CONTINENT long concealed from the rest of the world by the remoteness of its position, anxiously sought for even when its existence was hypothetical, gradually emerging from obscurity, unfolding its treasures to the delighted eye of research, and by its capabilities inviting to its shores the natives of far distant regions, is an object worthy of our most intense regard. As the focus from which is to issue the radiance of civilization that shall one day extend over the scattered isles of the great ocean, and, like an austral aurora, shoot athwart the boundaries of a hemisphere, New Holland is calculated to excite the imagination in no ordinary degree. As the seat of an empire which, combining the arts and the science of all the regions of the earth, shall extend its influence over countries on which the strong hand of European knowledge has laid its iron grasp, it presents to the eye that seeks to penetrate the mists of futurity, the image of the "horn that waxed exceeding great toward the south, and` toward the east, and toward the pleasant land, even toward the host of heaven, some of which it cast down to the ground, and stamped upon them."

But leaving the visions of future times to those whom they may delight, we see before us a region of verdant hills, and flowery dales, and majestic forests, glowing with the wild beauty. of untamed nature, traversed by a thousand glittering streams, with a girdle of lofty cliffs washed by the waves of a quiet sea for the foreground, and beyond the blue mountains that raise their heads in the clear sky, the vast plains of the interior, stretching away beyond the region of human ken. The kangaroo is bounding playfully in the sunny glade, the emu shoots across the green meadow, flocks of cockatoos cover the branches of the eucalyptus trees, and the black swan, with its slender neck and wavy wing, sails gracefully on the bosom of the still pool, on whose banks the ornithorhynchus, half bird and half beast, is seeking a place of safety in which to deposite its eggs. Myriads of glittering insects flutter among the beautiful flowers, over which the honey-bird glides with humming winglets, as the wary snake silently winds his way among the tufts of tall herbage. The lord of creation-alas, how fallen! But another comes in his place, and the smoke from the white man's hut curls high among the wire-twigged mimosas. Cities rise in the wilderness, the oak of the forest bends under the axe, the la bourer is in the field, and the shore resounds with the shout of the sailor.

It is probable that some portions of this vast country had been discovered by Spanish navigators so early as the sixteenth century, but the Dutch were the first who, in the beginning of the seventeenth, obtained any positive knowledge of it. In 1616, Captain Dirk Hertog, of the ship Eendracht of Ainsterdam, landed on the island which bears his name, and examined part of the opposite coast, to which he applied that of his ship. In 1618, another Dutchman, named Zeachen, coasted the northern part of the continent. These were followed by many others of the same nation, of whom the celebrated Abel Jansan Tasman merits particular notice. In consequence of the discoveries of these men, the country received, in 1662, the name of New Holland, which it unquestionably ought to retain. In 1668, Dampier, on a buccaneering cruize, visited the north-west coast, and, in 1699, after a voyage of six months, anchored in the bay named after Hertog, the first authentic discoverer. Many na

vigators of the Spanish, Dutch, and Portuguese nations, touched at different parts of the coast, the desolate aspect of which afforded little incitement to close investigation. In the beginning of the eighteenth century the French and English took the lead in maritime discovery, and New Holland, together with the scattered isles of the Australian seas, gradually emerged from obscurity. Bougainville, Cook, La Perouse, Vancouver, Labillardiere, Flinders, King, and others of inferior note, have explored the greater part of the coast-line, and described the productions of its vicinity. But our knowledge of New Holland is almost entirely confined to the coasts, and even of them large portions remain to be examined, or have only been inspected in the most superficial manner.

New Holland is situated in the southern hemisphere, partly within the tropic, and lies between 9° and 38° south latitude, and between 112° and 153° east longitude. Of a compact form, more elongated from west to east, it is nearly 2000 miles in length and 1700 in breadth. In a geographical point of view, it is more immediately connected with Van Diemen's Land, New Zealand, New Guinea, the Indian Archipelago, India and China, with which it has already commercial relations, as well as with the Cape of Good Hope, the Isle of France, and especially Great Britain. The coasts in general are not indented by deep sinuses, which might facilitate research; nor has the mouth of any large and navigable river been discovered, by which an exploring party might penetrate into the interior.

In its constitution it presents several anomalies. The moun tains of other continents usually run in the direction of their length, but those of New Holland are disposed in ridges which in a manner encircle it. The shores are usually bold, and often present mural precipices extending for miles without a break; the coasts are, for the most part, sterile and uninviting; the richest land lying towards the base of the mountains, beyond which are boundless plains of surprising fertility. No river of a magnitude proportionate to that of the continent has yet been discovered. The vegetation is singular and peculiar, as are the forms of animal life, and the natives constitute a race distinguished from all others by characteristic traits of moral and physical conformation. But, as in the present state of our

knowledge of this vast region of the globe, any general description of it would be premature and unsatisfactory, we prefer giving a view of those parts which, having been colonized by Britain, are alone in some degree known to the civilized world.

New South Wales, the general name given to the eastern portion of New Holland, and by which Cook designated the immense line of coast along which he sailed on his first voyage, extends from Cape York, in 10° south latitude, the point at which the continent approaches nearest to New Guinea, to Wilson's Promontory in Bass's Strait, opposite Van Diemen's Land. But although civilization has extended only to a small portion of this coast, as there are no rival colonies, the boundaries are not determined, and it is understood that Britain lays claim to the whole eastern half of New Holland.

The aspect of the coasts is in general far from inviting: they consist of bold cliffs of trap, sandstone, slate-clay, and other rocks, with stony and sandy beaches interspersed. There are numerous bays, creeks, and inlets, generally of small dimensions compared with the size of the continent. Of the former, the more remarkable are Moreton Bay, Broken Bay, Botany Bay, Jervis Bay, Bateman Bay, and Twofold Bay. Good harbours are of rare occurrence on some parts of the coast, while other parts are abundantly supplied with them. Port Macquarrie, Camden's Haven, Port Stephens, Port Hunter, Port Jackson, and Port Hacking, may be particularly mentioned. Port Jackson is one of the finest harbours in the world, and is said to be capable of containing all the navies of Europe. Few islands of any magnitude occur near the coasts, but numerous islets, rocks, and shoals, are scattered along them, rendering the navigation rather dangerous; while at a distance there extends an irregular barrier of coral reefs, on which the sea breaks with violence, but within which the water is always smooth.

The greater part of the eastern coast of New Holland is backed, at a distance varying from a few miles to a hundred, and averaging about forty, by irregular chains of precipitous mountains, running in various directions, but of which the ge neral mass is more or less parallel to the shore. These ridges bear the general name of the Blue Mountains. Their usual height does not exceed 3000 feet, although to the northward