cerning it, in a manuscript preserved at Venice*. From his very interesting account of Cyprus, we learn that the erroneous notions entertained with regard to the locality of the city, originated with Stephen de Lusignan; who was deceived by the name of a neighbouring village, called Citi, from a promontory at present bearing that appellation. Mariti places Citium between Salines and Larneca upon the authority of the manuscript before mentioned, and the ruins he there observed. It is, as he remarks, of some importance to determine the true situation of a city once so renowned, owing to the celebrated men it produced, and the splendid actions of which it was the theatre. Yet it is singular, that this writer makes no mention of its Phœnician origin. Concerning this fact, so well ascertained, a few observations may therefore suffice.

Settle

CITIUM, from whose ruins we shall now Phoenician consider both the modern towns of Salines and ments. Larneca to have arisen, was founded, together with the city of Lapethus, by a Phoenician king,

(4) MS. Descript. of Cyprus, by Ascagne-savornien, in the library of Dominico Manni.

(5) This is also the position assigned to it by Pococke. There is reason to believe it occupied a greater extent of territory, and reached from the port as far as Larneca.

(6) Mariti's Travels, vol. I. p. 53.

CHAP.
II.

of the name of Belus1. Its inhabitants, according to Cicero, were originally Phoenicians, CYPRUS, from its vicinity to their country, and its commercial advantages, was the first island of the Mediterranean that came under this dominion. Eusebius observes, that Paphos, a Phoenician city in Cyprus, was built when Cadmus reigned at Thebess. It is moreover affirmed by the learned Bochart, that, before the time of the Trojan war, Cinyras, king of Phenicia, possessed this island of Cyprus, having derived it from his ancestors. To this monarch, Agamemnon, according to Homer, was indebted for his breastplate. The cities of Urania and Idalium were also founded by the same people: the former received its name from Urania Venus, whose worship, as related by Herodotus, was transferred to Cyprus by the Phænicians from Ascalono.

(1) There were many kings of Phoenicia who had this name; so called from Baal, signifying Lord. Hence all the Phoenician Baalim had their denomination. See Gale's "Court of the Gentiles,” b. i.

c. 8. p. 47.

(2) See also Gale, p. 48; Cic. lib. iv. de Finibus; Laërtius and Suidas on the Life of Zeno; Grotius; and Vossius de Philos. Sectis, lib. ii. c. 1.

(3) Euseb. Chronicon in Num. 1089.

(4) Bochart. Præf. ad Canaan.

(5) Hom. Iliad. A. Boch. Can. lib. i. c. 3.

(6) There were four cities in Cyprus famous for the worship of Venus: "Est Amathus, est celsa mihi Paphos, atque Cythera,

Idaliæque domus."

CITIUM derived its name from the Hebrew appellation for the island CHETIM; the Chittim, or Cittim, of the Holy Scriptures'. It was famous as the birth-place of Apollonius, a disciple of Hippocrates; and of Zeno, who, being ship

(7) This word, having a plural termination, is said to imply the descendants of Ceth, the son of Javan. Josephus places their establishment in the Isle of Cyprus; and the Seventy Interpreters render the word by KHTIOI, that is to say, the Ketii or Cetii. The valuable compilation of Dapper, (Description des Isles de l'Archipel,) written originally in the Flemish language, of which a French translation was published, in folio, at Amsterdam, in 1702, concentrates much valuable information upon the subject of Cyprus. The author believes he shall contribute to the reader's gratification, by inserting from that work, which is now rare, the observations concerning the name of the island. "This island, which all the Greek and Latin authors have called Kúжроç, or Cyprus, and which is designated under that name in the New Testament, had been known under that of Chetima, or of Chetim, among the Hebrews; as Josephus relates in the first book, chap. 7. of his Jewish Antiquities; deriving it from Chetimos, or Chetim, son of Javan, son of Japhet, son of Noah, who, in the division of territories, had the first possession of this isle. Thence it followed, that all islands, and maritime places, were called Chetim by the Hebrews. He supports this opinion, by shewing that CITIUM is a name corrupted from that of one of the cities of the island, which is derived from the appellation Chetim, borne by the whole island; 'for,' says he, 'it was called CITIUM by those who wished to render, by a Grecism, the name of Chetimos, of Chittim, or of Chetim, which seems couched under that of CITIUM.' St. Jerom relates (Comment. in Esai, in Traduct. Hebr. in Genes.) that some authors have translated the word Chetim, in the Prophet Isaiah, by that of Cyprus; and that the Chetims are the Cyprians; whence a city of the island still bore, in his time, the name of CITIUM. Theodoret (in Hierem. c. 2.) shews that it is called Chetim in the Prophet Jeremiah: and Zonaras (2. c. 2. v. 9. Annal.) affirms that "Chetima is the island which the Greeks call Kúπpos, whereof Chetim, great grandson of Noah, had been the original posses-sor." Les Isles de l'Archipel, par Dapper. Amst. 1702. p. 21.

CHAP.

II.

II.

CHAP. wrecked upon the coast of Attica, from a Phænician merchant became founder of the Stoics, and had for his illustrious followers, Epictetus and Seneca. According to Plutarch, it was with the sword presented by a king of Citium that Alexander triumphed over Darius'. This weapon was held by him in such estimation, that he always wore it upon his person. The same author also informs us, that at the siege of CITIUM, Cimon, son of Miltiades, received the wound of which he died. It is quite uncertain when this city was destroyed. Mariti believes that event did not take place later than the beginning of the

(1) The late Reverend and learned Dr. Henley, writing to the author upon the circumstance here noticed, makes the following remarks. "You mention," says he, "the sword presented to Alexander by the King of Citium. It is to be observed, that the prophecy of Balaam closes with the following prediction :-'Ships shall come from the coast of CHITTIM (i. e. Citium), and shall afflict Assur, and shall afflict Eber, and he also shall perish for ever.' This prediction I propose hereafter more fully to illustrate; but at present shall only observe, that the naval armament, by which Alexander was alone enabled to overcome Tyre, and the whole power of the Persian empire by sea, was chiefly furnished to him from Cyprus, or Chittim. (See 1 Maccab. i. 1.) And it happened, after that Alexander, the son of Philip the Macedonian, who CAME OUT OF THE LAND OF Chetteïm, had smitten Darius, king of the Persians and Medes, that he reigned in his stead, the first over Greece. From not adverting to this historical fact, geographers have made a strange mistake, in supposing that Macedonia had been called Chittim; for Arrian, who has given a distinct account of Alexander's maritime equipment, expressly mentions, that the reinforcement from Cyprus consisted of one hundred and twenty ships, whilst from Macedonia he had but a single vessel. See ARRIAN. de Expeditione Alexandri, lib. ii. c. 20."

CYPRUS.

II.

43

third century. In 1767, an excavation being CHAP.
made to procure from its ruins materials for
building, the workmen discovered a marble bust Last

Remains

of Caracalla, some medals of Septimius Severus, of the city.
Antoninus Caracalla, and Julia Domna, with
Greek inscriptions. Upon their obverse sides were
exhibited the Temple of Paphos3, with the legend
ΚΟΙΝΟΝ ΚΥΠΡΙΩΝ. Some of them had the
image of Caracalla on one side, and that of Geta
on the other. There were also others, with
the head of the Emperor Claudius.*

Many circumstances occurred to excite our curiosity concerning the interior of the island; although we despaired of being able to penetrate as far as Baffa, the antient Paphos, owing to the Baffa.

(2) Mariti's Travels, vol. I. p. 61.

(3) Medals corresponding with the description here alluded to by different authors, and recently by the Editor of the Oxford edition of Strabo, in his Notes to that work: "Formam templi et symboli Veneris in nummis videre est." (Vid. p. 973. in Not.) The image of the Goddess had not the human form." Simulacrum Deæ non effigie humanâ." (Tacitus.) Παφίοις ἡ μὲν ̓Αφροδίτη τὰς τιμὰς ἔχει, τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα οὐκ ἂν εἰκάσαις ἄλλῳ τῷ ἢ πυραμίδι λευκῇ· ἡ δὲ ὕλη ἀγνοεῖται. (Max. Tyrius, Diss. 38.) The form of an Indian idol at Jaggernaut is said to be a cone, answering to the antient account of the Paphian Goddess. This confirms what was before advanced, concerning the nature of the Cyprian Venus. The pateras used by priestesses in the rites of Ceres, had this pyramidal node, or cone, in the centre. A priestess is represented holding one of these upon a bas-relief in the Vestibule of Cambridge University Library. See " Greek Marbles," No XV. p. 37.

(4) The bust was sent to the British Consul, and is therefore probably now in England. Mariti says, the medals were given to him, vol. I. p. 60.