A pile of wood 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet high, is a cord. A cord foot (c. f.) is 1 foot in length of this pile, or 16 cubic feet. A perch of masonry, or of building stone, is 243 cubic feet. 1 cord. 1 c. f. A ton of timber is commonly estimated at 40 solid feet, but as usually measured is 50 solid feet. With transportation companies a ton of freight is quite variable, being for many articles estimated by the space occupied, and for others by weight. A solid yard, or 27 solid feet, is equal to 46656 solid inches. LIQUID MEASURE. 215. Liquid Measure is used in measuring all kinds of liquids. A barrel (bar.), in some States is 31 gallons, and in others 28 to 32 gallons. A hogshead (hhd.), when regarded as a measure, is 63 gallons; but the term is often applied to large casks of varying capacity. Ale, beer, porter, and milk, were formerly sold by what was called Beer Measure, of which the gallon contained 282 cubic inches. APOTHECARIES reckon one pint (O) equal to 16 fluid ounces (f. 3); 1 fluid ounce equal to 8 fluid drams (f. 3). The standard liquid gallon of the United States contains 231 cubic inches, and the Imperial gallon of Great Britain, 277.274 cubic inches. A hogshead is 252 quarts, equal 504 pints, or 2016 gills. What is a cord of wood? A perch of masonry ? A ton of freight with transportation companies? A solid yard? For what is Liquid Measure used? Repeat the Table. What is a barrel? A hogshead? How many cubic inches in a gallon of Beer Measure? In the standard gallon of Liquid Measure? What does a hogshead equal? DRY MEASURE. 216. Dry Measure is used in measuring such dry arti tles as grain, fruit, roots, coal, etc. The chaldron, a measure of 36 bushels, formerly employed with some kinds of coal, is now seldom used. The standard bushel of the United States contains 2150.42 cubic inches; and the Imperial bushel of Great Britain, 2218.192 cubic inches. CIRCULAR MEASURE. 217. Circular Measure is used for measuring angles, latitude and longitude, difference of direction, etc. 218. A Circle is a plane figure, bounded by a curved line, all the points of which are equally distant from a point within, called the center. 219. The Circumference of a cir cle is its entire bounding line. B 220. An Arc of a circle is any part of the circumference, as A B, or A BE. A E 221. A Diameter of a circle is any straight line drawn through the center, and terminated by the circumference, as AE. 222. The circumference of every circle, whatever, is supposed to be divided into 360 equal parts, called degrees. For what is Dry Measure used? Repeat the Table? How many cubic uches does a standard bushel contain? An Imperial bushel? For what is Circular Measure used? What is a Circle? The Circumference of a circle? An arc? A diameter ? A Quadrant is a fourth of a circumference, or an arc of 90 degrees, as A B. 223. The ANGLE ACB, whose two lines meet at the center C, is measured by the arc of the circle drawn around that center, includ'ed between the opening of those 360° A 60 lines. Thus, AC B is an angle of 90 degrees. A right angle is an angle of 90 degrees. 60 seconds ( 60 minutes, 360 degrees, Table. 90° B 270° are 1 minute, ' 1 circum., C. E 18 A sign, used only in astronomy, is of the circumference of a circle, or 30°. A minute of the earth's circumference is a geographic or nautical mile. A degree is of the circumference of any circle, small or large. A circumference of any circle has 21600 minutes, or 1296000 seconds. TIME MEASURE. 224. Time is used in measuring portions of duration. Also, 7 days make 1 week, 12 calendar months 1 year, and 100 years 1 century. What is a Quadrant? A right angle? Repeat the Table. What is a sign? A minute? A degree of the earth's circumference? What does a circumWhat is time? Repeat the Table. ference equal? 225. The Calendar Months, their names, order, and num The number of days contained in each month may be remembered by recollecting that the months are long and short alternately, with the exception of August, which, as well as July, is long. The civil day begins and ends at 12 o'clock, midnight. 226. A true year, also called a solar or tropical year, is the exact time in which the earth makes a revolution around the sun, or 365 d. 5 h. 48 m. 49.7 sec. year 227. The common year of 365 days comes short of the true 5 h. 48 m. 49.7 sec., or 1 day, lacking only 44 m. 41.2 sec., in 4 years, so that an approximate correction of the calendar can be made by having every fourth year of 366 days. But, by making every fourth year a leap year, there will be a gain in the calendar of 18 h. 37 m. 10 sec. in 100 years, or a little over 3 days in 400 years; hence, a second approximate correction can be made by having only every fourth of the centennial years a leap year. Hence, Every year whose number can be divided by 4 without a remainder, except centennial years, and every centennial year whose number can be divided by 400 without a remainder, is a leap year and the others common years. A common year has 8760 hours, equal 525600 minutes, or 31536000 seconds. Give the Calendar Months, their names, order, and days. How may the number of days contained in each month be remembered? What is a tru year? What years are leap years, and what years common years? Indian meal, or cracked corn, is usually estimated at 50 pounds to a bushel, and wheat bran at 20 pounds to a bushel. A quarter of grain, in England, is equal to 8 Imperial bushels, or to 560 pounds. Mental Exercises. 1. How many grains in 2 pennyweights? In 3 pennyweights? In 4 pennyweights? 2. In 40 pennyweights how many ounces? 3. How many ounces in 3 Troy pounds? In 12 Troy pounds? 4. How many ounces in 3 avoirdupois pounds? 5. In 60 hundred-weight how many tons? In 80 hundredweight? In 100 hundred-weight? 6. How many yards in 2 rods? In 5 rods? Repeat the Table of Counting. Of Paper. Of Capacity. How is meal estimated to a bushel? Wheat bran? Quarter of grain? |