Race of the Cape of Good Hope. This approaches closely to the Siamese pig, but is somewhat less. The hair is black, or deep chestnut, hard, and thinly scattered; the ears are straight; the tail pendent, and terminated by a tuft of bristles. This subvariety of the Siamese race probably originated in India. According to Desmarest, it is nearly identical with the breed of the South Sea Islands. It has been propagated extensively in New Holland, and now occurs not only in Southern Africa, but in several parts of South America.

The Smooth or Short-legged Swine. This breed is derived from the Chinese, to which it is closely allied; the head is unusually short, the jaws thick, the forehead stunted; the skin falls in folds above the eyes; the ears are short, pointed, and almost erect; the neck is thick and strong; the chest very vigorous; the body round and lengthened; the legs short and strong; the skin very thin; and the bristles short and slender. It is usually of a copper colour, but sometimes occurs of a bright fiery red; and, in this last condition, presents a sufficiently singular appearance. This pig is of small size, very productive, and fattens to such a pitch that its belly sometimes upon the ground. It is bred in Spain, Portugal, Savoy, and the north and south of Italy. To this breed the human race stands indebted for Bologna sausages.

trails

the

name

We may here mention the variety known in France under of Porc de Nobles. This appears to be derived from the improved English breed formerly described as having originated from a cross between an Anglo-Chinese sow and an emancipated American boar.

De Witt's Hog-Head straight and fine; ears of medium size; neck thick and round; shoulders broad and strong; flanks

cies of wild boar. Other observers go still farther, and support the opinion that there exists in the Indian or Chinese dominions a species of wild boar distinct from that of Europe, and the more probable source from which the Siamese breed and that of China have been derived. Thus if the domestic races peculiar to, or characteristic of, the northern and temperate parts of Europe have sprung (as I think cannot be doubted) from the wild boar (Sus aper), we shall have three distinct sources from which to trace the rise and progress of domestic swine.-See Forrest's Voyage to New Guinea, and some observations by Antoine Desmoulins, in the Diction. Class. d'Hist. Nat. t. iv. p. 271.

broad; back strait; croup long, broad, and rounded; legs short; bristles white, and abundant on the upper part of the neck, but of a much thinner growth upon the back. This variety is somewhat larger than the preceding. It fattens easily, is very productive, and no doubt derived its origin from a country hog and one of the Chinese breed.

The Zealand Hog.-Ears erected; body short; back strongly bristled; tail small. This breed is likewise of a mixed Chinese race, and weighs from 160 to 240 lb. about the end of its second year.

The races which follow are, in some respects, unimproved, and cannot boast of the blood of the Mandarins.

The Turkish Hog has straight pointed ears; short firm legs; body scarcely longer than high, and covered all over with slender frizzled bristles, of a grey colour, more or less deep, rarely black, and more rarely still of a reddish-brown. The young vary from a whitish-grey to a brownish-red, and are marked with blackish bands along the dorsal portion of the sides. This race weighs from 300 to 400 lb. and fattens in half the time required by many of the cominon breeds. It prevails throughout European Turkey, and also occurs in Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia, and as far into Austria as the environs of Vienna.

The Pig of Guinea (Sus porcus, Erxleben, not the Guineapig).-Head small; ears long, slender, and much pointed; tail long, naked, reaching to the ground. The hair of the body is short, red, shining, finer and softer than that of any other known race. It is somewhat longer in the neck and croup. The back is naked. This remarkable variety is little known. It was described and figured by Marcgrave, and is named Sus Guinensis, by Brisson and Klein. All that we can trace of its history is, that it appears to have been originally transported from Guinea to Brazil.

ON THE WINNOWING MACHINE.

THERE is perhaps no single circumstance which will so readily attach the character of sloven to a farmer, as that of his presenting ill-cleaned grain at market. His fields may be hastily finished off, and his whole farm may present coarse management; still he may be a good farmer in the common acceptation of the term; because he may work his land well, clean it well, and keep it in the highest condition, and, by these means, raise good crops of every kind. But should he be in the constant practice of presenting ill-cleaned grain at market, and delivering it in that state into the hands of the corn-dealers, he will assuredly earn to himself the unenviable name of being a slovenly fellow. And yet, after all, he may be less to blame in this particular practice, than in managing his fields in a negligent manner; because, in the latter case, he has it in his power to amend his practice, the whole matter depending on his own skill and exertion; whereas, in the former, he may not be able to procure an implement sufficiently well constructed for cleaning his grain to perfection. Even in these days of perfect machinery, many country carpenters know not how to make a set of good fanners; and hence, how often do we observe in the possession of farmers, huge, unmoveable, awkward things under that name, which are obviously quite unfit to accomplish the end for which they were made; and most of them so difficult to keep in motion, that a man is hard worked driving one of them during a short day in winter. It is not difficult, however, to account for the existence even yet of such clumsy machines as the fanners which are in common use. They are always used under cover in a barn, and never exposed to the vicissitudes of the weather as most other agricultural implements must of necessity be, and being subject only to the extent of a moving power equal, at most, to the muscular force of one man, they last a very long time. Farmers too, from motives of economy no doubt, are too often loath to part with even old implements, provided they do their work at all, though they are conscious they do not perform it so well as it might be done.

To the many examples of the best constructed agricultural

implements, which have already appeared in this Journal, we will add one of the winnowing machine; and in order that our English readers may have an opportunity of supplying themselves with a good implement through the assistance of their own implement-maker, we have drawn the annexed figures to a given scale, one-tenth of an inch to two inches, and given so minute a description of the dimensions of the different parts, that any mechanic of the least talent could from it construct a similar machine with ease. Judging from the state of the grain which is presented at Mark Lane, a good winnowing machine seems to be a desideratum in England, and we may also add in Ireland. To our Scotch readers it may be premised, that this example of the fanners differs in principle in no way from those which are in general use, however awkward or inappropriate to their purpose many of them may be. We believe the principle upon which it operates cannot be altered to advantage. But this figure and description are recommended even to their attention, for its light construction, easy motion, perfect regularity, and efficient utility.

AB and CD, Fig. 1, are two standards of ash 3 inches square, and 4 inches long, with their fellows on the opposite side. These standards are fastened together longitudinally by a rail, one at each side, as seen at EF, also of ash, 3 inches square, and 3 feet 11 inches long, inserted into GB and CD, 3 feet 2 inches from B and D; and transversely they are connected by ash-rails 1 foot 9 inches long, and 3 inches by 2 in breadth, at C, I, G, H and B: thus a frame of ash is formed upon which the rest of the implement is constructed. This frame is lined inside of the standards, on both sides with thin fir deal, from C as far down as D; from A 11 inches below F to H; 1 foot 2 inches from A to t; and 6 inches from H to q. The large castmetal wheel L, 2 feet 4 inches in diameter besides the teeth, is divided into 6 segments, either of which are removable by screws for the purpose of repair; it contains 144 teeth, and is fixed to an iron axle, both ends of which rest on brass lockers 6 inches long, on the rail EF, and its fellow. The shank of the handle M is 9 inches in the straight line; and the handle, a hollow cylinder of wood moveable round an iron spindle fastened at right angles to the shank, is 9 inches long. The shank

screws on to the axle in the line of motion, as from M to E. The pinion N, also of cast-metal, 6 inches in diameter besides the teeth, contains 28 teeth; is fastened on the end of the axle of the fans O; and is acted on by the large wheel L. The fans O are four in number, and stretch 2 feet 8 inches in diame ter. They are each fastened on, parallel to a face of the square block of wood, which moves round with the axle of the pinion N. The coom, as it is termed, K, which embraces and closes in the fans, is 2 feet 9 inches in diameter, and 1 foot 10 inches