The Standard of the gold coins of the United States is 9 parts pure metal and 1 part silver and copper; of the silver coins 9 parts pure metal and 1 part copper; of the nickel coins, 25 parts pure metal and 75 parts copper; and of the bronze coin, 95 parts copper and 5 parts zinc and tin. The dollar mark, $, may be considered as the letter U written upon an S, denoting U. S., the initials of United States. NOTATION AND NUMERATION. 78. The Dollar is the unit of United States Money. 1 DOLLAR 1864 STATES OF A AMERIC In accounts, eagles are written as tens of dollars, and indicated by the dollar mark ($); and they are usually read as a number of dollars. Thus, 5 eagles are written $50, and read fifty dollars. Dimes are written as tenths, cents as hundredths, and mills as thousandths of a dollar, and separated from dollars by the decimal point (.). Dimes are usually read as a number of cents, and mills are sometimes read as parts of a cent. Thus, 3 eagles, 3 dollars, 3 dimes, 3 cents, and 3 mills are written, $33.333, and read thirty-three dollars, thirty-three cents, and three mills; and, 4 eagles, 2 dimes, and 5 mills may be written, $40.201, and read forty dollars, twenty and one half cents. What is the standard of gold coin? Of silver coin? Of what is the bronze coin composed? What may the dollar mark be considered? What is the unit of United States Money? How are eagles written and usually read? How are dimes, cents, and mills written? How are dimes usually Mills sometimes? read? 79. In United States Money, 10 of a lower denomination make 1 of the next higher, according to the Decimal System (Art. 32). Hence, United States Money may be written, added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided, by preceding rules. 10. Forty-two dollars, eighteen cents. 11. Thirteen dollars, twelve and a half cents. 12. Seventy-three dollars, eleven cents. 13. Sixty-six dollars, six dimes. 14. Five eagles, five cents. 15. One hundred nine dollars, nine cents. Ans. $42.18. Ans. $13.12. Ans. $66.60. Ans. $50.05. Ans. $600.105. 17. One thousand three hundred fifty dollars. REDUCTION. 80. Reduction is the process of changing one number into another of a different denomination, but of equal value. The reduction is called descending, when the change is into a number of a lower denomination; and is called ascending, when the change is into a number of a higher denomination. How may United States Money be written, added, etc.? What is Re duction ? CASE I. 81. To reduce a number to another of a lower denomination. 1. In 59 cents how many mills? SOLUTION. Since in 1 cent there are 10 mills, in 59 cents there must be 59 times 10 mills, or 590 mills. 2. In 8 dollars how many cents? SOLUTION. Since in 1 dollar there are 100 cents, in 8 dollars there must be 8 times 100 cents, or 800 cents. 3. In 8 dollars how many mills? SOLUTION. Since in 1 dollar there are 100 cents and in each cent 10 mills, there must be in 1 dollar 100 times 10 mills, or 1000 mills, and in 8 dollars 8 times 1000 mills, or 8000 mills. RULE. To reduce cents to mills, multiply by 10; dollars to cents, multiply by 100; or dollars to mills, multiply by 1000. When there is no decimal point in the number, the multiplication may be performed by annexing ciphers (Art. 54), omitting the dollar mark, if used. When there is a decimal point in the number, dollars and cents may be reduced to cents, and dollars, cents, and mills to mills, by simply removing the dollar mark and the decimal point. For, multiplying by 10, 100, etc., has the same effect as removing the decimal point as many places to the right as there are ciphers in the multiplier (Art. 30). Examples. 4. In $162 how many mills? 5. In $1.62 how many cents? 6. In $31 how many cents? 7. In $6.008 how many mills? 8. In 87 cents how many mills? 9. In $36.03 how many mills? 10. Reduce $160.90 to cents. Ans. 162000 mills. Ans. 162 cents. Ans. 6008 mills. Ans. 16090 cents. How many mills make 1 cent? How many cents make 1 dollar? How many mills make 1 dollar? Repeat the Rule. When there is no decimal point in the number, how may the multiplication be performed? when there is a decimal point in the number? How CASE II. 82. To reduce a number to another of a higher denomination. 1. In 590 mills how many cents? SOLUTION. Since in 10 mills there is 1 cent, there must be in 590 mills as many cents as 10 mills are contained times in 590 mills, or 59 cents. 2. In 800 cents how many dollars? SOLUTION. Since in 100 cents there is 1 dollar, in 800 cents there are as many dollars as 100 cents are contained times in 800 cents, or $8. 3. In 8000 mills how many dollars? SOLUTION. Since in 1000 mills there is 1 dollar, in 8000 mills there are as many dollars as 1000 mills are contained times in 8000 mills, or $8. RULE. To reduce mills to cents, divide by 10; cents to dollars, divide by 100; or mills to dollars, divide by 1000. Cents or mills may be reduced directly to dollars by placing the decimal point as many places to the left as there are ciphers in the divisor (Art. 64). Repeat the Rule. How may cents or mills be reduced directly to dol lars? ADDITION. 83. 1. Add $21.38, $1.82, and $31.015. OPERATION. $21.38 $54.215 For convenience, we write the numbers so that figures of the same order stand in the same column, and begin at the right to add, observing to place the decimal point between dollars and cents 2. Add $164.00, $561.45, $902.03, $31.61, and $.95. Ans. $1660.04. 3. Add $80.375, $103.16, $1500.81, and $100.87. 4. Find the sum of $3064.05, $10091.63, $601, and $111.62. Ans. $13868.30. 5. $809+$310.05+$1701.12+$10003.14 6. $10806.171+$9850.37+$6345+$916032+$82.12} how much? · how many? Ans. $943115.67. SUBTRACTION. 84. 1. Subtract $109.02 from $963.03. OPERATION. $963.030 109.025 $854.005 For convenience, we write the subtrahend under the minuend, so that figures of the same order stand in the same column, and begin at the right to subtract, observing to place the decimal point between dollars and cents. Here, in the subtrahend we write the cent as 5 mills, and in the minuend note the place of mills by 0. 2. From $98.175 take $19.18. 3. From $46.95 take $31.008. 4. From $136 take $1.63. Ans. $78.995. Ans. $134.37. 5. From one thousand dollars take three cents and one mill. Ans. $999.969. How do you write the numbers to be added in Addition of United States Money? Where do we begin to add? Where do we place the decimal point? How are the numbers written for subtracting? Where do we begin to subtract? How is the cent written? Why is a 0 annexed to the minuend? |