by 'the man all tattered and torn,' ever milked such a cow as is now represented by a prize short horn, purchased may be at from 100 to 150 guineas or even more!

Such is the result of the different modes of breeding and feeding which during the last half century have been adopted by the British farmer.

Having in years gone by looked over the stock of the old fashioned grazier and taken note of the then state and quality, what a vast change is now apparent in the beast house of the new style of farmer.

From the tiny calf upwards past the pretty heifer with the sweet feminine face to the COW or the bull with his bluff masculine front de bœuf, there is breed to be seen-even the most inexperienced person unused in fact to see a farm-stead or any of its occupants, could not help observing the great improvement in the size and quality that has been attained. Again we are apt to give way to the thought that the goal has been reached, and that as in horse breeding and other developements of inventive genius, there may now remain but little or nothing to be accomplished. It is quite clear however, that we must not retrograde if we can by possibility avoid it,-every inducement therefore should be given to the British farmer to keep up the high reputation the world has given him as the breeder of stock!

Pigs. The old fashioned lop-eared swine such as one may see in the pictures of Hogarth, Morland and others, have we believe become obsolete or

nearly so-and well they may be! These monstrous animals required such an immense volume of feeding, that it took months to get their broad sides into the respectable condition requisite for the operations of the butcher, and when they were so, although we are bound to give them their due as being grand meat, the great limbs and bones under the flesh formed a material element in the manipulation of the steelyards.

As in the developement of the short-horn and other cattle of the present day, so in that of pigs we have adopted improved breeds, such as that of Berkshire and other places, which although not reaching the enormous proportion of the old style of animal, yet run up to large sizes, but whose bone like that of the cattle we refer to, huge beasts as they are, is comparatively trifling-one might almost say in disproportion to the heavy weight of flesh it has to carry.

'Tis flesh not bone, even though a bone of contention, that we want in these days of enlightenment, advancement, and civilization.

CHAPTER VII.

"Thou hast caused printing to be used, and

Contrary to the crown and dignity, built a paper mill."
SHAKSPEARE.

In our last chapter we have incidentally touched upon "civilization," and having done so we fear we are inevitably destined henceforth to be attached very closely to this important element of our subject.

M. Guizot says the idea of progress-of development-appears to be the fundamental idea contained in the word "civilization" and that its etymology clearly and satisfactorily bespeaks it as being the perfecting of civil life, the development of society properly so called, of the relations of men amongst themselves.

Of the advance of civilization it is difficult for the general observer to put down in writing, or indeed to form an adequate opinion on which to found any distinct indication of particulars, the salient points however in the progress of its history, are easily enough discerned, for like as the lighthouses on the coast are a beacon to the mariner, they have thrown out a brilliancy over the darkness that previously existed.

Were it not for the occurrence of these occasional striking evidences of improvement in the passage of time, we might compare the general development with the unregarded alluvial deposits and accretion resulting from the continued and ever rising washings

of the great rivers, or the gradual and scarcely perceptible inflow of the tide on the sea shore.

The discovery of printing and subsequently of the printing press, without doubt the grandest inventions yet made, must at once strike the most ordinary intellect as being an enormous stride in the progress of civilization, when immediately attached thereto is the science of letters, the three together forming one of the greatest attributes with which man is endowed, but which separated from each other would in these advanced days be set down as simply useless, worthless, and ridiculous.

Of course in all discoveries whether attained by the special inventive genius or not, we must see the hand of the great guiding Power, but in the invention of printing and the printing press, the gift of reading and erudition, the re-production of the sacred writings in a form capable of being more fully decyphered and understood, and the gradual dissemination of those writings which has taken place and is going on in almost all parts of the habitable globe, we at once must become cognizant, indeed instinctively aware of the chosen means adopted by our great Creator for the outspreading of knowledge.

The hundreds of thousands of books, papers, and printed matters, the millions of productions sent forth by means of the printing press-now the steam printing press, form of themselves an absorbing subject for the exercise of a contemplative mind.

Here indeed we have the opportunity of distributing throughout the world the most beautiful, elevating sentiments man is capable of forming, or on on the other hand, the vilest compilations of the human mind.

We can by the very same means put forth the most hallowed truths as well as the most hateful lies! All things seem in man's hands to be amenable to those influences for good or for evil with which humanity is imbued, and if we discover the use, we may be sure the antithetic abuse lies in ambush not far off.

The printing press, that mighty engine of advancement is then after all but a copy of the human tongue, which whilst the sweetest forms of prayer may ascend from it, may at another time utter the foulest words-truly "out of the same mouth proceedeth blessing and cursing," and unlike a pure fountain, we have it sending forth out of the same place both sweet water and bitter!

Whilst we thus allude to the power of the printing press, let us not forget the substance upon which in its manipulation, its immediate effects are produced.

With this valuable implement, but without the manufacture of paper, we should possess a gun without a lock, and we must remember that however numerous, nay multitudinous the emanations by means of the printing press, so in in the same proportion is the quantity of paper issued.

The reading material supplied by a writer through the medium of this engine is regulated or indicated