ing according to the intensity of the inflammation, or the length of time it has existed. The disease, however, has other causes than those which I have stated, for there is a close sympathy existing between the udder and the uterus, and from this sympathy, disease or derangement in the one is apt to be followed with disease of the other. The retention of the placenta is, therefore, amongst the causes which excites disease in the udder; and derangement of the organs of digestion is not without a powerful influence in promoting disease in this viscus.

.

Inflammation of the udder may arise from external injuries, as when the cow travels soon after calving with the udder loaded, from wounds, blows, bruises, or cold, or from lying on a rough hard surface, or from cow-pox.

In all cases, with perhaps the exception of the last, the great object we must have in view, is to obtain resolution of the inflammation, which is the most favourable termination of it in almost every part; but we frequently find that the violence is so great, that instead of subsiding, mortification rapidly ensues, while in other cases, abscesses form in various parts of the udder.

It will be found advisable, when the udder becomes inflamed, to abstract a quantity of blood from the animal, say from four to six quarts. This may be either taken from the neck or from the mammillary or milk veins, as they are termed, and which run so conspicuously along the surface of the abdomen, as they proceed from the udder. A pound or a pound and a-half of epsom salts should also be given, and the dose repeated, if a full effect is not produced in from twelve to eighteen hours, and fomentations of hot water as constantly applied as possible; and a sort of suspensory bandage would be found of service to relieve the pressure and weight, and may be used during the fomentations. An emollient poultice may be applied at night, composed of bran and linseed meal; or if the pain is great, decoctions of chamomile flowers may be used with the fomentations, and a hemlock poultice at night: and, should these means not seem to afford relief, some cooling lotion may be tried, as nitre and common salt, each 10 oz. dissolved in a quart of water, or 1 oz. Goulard's extract of lead, half a pint of vinegar, and a quart of water; or, when the more active inflammation has subsided, some discutient lotion may be used, such as oz. muriate of ammonia, dissolved in water, vinegar, or spirits of wine, each 8 oz.

and applied twice a-day. In these severe cases, the bleeding and physic should be freely repeated, and the poultices and fomentations continued until the inflammation is subdued, the wounds have assumed a healthy appearance, and well healed up. It often happens that the disease is materially increased by the irritation arising from milking while the teat is chopped, or has cow-pox on it, and is in a state of inflammation; but although this is the case, the contents of the ducts must be removed, if there is any secretion, because when the secretion accumulates, it distends the parts, and thereby increases the disease.

It is, however, often difficult to extract the fluid from the teat, more especially in those cases where it is sore, and from which probably the whole mischief has arisen, because the swelling interrupts the passage; or if the inflammation has not completely suspended the secretion, it produces a morbid one; and instead of a uniform fluid, there is a mixture of coagulated milk, or coagulum from the blood, which, from its thick curdled consistence, cannot pass through the opening of the teat; and which therefore serves to plug up the passage, and neither can pass itself, nor allow the thinner part of the secretion to pass. To remedy this, I have been informed that it is sometimes the practice to cut off the extremity of the teat; but this, while it may in some measure serve to relieve the inflammation of the quarter of the udder, evidently precludes the chance of a useful recovery of the part. It is therefore better to make a perpendicular incision in the teat, by which the matter may be discharged, and there will then be a chance of the teat healing up and fulfilling its function, should the secretion be restored. But as the inflammation is not in all cases alike active, it will be found that sometimes the curdled matter may be removed through the opening of the teat, with sufficient readiness to answer all the purposes required, and this may be done either by introducing a small silver probe or a canula.

With the probe the coagulated matter may be drawn down through the opening, and the milk can then be taken away in the usual form, or by the canula the milk is allowed to escape with a slight pressure upwards of the hand against the udder; or if the ducts are much loaded, a great quantity will escape by merely introducing the tube. Indeed, in cases where the teat is sore, it is perhaps the best plan which can be adopted to prevent the udder becoming diseased.

VOL. III. NO. XVII.

3 M

The teat canula is a small silver tube, about the size of a crow quill, closed at the extremity, and rounded to prevent injury to the teat in passing it into the duct. Near the extremity, however, it is perforated by a number of openings, to allow the fluid to enter the tube, and nearer the middle of it is a little swell, to cause it to remain in the teat, and at the other extremity is a shoulder, to prevent it escaping within the duct. A small eye may be made in this shoulder, to which a small cord may be attached, and passed round the body of the cow, to prevent it from being lost.

It, however, often happens, even with the greatest care, that the disease extends into the glandular structure, and although the disease has been in a great measure overcome, it is apt to leave the quarter useless, and incapable of again secreting milk. In such a case, however, it is often found that the disease assumes an indolent form, and that some stimulants are required. For this purpose soap liniment, applied over the surface, is found of service; but what is still better, is a quantity of iodine ointment, rubbed in twice a-day. Iodine may also be given internally with advantage, in dozes of half a scruple twice aday. When the disease subsides, and the quarter of the udder ceases to secrete milk, it is then considered a blind quarter, or blind pap. This may, however, be considered the second best termination of the disease; for when complete resolution does not take place, or if the inflammation does not subside, and leave the udder in the state to which I have just alluded, it then either terminates in mortification and rapid death, or destroys the animal in a few hours, by the violence of the symptomatic fever which it has induced. If the animal survives the onset of the disease, the constitution is at length destroyed by the continued irritation of the morbid state of the udder, and the animal at length sinks by the continued discharge of matter from the sinuses which have formed, or falls a prey to the other diseases, which this has induced. Under such circumstances, the only chance of saving the life of the animal, and of rendering her fit for the butcher, is by such an operation as that which I have mentioned as having been performed by Mr Bowie.

The operation may be performed either for the removal of the whole or half of the udder. If the whole is to be removed, two elliptical incisions must be made, so as to include the teats,

removing a sufficient portion of skin just to allow the edges of the wound to come properly in contact. When the udder has been taken away, and having arranged this, the skin must be dissected back on each side, so that the whole of the diseased mass may be at once removed. If the operator then cuts down on the mammillary arteries, which he will find pretty close together, entering from behind, and running forward into the udder, in the direction and above the perineum, and having exposed and secured these vessels, he will have little difficulty in proceeding with the operation, as the glands may be very easily and cleanly dissected off from the abdominal muscles. There will be a few vessels which may require to be stopt, but most of these may be secured simply by tortion, which is easily effected by taking hold of them with a pair of forceps, and twisting them round a few times.

The edges of the skin must then be brought together by a few sutures and a few strips of adhesive plaster applied over the wound, or, what is perhaps fully as effective, a T bandage applied, the tail of it being divided so as to admit of its being passed up between the hind legs, and attached to the cross portions, which have been tied over the spine; the split tail of the end should be tied just above each haunch. The sore must be treated as a simple wound, by keeping clean and dressing with fine tow.

If the half of the udder only is removed, the incision must be made accordingly, a less portion of the skin removed, and adhesive straps so placed as to pass round the other half of the udder, and keep the skin in contact with the other surface until adhesion takes place; the T bandage will here also be required. When the diseased parts have been removed, and the wound healed up, the cow will rapidly regain her health, and feed as well as any other.

The disease is much less frequent in mares than in cows, and I have not met with a case which would have required removal. But in the bitch, disease of the mamma is frequent, and assumes a more malignant form than even in the cow. On these animals the operation is frequently performed, and if before the constitution has been deranged and destroyed, it generally succeeds in restoring the animal to perfect health.

EMIGRATION TO BRITISH AMERICA.

British America. By JOHN M'GREGOR, Esq. 2 vols. 8vo.

per

MUCH has been already said in this Journal on the subject of emigration in general, and on the physical state of our colonies in the east. As the tide of emigration has flowed with an augmented force from our shores to those of our American colonies for the last two years, during which period considerably upwards of one hundred thousand beings have emigrated, it is time to direct our serious attention to this interesting subject. We shall endeavour to offer such information to those who intend to leave their native countries, to pursue their fortune in that foreign land, as will render their entrance into a new country as pleasant to them as the circumstances of the case will mit. Until lately nothing has issued from the press at all serviceable to the inquiring emigrant. Fortunately Mr M'Gregor's book, which has been published lately, and affords a subject for our article, is destined to supply this desideratum. Indeed, we conceive that nothing more can be added to the knowledge of the statistical condition of British America, for many years to come, than what Mr M'Gregor has given. In its present shape, however, it is not within the reach of most of those who desire to emigrate. We hope a cheaper edition of it will soon be published. In the mean time, it shall be our duty to condense the information which it contains, along with some minuter details in agriculture, derived from other sources, as will give intending emigrants a tolerable idea of the country to which they wish to remove. While we relate the advantages which emigrants will certainly experience in our American colonies, in a superior degree to what they enjoy in their native country, we will also warn them of the many toils and inconveniences which they will have to endure for a considerable time before they can reap those advantages.

Many poor emigrants leave this country with very erroneous conceptions of the state of our colonies in America. They conceive that because they are removing to a country in which no taxes are paid, where land can be purchased for little money,