Advances in Psychology Research, Τόμος 22Serge P. Shohov Nova Publishers, 2003 - 215 σελίδες Advances in Psychology Research presents original research results on the leading edge of psychology. Each chapter has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial advances across a broad spectrum. Contents: Preface; Cognitive Psychology: Explicit and Implicit Processes of Metacognition; Behavioural Psychology: A Cross Sectional and Prospective Study of Crying in the First Year of Life; Cognitive Psychology: The Structure and Measurements of Self-Concept for University Students; Behavioural Psychology: Training Behaviours of the Self-employed in Canada: A Decision Tree Analysis; Attenuation of Shock-Elicited Pain by Electrical Prepulses; Social Psychology: Perceptions of Financial Stability in Retirement: Do Americans Really Know What to Expect?; Resilience of Maltreated Children in the Family; The Political Psychology of Interstate Rivalry; Index. |
Περιεχόμενα
| 2 | |
The Structure and Measurement of SelfConcept for University Students | 19 |
Subjective and Objective Familiarity as Explanations for the Attraction to Average Faces | 37 |
Behavioral Psychology | 53 |
A Cross Sectional and Prospective Study of Crying in the First Year of Life | 55 |
Training Behaviors of the Selfemployed in Canada A Decision Tree Analysis | 77 |
Attenuation of ShockElicited Pain by Electrical Prepulses | 99 |
Personality Moderates Relationship between Rating Context Factors and Rating Behavior | 109 |
Perceptions of Financial Stability in Retirement Do Americans Really Know What to Expect? | 125 |
Resilience of Maltreated Children in the Family | 139 |
The Political Psychology of Interstate Rivalry | 157 |
How to make Friends in Virtual Worlds The Role of Emoticons Motivation Sociability and Skepticism | 173 |
Developmental Psychology | 189 |
General Trends and Individual Differences Perspectives on Normal Speech Development | 191 |
Contents of Earlier Volumes | 205 |
| 211 | |
Συχνά εμφανιζόμενοι όροι και φράσεις
academic afternoon amount analysis appraisal approach association attention attractiveness average behavior Chapter characteristics child Cleveland cognitive competence condition consistency context correlations crying demographic early effect employees environmental examine example expected explicit faces factors familiarity Figure findings formal four friendships higher implicit important important predictor income indicate individuals infants informal training interaction Journal knowledge learning less maltreatment mean measures metacognitive months MUDs pain participants patterns perceived perceptions performance positive possible prepulse present Press processes programs Psychology question relationships reported response retirement rivalries rule sample savings scale Science scores self-concept self-employed self-employment separate shock showed significant Social startle statistical stimuli structure subjects suggest Table tree trends University variables
Δημοφιλή αποσπάσματα
Σελίδα 13 - NMa(B) where A and B are two different conditions that lead to the same action a. The measure compares essentially the percentage of positive matches under different conditions A and B (with the Laplace estimator; Lavrac and Dzeroski 1994). If A can improve the percentage to a certain degree over B, then A is considered better than B. In the algorithm, if a rule is better compared with the match-all rule (ie, the rule with the condition that matches all inputs), then the rule is considered successful...
Σελίδα 2 - Q(y,a), and y is the new state resulting from action a. Thus, the updating is based on the temporal difference in evaluating the current state and the action chosen. Through successive updates of the Q function, the...
Σελίδα 13 - IG(C',C) > 0, where C is the current condition of a matching rule, all refers to no condition at all (with regard to the same action specified by the rule), and C...
Σελίδα 2 - A Q- value is an evaluation of the "quality" of an action in a given state: Q(x, a) indicates how desirable action a is in state x (which consists of sensory input).
Σελίδα 2 - ... extracts a rule that corresponds to the decision and adds the rule to the rule network. Then, in subsequent interactions with the world, the agent verifies the extracted rule by considering the outcome of applying the rule: if the outcome is not successful, then the rule should be made more specific and exclusive of the current case; if the outcome is successful, the agent may try to generalize the rule to make it more universal.
Σελίδα 2 - Q-learning, we chose to use a four-layered network, in which the first three layers form a backpropagation network for computing Q-values and the fourth layer (with only one node) performs stochastic decision making. The output of the third layer (ie, the output layer of the backpropagation network) indicates the Q-value of each action (represented by an individual node), and the node in the fourth layer determines probabilistically the action to be performed based on a Boltzmann distribution (Watkins...
Σελίδα 13 - ... for applying the expansion and shrinking operators, on the other hand, is based on the aforementioned statistical test. Expansion amounts to adding an additional value to one input dimension in the condition of a rule, so that the rule will have more opportunities of matching inputs, and shrinking amounts to removing one value from one input dimension in the condition of a rule, so that it will have less opportunities of matching inputs. Here are the detailed descriptions of these operators:...