12. Gaul was conquered by the Romans under Julius Casar; and afterwards by the Franks from Germany.

GERMANY.

13. Ancient Germany extended from the Rhine to the Vistula, and from the Baltic to the Danube.

14. It was inhabited by various nations, among whom were the Sue'vi, Hermi'ones, Istæv'ones, Aleman'ni, Saxons, Angles, Franks, and Frisons.

SPAIN.

15. Spain (in Latin, Hispania) was also called Iberia, and Hesperia.

16. It was partially conquered by the Romans more than 200 years before the Christian era.

17. Some of the towns were Sagun'tum, Numantia, and Calagur ris, famous for sieges; also Tarraco and Cor'duba.

ITALY.

18. The northern part of Italy was styled Cisalpine Gaul; the remainder, Italy Proper.

19. The inhabitants took the name of Romans from Rome, the chief city, and were distinguished for their military achievements, the extent and duration of their power, and for their eminence in literature and the arts.

20. Rome, situated on the Tiber, was built on seven hills, and was, for a long time, the largest and most powerful city in the world.

21. Some of the towns in the north of Italy, were Aquile'ia and Raven'na, once powerful cities; Pi'sa and Gen'ua, noted

12. By whom was Gaul conquered?

Germany.-13. What was the extent of Germany?

14 By what nations was it inhabited?

Spain.-15. By what names was Spain known?

16 By whom was it conquered"?

17. What were some of the towns?

Italy.-18. What was the name of the northern part of Italy? 19. What is said of the inhabitants of Italy?

20. What is said of Rome?

21. What were some of the towns in the north of Italy?

for commerce; Vero'na, for its amphitheatre; Man'tua, for the birth of Virgil in its vicinity.

22. In the south of Italy; Cap'ua, noted as a luxurious city; Can'na, for the greatest victory of Hannibal over the Romans; Salernum, for its medical school in the middle ages; Taren'tum, for commerce; Brundu'sium, as the place of embarcation for Greece.

23. Scylla was a formidable rock or promontory, on the coast of Italy, opposite to the whirlpool of Charyb'dis, on the opposite coast of Sicily.

ITALIAN ISLANDS.-24. Sicily, the most important of the Italian islands, was, on account of its fertility, regarded as one of the granaries of the Roman empire.

25. Mount Etna, in Sicily, has been, from the earliest ages, famous for its eruptions, which, according to ancient fable, were caused by the struggles of a giant, who was buried under the island.

26. Some of the principal towns of Sicily were Syr'acuse, a great and rich city, famous for its siege by the Romaus, and for the exploits of Archime'des; Messa'na, Agrigen'tum, and Lilybæ'um.

27. The islands of Sardin'ia and Cor'sica were comparatively of but little importance.

28. Mel'ita is famous for the shipwreck of St. Paul; the Eolian Islands, as the fabled residence of E'olus, the god of the winds.

GREECE.

29. Greece, in its most extensive sense, comprehended Macedonia, Epi'rus, Thes'saly, Greece Proper, and Peloponne'sus.

30. The country contained a great number of small, independent states, the two most distinguished of which were Ath'ens and Spar'ta.

22. What were some of the towns in the south of Italy? 23. What is said of Scylla? 24. What of Sicily?

25. What is said of Mount Etna?

26. What were some of the principal towns of Sicily?

27. What is said of Sardinia and Corsica? 28. Of Melita and the Eolian islands?

Greece.-29. What did Greece comprise?

30. What were the two most distinguished states of Greece ?

31. The Greeks surpassed all other nations of antiquity in their attainments in literature, philosophy, and the arts.

32. The country contains numerous mountains, among which are Olym'pus, the summit of which was the fabled residence of the gods, and Parnas'sus, sacred to the muses.

33. Towns in Macedonia ;-Pella, the capital, noted as the birthplace of Philip and Alexander; Thessaloni'ca, for commerce; Philip'pi, for the defeat of Brutus and Cassius. 34. In Epirus;-Ac'tium, famous for the victory of Augustus over Antony and Cleopatra, which ended the Roman commonwealth.

35. In Thessaly;-Laris'sa, the capital, noted as the city of Achilles; Pharsalia, for the victory of Cæsar over Pompey. 36. In Greece Proper ;-Ath'ens, the capital of Attica, the most distinguished of all the cities of Greece, and famous as a seat of learning; Thebes, the capital of Boeotia, and the city of Epaminondas; Delphi, noted for its oracle and for the celebration of the Pythian games; Mar'athon, Plate'a, Leuc'tra, and Charone'a, for great battles.

37. In Peloponnesus;-Sparta or Lacedæ'mon, the capital of Laconia, famous for the institutions of Lycurgus, and for the warlike character of its inhabitants; Argos, as the capital of Ar'golis; Corinth, for commerce; Olympia, for an ivory statue of Jupiter, and for the celebration of the Olympic games; Nemea, for the celebration of the Nemean games.

38. GREEK ISLANDS. Of the numerous islands of Greece, Crete, the largest, was famous for the laws of Minos and its lab'yrinth; Rhodes, for its colossus; Cythe'ra, as sacred to Venus; Leuca'dia, for its promontory called the Lover's Leap; Corcy'ra, for the shipwreck of Ulys'ses; Delos, for an altar of Apollo; Pa'ros, for marble; Lem'nos, as the residence of Vulcan; Patmos, as the place to which St. John was banished.

31. What is said of the Greeks? 32. The mountains?

33. What towns in Macedonia are mentioned, and for what noted? 34. In Epirus? 35. In Thessaly?

36. What towns in Greece Proper? 37. In Peloponnesus? 38. What were some of the principal of the Grecian islands?

ASIA.

ASIA MINOR.

1. Asia Minor was divided into many districts or countries, as Troas, Mysia, Ionia, Lydia, Caria, Lycia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, Lycaonia, Cilicia, Cappadocia, Phrygia, Galatia, Bithynia, Paphlagonia, and Pontus.

2. The western part was occupied chiefly by Grecian colonies.

3. Troy, the capital of Troas, was famous for its siege of ten years by the Greeks, rendered illustrious by the genius of Homer; Per'gamos, as the royal city of Eu'menes, and the birthplace of Galen; Ephesus, for the temple of Dia'na; Smyrna, for commerce; Mile'tus, as the birthplace of Thales, the father of philosophy; Halicarnas'sus, for its mausole’um, and as the birthplace of Herod'otus, the father of history.

4. Sardis, the capital of Lydia, was noted as the royal city of the rich king Croesus; Nice, for the first general council; Tarsus, the capital of Cilicia, for literature and the arts, also as the birthplace of St. Paul; Is'sus, for a great victory of Alexander.

5. Ama'sia, the chief city of Pontus, was noted as the birthplace of Mithrida'tes and Strabo; Heracle'a, for its naval importance; Cerasus, for giving name to the cherrytree, which was first brought hence to Rome.

6. In the western part of Asia Minor, were the seven churches addressed by St. John in the Revelation, viz. Eph'esus, Smyrna, Per'gamos, Thyati'ra, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodice'a.

7. The seven wonders of the ancient world, were the Colossus at Rhodes; the Temple of Diana at Ephesus; the

QUESTIONS.-ASIA.

Asia Minor.-1. What countries did Asia Minor comprise?

2. By whom was the western part occupied?

3. What is said of Troy and Pergamos? Of Ephesus, Smyrna, Miletus, and Halicarnassus? 4. Of Sardis, Nice, Tarsus, and Issus? 5. Of Amasia, Heraclea, and Cerasus?

6. Where were the seven churches addressed by St. John? 7. What were the seven wonders of the ancient world?

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus; the Statue of Jupiter at Olympia; the Pyramids of Egypt; the Walls of Babylon, and the Palace of Cyrus; or, according to some, the Pharos at Alexandria.

OTHER ASIATIC COUNTRIES.

8. Colchis was famous for the fable of the golden fleece and the expedition of the Ar'gonauts.

9. Nineveh, on the Tigris, was a very ancient and splendid city, and capital of the Assyrian empire.

10. Babylon, on the Euphra'tes, the capital of a powerful empire, was one of the most renowned cities in the world, and celebrated for its magnificent walls.

11. Charran, or Carra, was noted as the place from which Abrahanı departed for Ca'naan, also for the defeat and death of Crassus; Arbe'la, for the greatest victory of Alexander.

12. Damas'cus, once the capital of Syria, is famous both in sacred and profane history.

13. Antioch, in ancient times a splendid city, was long the residence of the Macedonian kings of Syria.

14. Palmy'ra is noted as the city of queen Zeno'bia, and for its splendid ruins.

15. Mount Sinai, in Arabia, near the north end of the Red sea, is memorable for being the place where the ten commandments were given to Moses.

16. E'zion-geber was the port from which Solomon's vessels sailed to Ophir; Midian was the residence of Jethro, the father-in-law of Moses.

Other Asiatic Countries.-8. What is said of Colchis? 9 Nineveh? 10. Babylon? 11. Charran? 12. Damascus ? 13. Antioch? 14. Palmyra? 15. Mount Sinai? 16. Ezion-geber, and Midian?