marked him as one of the best officers in the army-were dispatched to demand the surrender of the fleet. A landing was effected without opposition on the island of Zealand, and powerful batteries were erected. The Danes having refused to surrender, the guns opened, and for four days Copenhagen was heavily bombarded. The Danes then entered into negotiations, which were conducted on the English side by Sir Arthur Wellesley: the city capitulated, the fleet passed into the hands of the British Admiral, and, immediately after he had sailed away, Denmark, as was natural, announced its adhesion to the Continental System. Russia, deeply offended by this sudden and successful stroke, declared war against Britain in November, 1807, and early in 1808 summoned Sweden to abandon the English alliance; but the Swedish monarch, Gustavus IV., from chivalrous feelings or from his natural eccentricity of character, declined to submit to this dictation, whereupon the Czar at once declared war against him. During these movements in the north, Napoleon had turned his attention to the Peninsula, as Spain and Portugal are termed from being the largest peninsula in southern Europe. Spain was chafing under the yoke of the French alliance. The co-operation of the Spanish with the French fleet had entailed the destruction of the former with the latter at Trafalgar: the triumphant squadrons of England had swept her navy from the seas; and now scarcely a single merchantman could issue from her ports. Her American trade was ruined, and her manufactures, never very important, had become almost extinct. The enormous war subsidy which Napoleon exacted as the price of his alliance was exhausting the life of the country; and her power of resisting Napoleon's enmity, or his insidious patronage, was being slowly destroyed by his system of withdrawing the flower of her manhood to support the armies of France on the battle-fields of central Europe, in a cause in which Spain had nothing to gain. Even the worthless Government of Spain began to see the dangers to which the country was drifting. When the national spirit of the Prussian people was evoked by the Napoleon's suspicions of Spain. domineering conduct of a foreign soldiery, just before the battle of Jena, the Spanish Government had taken steps to increase the army in Spain, and had opened up secret communications with Russia. But their views suddenly altered when Friedland riveted the fetters more firmly on the nations of central Europe, and Napoleon was assured that the military measures had been adopted only with a view to a campaign against the Moors. Such an excuse could scarcely impose on Napoleon. He felt that his hold on Europe was unsafe while his flank was open to an attack from the lofty passes of the Pyrenees; but the moment for open action had not yet come. He disguised his suspicions, while he resolved to take the first steps to apply the Tilsit secret convention without delay to the Peninsula, by intrigues in Spain and by insolent demands in Portugal. Napoleon's demands on Portugal. Britain's firm ally and almost her commercial dependent, Portugal, had long been offensive to Napoleon: Lisbon was a refitting station for the British fleet, and while the estuary of the Tagus was open to the latter, it was not possible to entirely destroy British trade with the Peninsula or with the Mediterranean. In the autumn of 1806, Napoleon had assembled an army at Bordeaux for the invasion of Portugal, with the concurrence of the servile Spanish Government; but the outbreak of the Prussian war had postponed the execution of his design. Strengthened by the Russian alliance, and longing for the possession, for himself or his friends, of the Portuguese fleet, he demanded, in August, 1807, of the Prince Regent of Portugal-Joam, the eldest son of the insane Queen Maria-the immediate acceptance of the Continental System by the confiscation of all English goods and the closing of his ports to English vessels, and, further, a declaration of war against the Government of George III. before the 1st September. The British could not, in the face of Napoleon's enormous armies, support the Portuguese Regency in an absolute refusal of these insolent demands, and therefore the Prince acquiesced, but ample time was given to the English merchants to remove their property. Napoleon would not brook this evasion of the order for an immediate confiscation, and made it the pretext for the invasion of Portugal, for which purpose an army was at once assembled at Bayonne. But, in the absence of a fleet, it was necessary to procure the cordial cooperation of the Spanish Government. Dissensions in At this period the Court of Spain was torn by wretched intrigues. The weak Bourbon King, Charles IV,. was entirely under the control of his Queen, his cousin, Maria Louisa Theresa of Parma, and she in turn was ruled by her worthless favourite, Manuel de Godoy, Duke of Alcudia. This man, who was of an old but decayed family of Badajos, had won, by his handsome figure and musical talents, the love of the Queen, and by her patronage had raised himself from the position of a member of the royal body guard to the highest honours and emoluments. Godoy, styled by his sovereign "the Prince of the Peace" (from the Treaty of Bâle, which he concluded with France in 1795), supported the French alliance, as the surest means of procuring his own further aggrandisement,-for visions of wearing the diadem of Spain floated before him; while the anti-French party found a leader in the heir to the throne, the Prince of the Asturias, a man of not one noble quality and devoted to luxury. The young Ferdinand — he was born in 1784—had married in 1802 the daughter of Ferdinand I. of the Two Sicilies. Her efforts to maintain her own and her husband's dignity against the machinations of the Godoy faction, failed, and she died, as is believed, from grief at the insults to which she was daily exposed. But Ferdinand and his supporters entertained suspicions that her death had been brought about by foul play, and the gulf between him and his parents became wider. Godoy's hopes of putting the Prince aside by aid of Napoleon were increased, and he readily fell in with the new proposals regarding Portugal. By the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau, which Napoleon formally signed on the 29th October, 1807, it was provided that Portugal should be divided into three parts-the district between the Minho and the Douro to go to the dispossessed sovereign of Etruria, the Alemtejo and Algarves to Godoy, the remainder to France till a general peace and exchange of conquests with England; that the transmarine possessions of Portugal should be divided between France and Spain; and that the Spanish King should receive within three years the title of Emperor of the Two Americas. By a convention which was subsequently arranged, it was stipulated that France should furnish against Portugal a contingent of 25,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry, for whom the Spanish Government was to supply food at its own cost, and that Spain should furnish 24,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, and 30 guns. The command of the united forces was to be conferred on a French general, unless a member of the Spanish Royal Family took the field. The junction of the two contingents was to be effected at Alcantara, the French army having marched through Spain: 10,000 Spanish infantry were thence to proceed against the north of Portugal, 6,000 against the south, and the remainder of the Spaniards and all the French against Lisbon. As it was to be anticipated that England would interfere to prevent the conquest and dismemberment of the territory of her firmest ally, an additional force of 40,000 Frenchmen was to be assembled as a reserve at Bayonne. Such was the Treaty of Fontainebleau, which enabled France to pour troops into Spain and to mass reserves on the frontier without suspicion. Junot appointed to the "army of Portugal." Napoleon was so eager for seizing Portugal before any resistance could be organized or any aid received from England, that the French army actually took the field before the formal signature of the treaty. The command was held by Junot. This ambitious but not very able Marshal of France, whose wife, Laure Perron, Duchess of Abrantes, has gained a reputation in the literary world by her memoirs on the Revolution period and the Restoration, was then in his thirty-seventh year. He was characterized by extraordinary coolness and intrepidity, which he had first displayed when, in 1793, he took part in the siege of Toulon, which city was held by the Royalists and the seamen of the British fleet till the artillery fire, directed by Napoleon (then only twenty-four), com pelled the evacuation. In the campaigns of 1796 and 1797 in Germany and Italy, in 1798 in Egypt, where he was made a Brigadier-General, in the great battle of Nazareth in the same year, when, with 300 horsemen, he kept at bay for fourteen hours, and eventually put to flight, 10,000 Moslem cavalry, and under "the sun of Austerlitz" in 1805, Junot securely established a reputation for a dashing courage and a stubbornness in resistance which no dangers could shake. In 1804 he had been introduced to diplomatic life by his appointment to the post of Ambassador of France at the Court of Lisbon, the city to which he was now returning at the head of men who had grown old in carrying death and desolation throughout Europe. The French march upon Portugal: Junot enters Lisbon. Junot, pushing on from Bayonne to gain Lisbon before the British troops-if any were to be sent-could arrive, hurried his men by forced marches over roads which were in a wretched state in the best time of the year, but were then broken up by frost, in some places reduced to a miry swamp by heavy rains, in others covered with snow-drifts, while the bitter winds swept the bleak elevated plains, unbroken by any barrier, except the snow-clad sierras. Yet the sorely harassed soldiers were soon at the frontier of Portugal, and the Russian fleet was on its way through the Dardanelles to prevent the escape of the Portuguese fleet from the Tagus. The British Cabinet hesitated to take decisive measures, although Lisbon, strongly fortified and garrisoned by 14,000 men, could easily have been held against a large force. The Regent was alarmed by an article in the "Moniteur" of the 13th November, in which the House of Bragança was spoken of as already practically deposed. Unaware that Junot's force was utterly disorganized by excessive fatigue and want of provisions before it had crossed the Portuguese frontier, and having no promise of support from the Court of St. James', he determined to emigrate to the largest of the foreign possessions of Portugal,-Brazil. Sir Sidney Smith, the admiral of the British squadron, which was then lying in the Tagus, gave the assistance of his seamen to fit for sea the Portu |