Soap-Making Manuai A practical handbook on the raw By E. G. Thomssen, Ph. D. ILLUSTRATED NEW YORK D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY EIGHT WARREN STREET 1922 PREFATORY NOTE. The material contained in this work appeared several years ago in serial form in the American Perfumer and Essential Oil Review. Owing to the numerous requests received, it has been decided to now place before those interested, these articles in book form. While it is true that the works pertaining to the soapmaking industry are reasonably plentiful, books are quite rare, however, which, in a brief volume, will clearly outline the processes employed together with the necessary methods of analyses from a purely practical standpoint. In the work presented the author has attempted to briefly, clearly, and fully explain the manufacture of soap in such language that it might be understood by all those interested in this industry. In many cases the smaller plants find it necessary to dispense with the services of a chemist, so that it is necessary for the soapmaker to make his own tests. The tests outlined, therefore, are given as simple as possible to meet this condition. The formulae submitted are authentic, and in many cases are now being used in soapmaking. In taking up the industry for survey it has been thought desirable to first mention and describe the raw materials used; second, to outline the processes nf manufacture; third, to classify the methods and illustrate by formulae the composition of various soaps together with their mode of manufacture; fourth, to enumerate the various methods of glycerine recovery, including the processes of saponification, and, fifth, to give the most important analytical methods which are of value to control III the process of manufacture and to determine the purity and fitness of the raw material entering into it. It is not the intention of the author to go into great detail in this work, nor to outline to any great extent the theoretical side of the subject, but rather to make the work as brief as possible, keeping the practical side of the subject before him and not going into concise descriptions of machinery as is very usual in works on this subject. Illustrations are merely added to show typical kinds of machinery used. The author wishes to take this opportunity of thanking Messrs. L. S. Levy and E. W. Drew for the reading of proof, and Mr. C. W. Aiken of the Houchin-Aiken Co., for his aid in making the illustrations a success, as well as others who have contributed in the compiling of the formulae for various soaps. He trusts that this work may prove of value to those engaged in soap manufacture. January, 1922 E. G. T. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. RAW MATERIALS USED IN SOAP MAKING.. 1. Soap Defined 2. Oils and Fats. 3. Saponification Defined 4. Fats and Oils Used in Soap Manufacture.. Fullers' Earth Process for Bleaching Tallow. Method for Further Improvement of Color in Tallow Chrome Bleaching of Palm Oil.. Air Bleaching of Palm Oil.. 5. Rancidity of Oils and Fats. Prevention of Rancidity. 6. Chemical Constants of Oils and Fats. 7. Oil Hardening or Hydrogenating. 8. Grease 9. Rosin (Colophony, Yellow Rosin, Resina) 10. Rosin Saponification 11. Naphthenic Acids 12. Alkalis Caustic Soda Caustic Potash Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash) Potassium Carbonate 13. Additional Material Used in Soap Making. CHAPTER II. CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT OF A SOAP PLANT. CHAPTER III CLASSIFICATION OF SOAP MAKING METHODS. 26-28 28- 29 29 31- 34 35-46 |