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EUROPE.

1. Europe is bounded N. by the Arctic ocean, E. by Asia, S. by the Mediterra'nean, and W. by the Atlantic.

2. It is much the smallest of the four grand divisions of the earth, but far the most important and powerful.

3. It is distinguished for the excellence of its climate, its useful productions, and its superiority in military power, civilisation, science, and literature.

4. Europe contains the following countries, viz. Lapland, Nor'way, Swe'den, and Rus'sia, in the north; Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Den'mark, Poland, Prus'sia, Ger'many, Austria, Hun'gary, and Switzerland, in the middle; Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Turkey, in the south.

5. The principal ranges of mountains are the Alps, which separate France, Switzerland, and Germany, from Italy; the Pyrenees', between France and Spain; the Apennines, which extend through Italy; the Carpathian Mountains, on the north and east of Hungary; the Dofrefield Mountains, between Norway and Sweden; and the Uralian Mountains, in Russia, between Europe and Asia.

6. The most celebrated of these ranges are the Alps, of which the summits of Mont Blanc and Mont Rosa are the highest in Europe.

7. The three most remarkable volcanoes are Etna in Sicily, Vesuvius in Naples, and Hecla in Iceland.

8. The most noted capes are North Cape, the Naze, Cape Clear, Cape Fin-is-terre', Cape Ortegal, Cape St. Vincent, and Cape Matapan'.

QUESTIONS.-Europe.

1. How is Europe bounded? 2. What is said of it?

3. For what is it distinguished?

4. What countries does it contain?

5. What are the six principal ranges of mountains?

6 Which is the most celebrated range, and which the highest

summits? 7. What are the three most remarkable volcanoes? 8. What are the most noted capes?

9. The most important islands are Siç'ily, Sardinia, Cor'sica, and Can'dia, in the Mediterranean sea; Great Britain, Ireland, and Iceland, in the Atlantic ocean.

10. The principal seas are the Mediterranean, Archipelago (Ar-ke-pel'-a-go), Mar'mora, Black, Azof, North, Baltic, and White seas.

11. The Mediterranean is 2,000 miles long, and is the largest and most celebrated sea in the world. The eastern part is called the Levant'.

12. The chief bay and gulfs are the bay of Biscay, and the gulfs of Venice, Both'nia, and Finland.

13. The principal lakes are Lado'ga and One'ga, in Russia; Wen'er and Wet'ter, in Sweden; Gene'va and Con'stance, in Switzerland and on its borders.

14. The principal straits are the straits of Gibrâl'tar, Dover, Messina (Mes-se'na), and the Dar-da-nelles'.

15. The three most important rivers are the Volga, Dan1ube, and Rhine.

16. The Volga, the longest river in Europe, is upwards of 2,000 miles in length. It has its whole course in Russia, and flows into the Caspian sea by several mouths. It is connected with the Neva by a canal, thus forming a communication between the Caspian and Baltic seas; and also with the Dwina, forming a communication with the Arctic

ocean.

17. The Danube, which ranks as the second great river of Europe, rises in the Black Forest, in Baden, and flows into the Black sea. It has a rapid current, and is of but little importance in regard to foreign commerce.

18. The Rhine, though much smaller than the Danube, is superior to it in sublime scenery. It rises in the Alps, and flows into the North sea in the Netherlands. It is navigable from the falls of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. These falls, though far from being the highest, are the most celebrated cataract in Europe.

9. What are the most important islands? 10. What are the principal seas?

11. What is said of the Mediterranean? 12. What bay and gulfs are there?

ers?

13. What are the principal lakes? 14. What straits? 15. Riv 16. What is said of the Volga? 17. The Danube 18. The Rhine?

Switzerland, The Ionian Islands, St. Marino;

Also, 38 small states, styled grand duchies, duchies, principalities, &c.

19. What are the political divisions of Europe?

QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF EUROPE.

1. What countries lie in the north of Europe? 2. What in the south? 3. In the east? 4. In the west ? 5. What in the central part?

6. What islands are on the west of Europe? 7. What ones in the Mediterranean? 8. In the Baltic ?

9. What seas lie in and about Europe?

10. Where is the gulf of Bothnia? 11. The gulf of Finland? 12. The gulf of Venice? 13. The gulf of Tarento? 14. The bay of Biscay? 15. The Archipelago?

16. Where are the straits of Gibraltar? 17. The straits of Messina? 18. The straits of Constantinople? 19. The straits of Caffa? 20. The straits of Dover? 21. The Skager Rack and Cattegat?

22. What rivers flow into the Baltic sea? 23. Into the White sea? 24. Into the sea of Azof? 25. Into the Black sea? 26. Into the gulf of Venice? 27. Into the gulf of Lyons? 23. Into the bay of Biscay? 29. Into the English channel? 30. Into the North sea?

31. Where is North Cape? 32. Cape Matapan? 33. The Naze? 34. Cape Clear? 35. What capes on the coast of Spain

and Portugal ? 36 Where are the Alps? 37. The Pyrenees? 38. The Apen nines? 39. The Carpathian Mountains? 40. The Dofre field Mountains? 41. The Uralian Mountains?

42. By what is Ireland separated from England and Scotland?

1. Lapland is the most northerly country in Europe, and belongs to Norway, Sweden, and Russia.

2. It is generally rough and mountainous, cold and barren; very thinly inhabited, and has no large towns.

3. The Laplanders are of low stature, ignorant and poor, yet much attached to their country.

4. Their wealth consists chiefly in the raindeer, which supplies them with food and clothing, and by means of which they make rapid journeys in winter, drawn in sledges.

43. By what is England separated from France?
44. What sea lies on the east of England and Scotland?
45. How is Russia bounded? 46. Sweden? 47. Norway?

48.

Denmark? 49. Prussia? 50. Netherlands? 51. Austria? 52. Switzerland? 53. France? 54. Spain? 55. Portugal? 56. Italy? 57. Turkey?

58 Which way from London is Paris? 59. Which way from London are Copenhagen, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg? 60. Which way is Lisbon? 61. Vienna and Constantinople? 62. Which way from Rome is Madrid? 63. Which way from Rome is Constantinople? 64. Which way from Vienna are Dresden, Berlin, and Copenhagen?

QUESTIONS.

LAPLAND.-1. How is Lapland situated?

2. What is said of it? 3. What of the Laplanders? 4. Of what does their wealth chiefly consist?

NORWAY.

The Maelstroom.

5. Norway [Northern Way] derives its name from its northern situation. It is long, but proportionally narrow. 6. North Cape forms its northern extremity, and the Naze its southern.

7. Norway belongs to Sweden, and is, next to Switzerland, the most mountainous country in Europe. It is but thinly inhabited, the greater part of it being unfit for culti

vation.

cataracts.

9. The Dofrefield or Dofrine Mountains are a long range, extending between Norway and Sweden. Some of the summits are covered with perpetual snow and ice.

10. The climate is severe; the winters being long and very cold, and the summers short but hot.

NORWAY.-5. From what does Norway derive its name? 6. What form the northern and the southern extremities? 7. What is said of Norway? 8. What of the rivers? 9. What mountains are there? 10. How is the climate?