7. What is the character and office of the φύλακες in the state? 8. What does Plato suggest as the function and end of legislation? What tendencies in human nature according to him need repression? 9. What according to Plato are the relations of justice and temperance. II. ARISTOTLE, Eth. I, IV, &c. 1. Translate and explain : (1) Τὰ δὲ καλὰ καὶ τὰ δίκαια, περὶ ὧν ἡ πολιτικὴ σκοπεΐται, τοσαύτην ἔχει διαφορὰν καὶ πλάνην ὥστε δοκεῖν νόμῳ μόνον εἶναι, φύσει δὲ μή. (2) Κατὰ μὲν τὴν οὐσίαν καὶ τὸν λόγον τὸν τί ἦν εἶναι λέγοντα μεσότης ἐστὶν ἡ ἀρετή, κατὰ δὲ τὸ ἄριστον καὶ τὸ εὖ ἀκρότης. (3) Διαφέρει πλεῖστον ἴσως ὁ σπουδαῖος τῷ τἀληθὲς ἐν ἑκάστοις ὁρᾶν, ὥσπερ κανὼν καὶ μέτρον αὐτῶν ὤν. (4) Τῶν ἀρχῶν δ' αἱ μὲν ἐπαγωγῇ θεωροῦνται, αἱ δ ̓ αἰσθήσει, αἱ δ ̓ ἐθισμῷ τινί, καὶ ἄλλαι δ ̓ ἄλλως. (5) Τὸ γὰρ κακὸν τοῦ ἀπείρου, ὡς οἱ Πυθαγόρειοι εἴκαζον, τὸ δ ̓ ἀγαθὸν τοῦ πεπερασμένου. (6) Τὸ δὲ τέλος τῆς πράξεως κατὰ τὸν καιρόν ἐστιν. (7) Περὶ δὲ τῶν ἀϊδίων οὐδεὶς βουλεύεται, οἷον περὶ τοῦ κόσμου ἢ τῆς διαμέτρου καὶ τῆς πλευρᾶς, ὅτι ἀσύμμετροι. (8) Αἱ δὲ τοῦ συνθέτου ἀρεταὶ ἀνθρωπικαί. 2. How does Aristotle discuss the question, - Can εὐδαιμονία be acquired ? 3. Give Aristotle's analysis of the ψυχή. Why is it introduced into the Ethics? 4. Give the steps by which Aristotle succeeds in determining the genus of moral virtue. 5. Examine with regard to Pleasure (1) Its dangers ; (2) Its claims to be considered the chief good; 6. What is the relation of Aristotle's discussion of the voluntary to the main object of his work? 7. Give Aristotle's account of σωφροσύνη, as far as possible in his own words. 8. Describe the ' social virtues.” 9. What theological views are propounded by Aristotle in these books of the Ethics? III. ARISTOTLE, Pol. I, III, VII. 1. Translate and explain : (1) Οὐθὲν γάρ, ὡς φαμέν, μάτην ἡ φύσις ποιεῖ. (3) Δῆλον δὲ τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων τεχνῶν καὶ ἐπιστημῶν· οὔτε γὰρ γραφεὺς ἐάσειεν ἂν τὸν ὑπερβάλλοντα πόδα τῆς συμμετρίας ἔχειν τὸ ζῷον, οὐδ ̓ εἰ διαφέροι τὸ κάλλος, οὔτε ναυπηγὸς πρύμναν ἢ τῶν ἄλλων τι μορίων τῶν τῆς νεώς οὐδὲ δὴ χοροδιδάσκαλος τὸν μεῖζον καὶ κάλλιον τοῦ παντὸς χοροῦ φθεγγόμενον ἐάσει συγχορεύειν. (4) Χρήσιμον δὲ γνωρίζειν ταῦτα καὶ τοῖς πολιτικοῖς· πολλαῖς γὰρ πόλεσι δεῖ χρηματισμοῦ καὶ τοιούτων πόρων, ὥσπερ οἰκίᾳ, μᾶλλον δέ. (5) "Ανευ ὀρέξεως νοῦς ὁ νόμος ἐστί. (6) Αὐτῇ γὰρ ἐμπορικὴν ἀλλ ̓ οὐ τοῖς ἄλλοις δεῖ εἶναι τὴν πόλιν. (7) Τὸ δὲ τῶν Ἑλλήνων γένος ὥσπερ μεσεύει κατὰ τοὺς τόπους. (8) Τὴν γὰρ βαφὴν ἀφιᾶσιν, ὥσπερ ὁ σίδηρος, εἰρηνὴν ἄγοντες. 2. How does Aristotle regard society as having originated? 3. What are Aristotle's views on (1) The nature of wealth; (2) The advantages of a metallic currency; 4. What is Aristotle's view of the limits of legislative interference? 5. Give some account of the position of Labour in a Greek State, and compare it with the position of Labour in a modern one. 6. Is the good man necessarily a good citizen? 7. Enumerate and distinguish the different kinds of Monarchy mentioned by Aristotle. 8. What difficulties were intended to be overcome by the Institution of Ostracism? 9. Give some account of Aristotle's Ideal State with regard to (1) The number and character of the citizens. IV. PLATO, Rep. I-IV. [Candidates are expected to attempt each of these Passages.] Translate: (I. 340.) (III. 394.) (III. 405.) (IV. 425. Συκοφάντης γὰρ ἁμαρτάνων ἁμαρτάνει. Σχολῇ ἄρα ...... Αληθέστατα, ἢ δ ̓ ὅς. Τὸ δὲ ἰατρικῆς, ...... ἰωμένῳ ἐπετίμησαν. V. ARISTOTLE, Eth. I-IV, &c. [Candidates are expected to attempt each of these Passages.] Translate: (I. 7. 14–16.) (II. 8. 7, 8.) Εἰ δ ̓ ἐστὶν ἔργον......ὀλίγος χρόνος. VI. ARISTOTLE, Pol. I, III, VII. [Candidates are expected to attempt each of these Passages.] (1) Καί τοι εἰ τὸ πολιτικὸν ὑμῖν πᾶν ἐστὶ τοιοῦτον, οἷον σὺ διαιρέεις, σέ γε τὸν ἐκείνων βασιλέα πρέπει πρὸς τὸ διπλήσιον ἀντιτάσσεσθαι κατὰ νόμους τοὺς ὑμετέρους. (2) Καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ θερμὸν τότε ἐπῆκαν ἐπὶ τὴν ἔσοδον, ὡς ἂν χαραδρωθείη ὁ χῶρος. (3) Ἔστι δὲ, κατά περ ἐν Ὀλυμπίῃ, ἱροῖσι αὐτόθι χρηστηριάζεσθαι· τοῦτο δὲ ξεῖνόν τινα καὶ οὐ Θηβαῖον χρήμασι πείσας κατεκοίμησε ἐς ̓Αμφιάρεω. (4) Μὴ δὲ ὑμέας Αλέξανδρος ὁ Μακεδὼν ἀναγνώσῃ, λεήνας τὸν Μαρδονίου λόγον. (5) Μαρδόνιον γὰρ ἀνασκολοπίσας τετιμωρήσεαι ἐς πάτρων τὸν σὸν Λεωνίδην. (6) Περσικὸν δὲ κάρτα ὁ στρατὸς δῶρον. 2. Give some account of Pytheas, Scyllias, Dorieus, Attaginus, Xanthippus, Hydarnes. 3. Where are the following places and with what events are they connected:-Eion, Gargaphia, Abae, Deceleia, the Peneius? 4. Enumerate the principal stages of Xerxes' advance from the Hellespont by land and sea. 5. What importance does Herodotus attach to the Athenian policy, and why? 6. Examine the conduct of Thebes and Argos during the Persian invasion. 7. Give an account, with a map, of the Battle of Salamis. 8. What notices are to be found in Herodotus of the migrations of peoples in Greece? 9. On what occasions is attention especially directed to the Asiatic Greeks? 10. Give some account of the μávτeis who are mentioned during the war. VIII. LIVY, XXI-XXIV. 1. Translate and explain :— (1) Ob haec ratus, auspiciis ementiendis Latinarumque feriarum mora et consularibus aliis impedimentis retenturos se in urbe, simulato itinere privatus clam in provinciam abiit. (2) Tum experta nobilitas, parum fuisse virium in competitoribus eius, L. Aemilium Paulum, qui cum M. Livio consul fuerat et damnatione collegae et sua prope ambustus evaserat, infestum plebei, diu ac multum recusantem ad petitionem compellit. (3) Is ubi cum lictoribus in rostra escendit, neque duos dictatores tempore uno, quod nunquam antea factum esset, probare se dixit, neque dictatorem se sine magistro equitum, nec censoriam vim uni permissam et eidem iterum, nec dictatori, nisi rei gerendae causa creato, in sex menses datum imperium. Quae immoderata forsan tempus ac necessitas fecerit, iis se modum impositurum. (4) Praeco, Aniensem iuniorum in suffragium revoca. (5) Iam unis foribus Hexapyli apertis coepti erant recipi, quum praetores intervenerunt. 2. Compute the military strength of Rome at various stages of the war. 3. Give briefly the characters assigned by Livy to Flaminius, Fabius, Varro, Marcellus, and examine the fairness of them. |