When did Apries ascend the throne, and for what was he remarkable? What ally did he betray, and how was he punished? VOCABULARY. Luctus, m. grief; lusus, m. play; sensus, m. feeling or a sense; Which of the prophets describe the fate of Apries, and by what bestia, f. a beast; vis, f. strength, power; voluptas, átis, f. pleasure name do they describe him? Who succeeded Necho, and in what year ? What were the chief features and events of his reign? By what prince was the throne and kingdom of Amasis endangered? In whose reign did Cambyses lay siege to Pelusium, and by what stratagem did he take it? Did the Egyptians ever regain their independence? How were they treated by Cambyses and the Persians? What has been the state of Egypt and the Egyptians since the Persian conquest? Has any remarkable prophecy been fulfilled in their history from that time? What does the accomplishment of such predictions prove? LESSONS IN LATIN.-No. VII. By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D. SUBSTANTIVES of the fourth declension have in the nominative two case-endings, one in us, the other in u. The nouns which end in us are for the most part masculine; those which end in u are neuter, and are indeclinable. The u belongs to the stem. With this u are blended the case-endings of the genitive and ablative singular, and the nominative and accusative plural; husu and is becomes in the genitive singular; u and e become in the ablative singular; u and es become is in the nominative and accusative plural. The fourth conjugation then, is only a contracted form of the third; contracted, I say, that is shortened, as when u and s are melted together to form ūs the case-ending of the genitive singular. The following words have in the dative and ablative singular ubus instead of ibus; namely, acus, f. a needle; arcus, m. a bow; artus, m. a limb; partus, m, a birth or offspring; lacus, m. a lake or inland sea; quercus, f. an oak; specus, m. a cave or grotto; tribus, f. a tribe; pecu, n. cattle; veru, n. a spit. As u belongs to the stem, ubus is the regular form in the dative and ablative plural; but the u has been set aside by the connecting vowel i, as in fruct-i-bus. EXAMPLES.-Fructus, m. fruit; cornu, n. a horn. Cases. Singular. Plural. Singular. N. fructus, fruit fructus, fruits corni, a horn A. fructum, fruit fructüs, fruits cornu, a horn cornu, O horn genus, ĕris, n. a race: amárus, a, um, bitter; gratus, a, um, pleasant, thankful; praeditus, a, um, endowed with; quantus, a, um, how.great; puerilis, e, boyish, childlike; sapiens, sapientis, as an adjective, wise, as a noun, a sage; evito 1, I avoid; paro 1, I make ready, I procure; indulgeo 2, I indulge in (with the dative); frango 3, I break, I over come; succumbo 3, I lie under, I yield to (with the dative); libenter, adv. willingly; suaviter, sweetly; vehementer, greatly; quam, how sagitta, f. an arrow. EXERCISES-LATIN-ENGLISH. Lusus gratus est pueris; varia sunt genera lusûs; pueri libenter indulgent lusui; nonne pueris gratus est lusus? lusus est mihi gratus; tibi est lusus vehementer gratus; viri graves evitant lusus pueriles; O lusus, quam suaviter animos puerorum delectas! reges non delectantur lusu puerili; sensus sunt acres; acres mihi sunt sensus; vis sensuum est magna; est ne sensuum vis magna; vir fortis non succumbit sensibus doloris; acres sensus habent bestiae; O sensus, quantas voluptates hominibus paratis! animalia prae dita sunt sensibus. ENGLISH-LATIN. The feeling of pain is bitter; is not the feeling of pain bitter to thee? the feeling of pain is bitter to all men and to all animals; the power of grief is great; the sage not overcome by the power of the senses; a brave (fortis) man yields not to grief; do brave men yield to the power of the senses? O grief, how dost thou overcome the minds of men! boys willingly yield to play; (there) boys and girls; boyish plays delight not men; men are not delighted are many kinds of play; plays (games) of all kinds are pleasant to by boyish plays; boys and men yield to pleasure; how greatly is grief avoided by children; boys delight in bows and arrows; girls delight in needles. There are no adjectives which follow the fourth declension, as there are none which follow the fifth declension. Adjectives follow exclusively the first, the second, and the third declensions. Yet nouns of the fourth and of the fifth declensions are sometimes united with adjectives. In declining nouns and adjectives so united, you must take care to preserve the proper forms of both, and not allow the one to influence the other. To aid you in making the necessary distinctions, I supply instances for practice. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES OF VARIOUS DECLENSIONS. EXAMPLES.-Maturus fructus, m. ripe fruit; frequens coetus, m, a full assembly; matura ficus, f. a ripe fig; debile genu, n. a weak knee. Cases. Singular. frequentem coetum frequentum coetuum frequentibus coetibus frequentes coetus frequentes coetus Nom. maturus fructus frequens coetus frequente coetus Gen. maturorum fructuum Plural. cornǎă, horns cornǎăm, of horns frequentibus coetibus VOCABULARY. Frémutus, ûs, m. a roaring; genu, u, or us, n. a knee; tonitru, n. or us, m. thunder; vigor, oris, m. vigour; fulmen, inis, n. lightning; robur, ŏris, n, strength; multus, a, um, much or many; validus, a, um, strong; horribilis, e, frightful, horrible; terribilis, e, terrible; supplex, supplicis, as an adjective, entreating, as a noun, a suppliant; indico 1, I point out; resono 1, I resound, I echo; vacillo 1, I move to and fro, I vacillate; permoveo 2, I move greatly; antecédo 3, I go before; extimesco 3, fear; flecto 3, I bend; procumbo 3, I fall down. EXERCISES-LATIN-ENGLISH. Tonitru terribile animos hominum permovet; nonne tonitrus sonus est terribilis? tonitrus fremitus horribilis est; horribile est tonitru; fulmen antecedit tonitru; multi homines extimescunt tonitru; tonitru extiméscitur a multis hominibus; O tonitru, quam horribilis est fremitus tuus! domus résonat tonitru; genua virorum sunt valida; vigor genuum indicat robur corporis; magna vis est genibus; súpplices procumbunt in (on) genua; O genua, quam valde vacillatis! in genibus est magna vis. ENGLISH-LATIN. The man's knee is strong; strong knees have vigour; are thy knees strong? the woods resound with the horrible sound of thunder; the sound of thunder greatly moves the animals; thunder is feared by strong beasts; I have weak knees; has your father weak knees? no, my father has strong knees; I am greatly moved by much lightning; the roaring of thunder greatly moves the suppliants; the suppliant points out the beautiful house. military; civic; marine; aviary; acrid; sweet; audacious; mortal; virtue; hostile. Commit to memory these lines which compose the feminine nouns of the fourth declension. Feminine: these nouns in us: tribus, acus, porticus. LESSONS IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR.~No. VII. CASES OF NOUNS-Continued. IN FORMER LESSONS we stated that nouns have two NUMBERS, the singular and the plural;-three GENDERS, the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter; and three CASES; the Nominative, denoting the name of a person or thing, or the subject of a proposition; the Possessive, denoting relation, ownership or possession; and the Objective, which indicates the object of some act. We proceed to speak more particularly of this latter. Summus, highest; medius, middle; imus, lowest; reliquus, remaining; ultimus, extremus, last, &c. These adjectives agree in number, case, and gender with their nouns, though in English they appear to have the force of nouns, and consequently to require the construction of nouns. Thus the Latins say, summus mons, that is, the highest mountain; meaning, the top of the mountain, the highest part of the mountain, the mountain, that is, where it is highest. I subjoin some instances with forms-that was doing something to her; and as the gentleman did it, for practice. Instances: ima quercus, the bottom of the oak; re'iquum opus, the remainder of the work; primum limen, the edge of the threshold; extremum bellum, the end of the war; ine ins ver, the beginning of spring; media aestas, the middle of summer; summa aqua, the surface of the water; intima philosophia, the recesses of philosophy; reliqua Aegyptus, the rest of Egypt. Decline each of these instances according to the proper models; thus: So in English, instead of "the middle of summer," we say after the Latin manner, mid-summer, that is middle summer; also mid-day; mid-night; mid-way, &c. The student is required to find out English words derived from the Latin words just used; and the Latin words derived from the English words which follow: Acute; archery; parturition; peculiar; fructify; domestic; alienate; sensual; voluptuary; generic; grateful; puerile; sweet; variously; nature; antecedent; vacillation. With these English words, other English words are connected so that when you know the import of these, you easily learn the import of the connected or related terms. Thus from the adjective acute comes the adverb acutely and the noun acuteness; with the verb alienate is connected the noun alien; voluptuary has corresponding forms in voluptuous and voluptousness; grateful also has gratitude and gratefully. Find the Latin terms which occur in the instructions in the third declension, from which are derived these English words; namely: to err; maternal; guttural; terrify (the fy represents the Latin facio, I do or cause); nominal; corpulent; floral; cardinal; luminous; decorous; to judge; to reign; legal; gregarious; | THE OBJECTIVE CASE of NOUNS describes a person or thing that is the object of any pursuit, or of any action that another person or thing performs. Suppose you were to read of some gentleman who, on returning to his home, found his little girl asleep on the ground, exposed to a strong wind," He lifted her up, and placed her on a chair, and then he wrapped a cloak round her." In this case the gentleman might have either of the pronouns he and him applied to him, and the little girl either of the pronouns she and her. But it would have been both incorrect and vulgar to have said, "him lifted her," or "him lifted she," or him wrapped a cloak round she." In correct composition, when the words he, him, she, and her are used, we shall find, on examination, that when something is done to a person, the pronouns him or her are used; but when a person does something, the pronouns he and she are generally employed. The gentleman "lifted" his daughter it was proper to say, "he lifted her :" her is the objective case of the pronoun she. Again, the word "lifted" describes an action which produces an effect on something which is the object of the action: the gentleman is the doer of the act of lifting-the girl is the object on which the action takes effect. A verb such as " lifted" is called a transitive verb, and must have an object after it, which is put in the objective case. A preposition also causes a noun or pronoun immediately following it to be in the objective case; as, "he wrapped a cloak round her :" the noun or pronoun in such cases is the object of some relation expressed by the preposition; the preposition "round" shows the relation of the cloak, or the wrapping of it, to the child. The nouns "cloak" and "chair" are also considered to be in the objective case ;-the cloak has the action of wrapping done to it; and the chair is shown by the preposition "on" to be in a certain relation to the child. In nouns, the nominative and objective cases are alike; as may be seen in the following sentence,-The bear bit the man." Here bear is in the nominative, and man is in the objective case; but the sentence may be so turned as to reverse the cases, while it still has the same meaning: thus,-The man was bitten by the bear; in this sentence man is the subject, or nominative; bear is in the objective case, being put in that case by the preposition by; yet there is no change in the words man or bear by which the objective case may be distinguished. Perhaps, strictly speaking, there is no objective case in the English noun, though there is in the pronoun; and some writers on English Grammar omit the objective case altogether; but in considering the form of sentences, and the nature of the various relations which exist among their parts, it is useful to make the distinction in meaning, though it may not be made in form, especially as the distinction in form is still retained in the pronouns. The objective case generally follows what are called transitive verbs and participles, and prepositions; as, honesty pays debts; fraud increases them; or, praise Him from whom all blessings flow; there are, however, exceptions: in the following sentence the noun precedes the verb which puts it in the objective case ;"Whom, therefore, ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you." Remember, then, that a noun is in the objective case when it has some action performed upon it by a transitive, or active, verb These will be explained in future lessons. LESSONS IN FRENCH. preceding it, or when placed in relation to something else by a The objective case of the pronouns are, me, him, her, us, them, and whom. In the pronouns you and it, the nominative and objective cases are alike. It is not uncommon for a person when asked, who is there? to answer, it is me; this is an error; the answer should be, it is I; or, it is Henry, or whatever your name may be. If it were right to say, it is me, it would also be right to say, me is here; yet no one would say so, except an infant just lisping. It is wrong, also, though common, to say, us two will go for it ;-it should be, we two will go for it. It sounds still worse for a married man to say, I and her will attend to it; it should be, I and she, &c.; but, I and my wife would be still better. It is equally erroneous to say to we, instead of to us. Before dismissing the subject of cases of nouns, the following mode of ascertaining them may The NOMINATIVE answers the e stated. Whoset or of what? quesons Who? or what? Whom? or what? EXAMPLE: Charles Perkins n ried his master's daughter. Who married his master's daughter. Charles Perkins..... the Nominative. Whose daughter did Charles Perkins marry? His master's... Whom did Charles Perkins marry? His master's daughter ...the Possessive. the Objective. In the following sentence from Shakspeare, all the cases may be found: let our pupils search them out, and assign to each its proper name : "As imagination bodies forth The forms of things unknown; the Poet's pen " By DECLENSION of NOUNS is shown the inflections, or changes, to which nouns are subjected. A noun is said to be declined when it is gone through in order, so as to exhibit its different parts. A few examples are given as follows: Plural. Men In the mist the ravens hover, Many a crest on air is streaming; QUESTIONS ON THE FOREGOING LESSON. What is meant by the objective case of nouns ? Point out the nouns in the verses at the end of this Lesson. 2. The comparative of equality is expressed by : before an adjective, an adverb, or a Aussi-que, pronoun. As, or as much—as } Aussi aimé que son frère, Autant de que de, As much loved as his brother. As much or as many-as,} before a substantive. Autant de crayons que de plumes. Autant de science que de modestie. As many pencils as pens. 3. The comparative of superiority is expressed by: Plus-que, }before an adjective, an adverb, or a pronoun. More-than, Il est plus docile que son frère. Nominative case Singular. Possessive case Man's Men's Objective case Man Men Nominative case Parent Possessive case Parent's Parents Objective case Parent Parents Nominative case Book Books Plus de que de, Possessive case Book's Books Objective case Book Books Nominative case Master Masters Master's Masters' Master Masters Possessive case In the following lines there are nine common nouns; which if our first lessons on nouns be remembered, our pupils will have no difficulty in finding out. Man, like a flower, at morn appears, And blooms, perhaps, a few short years: In quest of pleasure, finding none; Or, if he finds it for a day, It soon takes wings and flies away. More-than He is more docile than his brother. } before a noun. Plus de bonté que de jugement. More goodness than judgment. 4. The comparative of inferiority is expressed by: before an adjective, an ad- You are not so tall as your sister. He is less polite than his cousin Pas tant de; pas autant de; moins de-que de Not so much, or so many; less; fewer-than In the following passage, from Sir Walter Scott, nouns will be fl n'a pas tant de courage que de found in almost every line : "The sun is rising dimly red, The wind is wailing, low and dread; From his cliff the eagle sallies; Leaves the wolf his darksome vallies; before a submonstrative, stantive, a deor possessive pronoun. He has not so much courage as patience. He has less money than meat. 5. Tout autant que, is used for quite as many—as ; as much, just as much, or as many. J'en ai tout autant que vous. I have quite as many as you. 1. Etes vous aussi content que votre frère? 2. Je suis aussi content que votre frère. 3. Votre père a-t-il autant de courage que de modestie? 4. Il a moins de modestie que de courage. 6. Le libraire a-t-il autant de manuscrits que d'estampes? 6. Il a plus de celles-ci que de ceux-là. 7. A-t-il autant d'amis que d'ennemis? 8. Il a plus de ceux-ci que de ceux-là. 9. A-t-il autant de pain que de fromage? 10. Il a tout autant de celui-ci que de celui-là. 11. Le maréchal a-t-il plus de chevaux que votre frère. 12. Il en a plus que mon père et plus que mon frère. 13. N'avez vous pas froid? 14. Non, Monsieur, je n'ai pas froid, j'ai très chaud. 15. Avez vous deux manteaux de drap. 16. J'en ai un de drap et un de velours bleu. 17. N'avez vous pas plus de verres que d'assiettes? 18. Nous en avons davantage. 19. Le maréchal a-t-il plus de fer que d'acier? 20. Il n'a pas autant de celui-ci que de celui-là. 21. Il a moins de celui-ci que de celui-la? 22. Les Hollandais ont ils de beaux jardins? 23. Leurs jardins sont très beaux. 24. Les jardins des Italiens sont plus beaux que ceux des Espagnols. EXERCISE 30. 1. Are you more attentive than your sister? 2. I am not BO attentive as your brother. 3. Have you more courage than my brother? 4. I have quite as much. 5. Has the blacksmith as much money as iron? 6. He has more of the latter Votre marchand est bien obligeant. Avez vous encore une piastre? Le maçon a-t-il encore des briques? Il n'en a plus. Il n'a plus de briques. Il n'en a guère. Il n'en a plus guère. Je n'ai guère de livres. You are happier than I. EXAMPLES. Your merchant is very obliging. That is the best of those boys. We have some more (or still) friends. You have still (or yet) credit. Have you a dollar left? Has the mason more bricks! He has no more-he has none left. He has no more bricks. He has but few. He has but few left. Have you more courage than he' I have but few books. He has less courage than I? How many dollars have you still, or have you left! EXERCISE 31. Neveu, m. nephew. Nièce, f. niece. Nouvelles, f. news. Quel, which, which one. Dictionnaire, m. diction- Savant, -e, learned. Avez vous plus de courage que lui? Il a moins de courage que moi. Combien de piastres avez vous en core ? Correct, -e, correct. Crédit, m. credit. Beaucoup, much. Boyer, Boyer. ary. Sœur, f. sister. Ville, f. town, city. 1. Votre dictionnaire est il très correct? 2. Il est plus correct que celui de Boyer. 3. Votre dictionnaire est le plus correct de tous. 4. Quel est le meilleur de ces jardins? 5. Celui-ci est le meilleur de tous les jardins de la ville. 6. Avez vous encore de l'argent? 7. Je n'ai plus d'argent, mais j'ai encore du crédit? 8. Avons nous encore de la salade? 9. Nous n'en avons plus. 10. Nous n'avons plus de viande. 11. Qui en a encore? 12. Mes frères et mes sœurs en ont 18. encore. 13. En avez vous encore beaucoup? 14. Je n'en ai plus guère. 15. Votre tante a-t-elle plus de robes que votre nièce? 16. Elle n'en a pas beaucoup. 17. Votre neveu est il plus savant que votre nièce? 18. Il n'est pas aussi savant qu'elle. 19. Elle est plus savante que lui. 20. Avez vous encore froid? 21. Je n'ai plus froid, j'ai bien chaud. N'avez vous plus de nouvelles? 23. Je n'en ai plus. 24. En avez vous beaucoup ? 25. Je n'en ai guère. EXERCISE 32. than of the former [Sect. 8, R. 5]. 7. Has he more modesty than the Spaniard? 8. He has more. 9. He has more than your friend's sister. 10. Are you not cold, Sir? 11. No, Sir, but I am afraid and sleepy. 12. Has the Dutchman mcre cheese than the Italian? 13. He has more cheese and more money. 14. Have you as much English silk as Italian silk? 15. I have more of this than of that. 16. Who has more friends than the Spaniard? 17. Your friend has more. Has the Spaniard as much of your money as of his? 19. He has less of mine than of his. 20. Have we more silk cloaks than cloth cloaks? 21. We have more of these than of those. 22. Have you good cloaks? 23. Yes, Sir, I have good cloaks, good hats, and good leather shoes. 24. Have you more plates than dishes? 25. I have not more plates than dishes; but I have more glasses than plates. 26. Are you not very cold? 27. No, Sir, I am neither cold nor warm. 28. Has your carpenter wood? 29. Yes, Sir, he has wood, money, cheese, and meat. 30. Who has more money than the carpenter? 31. The Dur. has more. 32. Who has more engravings than book 33. The bookseller has more of these than of hose. 34. Are you as attentive as your friend? 35. I am more attentive than my friend. 22. is not very correct. 3. Has your father more courage than he? Has your brother a very good dictionary? 2. His dictionary 4. He has much more courage than your nephew. 6. Have your brothers credit? 6. They have but little credit, but they have money. 7. Is your aunt obliging? 8. My aunt is very obliging? 9. Have you still books, pens, and paper? 10. 1 Davantage means more. It can never be placed before a noun; it may English paper. 11. Who has still paper? 12. I have no more, have no more books, but I have still good pens and excellent De used instead of plus, at the end of a sentence. but my brother has some more. 13. Have you any news, Sir? 14. No, Madam, I have none to-day. 15. Have you as much wood as my brother's son? 16. I have more than you or he. 17. Are you still wrong? 18. No, Sir, I am no longer (plus) wrong, I am right. 19. Are your sisters still hungry? 20. They are neither hungry nor thirsty, but they are still sleepy. 21. Is your niece as learned as he? 22. She is more learned than he and (que) his aunt. 23. Have you no news, Sir? 24. No, Madam, I have no more news. 25. Who has news? 26. I have no more. 27. Have you them all? 28. Yes, Sir, I have them all. 29. Has your aunt much of it left? 30. She has but little more of it? 31. Has your brother any more English horses? 32. He has no more. 33. He has two more. 34. Have you a handsome French shawl left? 35. I have no more French shawls, but I have an English one. Combien de poires avez vous ? Nous avons beaucoup de poires. Nous en avons beaucoup. Le boucher a-t-il quelque chose de bon. Il a quelque chose de bon et de mauvais. Il n'a rien de bon. Quelles poires ƒ. avez vous? How many pears have you? I have many peaches and apricots. He has not anything (nothing) good. Which or what coat have you? 1. Combien de pommes-de-terre votre frère a-t-il ? 2. П n'en a pas beaucoup. 3. L'épicier a-t-il beaucoup de sucre dans son magasin? 4. Il n'en a guère, mais il a beaucoup de beurre et de poivre. 5. Votre jardinier a-t-il beaucoup de cerises? 6. Il a plus de cerises que de prunes. 7. Les prunes sont elles meilleures que les cerises? 8. Les cerises sont meilleures que les prunes. 9. Avez vous quelques poires mûres? 10. Nous en avons quelques unes, nous avons aussi beaucoup d'ananas et d'abricots. 11. Votre oncle a-t-il quelque chose de bon dans son jardin ? 12. Il a quelque chose de bon et de beau. 13. Il a de beaux légumes et de belles fleurs. 14. Avez vous des fleurs étrangères? 15. J'en ai quelques 16. Lesquelles avez vous? 17. J'ai celles de votre frère et celles de votre jardinier. 18. N'avez vous pas auss les miennes? 19. Non, Monsieur, je ne les ai pas. 20. Qu en a beaucoup? 21. Personne n'en a beaucoup. 22. J'en al quelques unes. 23. Avez vous assez de thé? 24. J'en al unes. assez. 25. J'en ai plus que lui. EXERCISE 34. 1. Has your gardener many vegetables? 2. Yes, Sir, he has many. 3. How many gardens has he? 4. He has several gardens and several houses. 5. Have you many books? 6. I have but few, but my friend has many. 7. What coat has your brother? 8. He has a good cloth coat. 9. Has your uncle many peaches? 10. He has but few peaches, but he has many cherries. 11. How many plums has the tailor? 12. The tailor has no plums, he has cloth and silk. 13. What silk has your friend the merchant? 14. He has a great deal (beaucoup) of silk, and a great deal of money. 15. Has the gardener anything good in (dans) his garden? 16. He has many pineapples. 17. Has he more vegetables than fruit? 18. He has more of this than of those. 19. Has your uncle many pears and cherries? 20. He has a few, and he has many apples and plums. 21. Have you a few? 22. I have still many, but my brother has no more. 23. Which peaches has he? 24. He has large (grosses) peaches. 25. Which (ones) chant anything good in his warehouse? 28. He has nothing have you? 26. I have the best peaches. 27. Has the mergood in his warehouse, but he has something good in his garden. 29. How many potatoes has the foreigner? 30. He has not many. good vegetables. 33. Is he right or wrong? 34. He is right, 31. Has he good vegetables? 32. He has 35. He has neither this book nor that, he has the bookseller's. but you are wrong. LESSONS IN BOTANY.-No. IV. THE CORN PLANTS-Continued. In our last lesson, it was shown that corn plants are cultivated grasses; we have now to consider a few more examples. Maize, or Indian corn, was cultivated in America before the discovery of that country by Columbus, and indeed from time immemorial. It is a plant of much larger growth, in the leaves, the ear, and the grain, than any other sort of corn. See fig. 1, next page. Indian corn is also known by the name of Turkey-corn; this name being given to it from the circumstance that maize is cultivated in that country. It is the largest and handsomest of all the grasses cultivated for food. When growing luxuriantly, it attains a height of from five to six feet; while its broad leaves, springing from its straight thick stem, and its elegant spike of flowers at the summit, present a form which is rarely surpassed. Next to rice it supplies food to the greatest number of the human race. It forms the staple crop in North America, where the farmers make it answer a great number of purposes, besides supplying their families with bread. Maize is also very extensively cultivated in Mexico: and from the genial nature of the climate, and the general fer |