varied; one takes the possessive case; as, one, one's; other is thus beginning to end. Although this is the most remarkable, yet it is not declined : The plural others represents both the adjective and the noun; as, Here others means other persons. 5. Distributive Adjectives: these denote several persons or things individually. In this class are the words each, every, either, | neither. Each and every refer simply to all the persons of any number; as, "Each domestic was satisfied, for every guest was liberal." Either implies one or the other of two only; as, "We must take either this road or that, for there are but two." means not either; as, "Two accounts of the affair have been given, but perhaps neither of them is right." Neither the only case which has come under my own observation; and there has no doubt been many such cases, which were never particularly noticed by any one. But although many men have a disposition to push themselves forward in the world, they will not use the means; they stand discontentedly watching the vigorous operations of some of their fellows, and refuse to give themselves the slightest inconvenience; whereas if they only followed their example, they might soon obtain all that they want, and probably reap an harvest of reward far above what they sought. Every man may exert himself to the utmost, in his own particular trade or profession, if he chooses. I say, abandon without scruple or hesitation, every habit, association, or place of resort, which your con science tells you is evil and degrading; do not stop to make fine distinctions to suit your taste, but abandon all; form good habits, study your business as far as it can be studied; employ all your leisure in reading and writing, or in profitable and invigorating exercise; rise early, and retire to rest before the approach of midnight, and you will find ere long, that you are reaping the benefits of perseverance in good resolutions. The head which you formerly laid down in pain and rest6. Numeral Adjectives: these denote something relating to lessness on your pillow, will be free from excitement and feverish number in the object or objects spoken of; as, three volumes, many aches; your body, formerly kept in a state of continual weariness or persons, the second part, the fourteenth chapter. Numeral adjec-disease, will be a source of pleasure from the enjoyment of vigorou. tives are either CARDINAL, as one, two, ten, fifty, a hundred; or health; and your prospects, which were formerly darkened to the view, ORDINAL, as first, third, twentieth, hundredth; or INDEFINITE, I will gradually brighten up, infusing fresh life into your veins, and cheeras a, an, any, all, every, many, some, several, few, only, no, both, each, &c. There are other numeral adjectives which do not belong to either of these classes, though they express numbers definitely; as, double, triple, threefold, a hundredfold. 7. Pronominal or pronoun adjectives: these relate to profession or property; they are, my, thy, his, her, our, your, their; from the pronouns, I, thou, he, she, it, we, you, they. 8. Verbal or participial adjectives: this is the name given to verbs ending in ing or ed, and some others; as, a learned youth, a running brook, a broken window; a pleasing picture, &c. QUESTIONS ON THE FOREGOING LESSON. What is an adjective? Can an adjective stand by itself? Are adjectives subject to change in form ? In what way are adjectives changed in form? What is expressed by degrees of comparison? The positive? The comparative? The superlative? ing you to still further exertions, which will undoubtedly be amply and the hand of the diligent shall bear rule;" but to the listless, the recompensed. Solomon says, "the hand of the diligent maketh rich," dissipated and the inactive, he says, "thy poverty shall come upon thee took in hunting;" or in other words, the good designs which he conceives, will vanish when they are not put in execution, and others who have picked them up, will profit by them. as an armed man," and "the slothful roasteth not the meat which he Perseverance is an imperative duty and an exquisite pleasure: selfdenial and action alone are wanted, and when exercised, they will infallibly be rewarded. A poet says, "Intrepid virtue triumphs over fate, LITERARY NOTICES. F. V. LIVES AND WORKS OF THE PAINTERS OF ALL NATIONS.-On If the comparative be "wiser," what are the positive and super-July the 1st, JOHN CASSELL will publish the first part of a magnificent lative ? What is the effect of the termination "ish" on the positive? Why are adverbs sometimes employed to express degree? Are all adjectives compared regularly? Give an instance of irregular comparison. What is the effect of adding "most" to words? Are adjectives ever derived from nouns? If so, in what way are they formed? Are there any cases in which adjectives become nouns ? Why is an adjective sometimes placed after a noun ? HINTS TO SOME READERS. PERSEVERANCE is a virtue, essential to the man who wishes to pass the limit of mediocrity. The victory is not always gained by the strong; the constant and persevering, though possessed of little or no talent, have often in the race of human life overtaken the more fortunate by birth and education, and like the tortoise in the fable, outstript them while asleep. Ordinary men, as an excuse for not attempting great things, declare that they have not the necessary abilities, instead of trying what they can do with the abilities they possess. This excuse is made so often, that I believe instances may be found in every town and village in Great Britain. It may be useful to relate for the benefit of such, the following anecdote:-I was acquainted when young, with a tall, awkward-looking lad of about 17 years of age, who could not read the alphabet; he was of extremely poor parentage, and having no regular employment, it seemed as if his hopes of worldly success, were very small. He formed an intimacy, however, with a person who could read and write a little, and after some time, he wished that person to teach him to read. His wish was complied with; and this tall awkward lad at last became a merchant, had a warehouse of his own, and did a very good trade in Manchester goods. After he had learnt to read, he taught himself writing and arithmetic, got employment, and speedily emerged from his original obscurity into his present position. He was entirely unassisted, and totally dependent on his own resources, from work, in imperial quarto, under the above title. Many years have been already devoted to a preparation for this work, the publication of which has been commenced most successfully in France. Drawing have been made, and exquisite engravings have been executed, by the first artists, under the superintendence of that distinguished connoisseur, M. ARMENGAUD, of Paris. Popular memoirs of the Painters, accompanied with notes of a more special and technical nature, have been prepared, in the intervals of his official labours, by M. CHARLES BLANC, late Director-inchief of the Gallery of the Louvre at Paris. These memoirs will be translated by Mr. PETER BERLYN. The general editorship will be intrusted to Mr. M. DIGBY WYATT, architect. Each Month y Part will consist of sixteen pages of letter-press, with numerous illustrations inserted in the type, together with several finished and separate engravings on wood, and will appear on the first of every month, at 25. each, and will be supplied through every bookseller in town or country. THE ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR AND MAGAZINE OF ART-The First Volume of this splendidly embellished work, handsomely bound, price 68. 6d., or extra cloth gilt edges, 79. 6d., will be ready July 1, and an equal number of Minor Engravings, Diagrams, &c. and will contain upwards of Two Hundred Principal Engravings, literary matter will be of the most varied and interesting description, will certainly be one of the cheapest ever issued from the press. The and the volume, considering the enormous cost of its production, The EMIGRANT'S HANDBOOK, a Guide to the Various Fields of Emigration in all Parts of the Globe, is now ready, price 6d. COMPLETION OF JOHN CASSELL'S LIBRARY.-This invaluable Work is now complete, in 25 Volumes, 7d. each in paper covers; double Volumes, cloth, 18. 6d., or when 3 Vols. in 1, 28. 3d. The entire Series may be had, bound in cloth, 198., or arranged in a Library Box, 258.Contents HISTORICAL WORKS:-The History of England. By Dr. R. Ferguson. 4 vols. History of Scotland. By Dr. R. Ferguson. 3 vols. History of Ireland. 3 vols. The History and Sources of the Greatness of the British Empire. By Benjamin Parsons. 1 vol. The History of France. 3 vols. SCIENTIFIC WORKS:-The Natural History of Man. By J. Kennedy. 2 vols. The Wonders of the Heavens. By F. S. Williams. 1 vol. The History of the Steam-Engine. By Professor Wallace. 1 vol. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS:-Sallings over the Globe. 2 vols. Footprints of Travellers in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. 2 vols. ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. J. P. To him we are indebted for the correction of some misprints. LATIN-It is a rule in Latin prosody (say pronunciation) that one vowel immediately before another is short; thus in filius, the second i standing before the u is short; so in punio, fulcio, nutrio, and gene rally; though when in Latin i represents the Greek diphthong ei, it is long, as in Alexandria; when long the vowel takes the accent; thus Alexandria; when short it is without it, as vénio. G in Latin before o and u is pronounced like our g in good and gum; before i like our g in gin; thus in lego and similar cases the g has, in the first person singular, the sound of g in good; but in the second person the sound of g in gin. So is it with e, as in dico, dicis, dicit, pronounced diko, disis, All diphthongs are long and have the accent. A vowel immedately preceding two consonants is generally long. d.sit. M. B.; S. C. Our Edinburgh friends who "are about to make a monochord" should get, through any bookseller, a shilling pamphlet entitled "The Theory and Practice of Just Intonation," by Col. Thomp son. It is published by Effingham Wilson. London. At pages 33 and 58, they will find the best and clearest instructions we have seen. Dr. Crotch, in his Elements, proposes a board three feet long, and the steel wire of music gage," No II. The ends of the wire are attached to a peg at each end of the monochord. Both pegs are turned in tuning the string. They answer the purpose of a weight. This length and weight of string, he recommends to be tuned to C. on the second space of the, bass clef. Our friends should understand that any length of string and any pitch of sound may be taken for the key-note or DOH, and the other notes will always be in the proportions named. By "the true sound of Don," we suppose them to mean the true sound of C-the standard pitch-note. That is best obtained from a tuning-fork, recommended and sold by a respectable music-seller. See our fourth lesson. ARCHIMEDES-It has been established, by recent observations, that a few hours after incubation commences, a blood vessel issues from each side of the embryo, and branches into numerous smaller ones, wich unite at their termination, and become a boundary ou the covering d the yolk. The chick is the centre of this network of vessels, and as in increases so do they multiply, until they nearly pervade the membrane of the yolk; the vessels carry the yolk into the body of the clack and thus there is a supply for its sustenance and growth. The yolks therefore, the food, and not the substance of the chicken. R. R-His solution of query 7 is very correct. He adds, “by for lowing the same process, the sides may be made to contain the base any number of times required within the restrictions proposed in the POPULAR EDUCATOR." B. R. C. (Leeds).—He must matriculate before he can graduate. The fee for matriculation is to pounds and for the degree sen pounda Other information necessary for him to know, and too long to be a serted here, will be found in the London University Calendar, which published annually-G. A. S., Greenock: We thank him for his su gestions, they shall be attended to; his opinions coincide with our own on most points. His letter does him credit.- MANCHESTER: He a right, but we must not innovate.-C. J, Birmingham: Study YOU would at home; and if you meet with one who knows better than y read with him.-W. M, Manchester: We recommend Riddle's D tionary. There is a small edition, at half-price.-C. H. T.: Anywa to his queries have been given in the correspondence. A FRIEND (Carlisle).-SPHINX-Yes, as soon as possible.-G. I Our own map of the world will appear immediately, and will st to a T.-W. S. will find a plan for the attainment of his object p posed in No. 7.-J. T. B., Taunton: Custom is the only reasLEWIS W. H: The question is not so clearly stated as we could wat We thank him for his offer, and shall be glad to see a specimen tionary. C. W. J. ACDIRIS -We think he is studying enough at present to it well. The pronoun i he ought always to write with a capital lettet. A YOUNG BEGINNER would like to have questions to the music les-RV, Stamford: The letter cannot find its owner. Richardson's Dr sons, as he would then know how much he has learnt of the lesson. He shall have them in due time But let us recommend him a practice we ourselves have often adopted with vast advantage. Let him make questions on the lessons and write them down. These would be incomparably more useful to him than any we can supply. The suggestions of the following correspondents will be attended to as soon as possible:-Cash and Contra; G. J. M., Cornwall; R. Wg M. Mills; J. C.; T. W., Doctors' Commons; T. G. Fenden; J. W.; T. H. Lavers; E. Moon; Pueri; A Friend, especially on the Ablative Case; P. Mc Gill; H. J. and C. D. B., Islington; O. Y. Smith; W F. B, Lambeth; W. S. W., Hammer mith; J. W. T., Edinburgh; T. Edwards, Stafford; Toll; G. B., Edinburgh; W. J. Baker. A. W. (Bridgewater-square).-We strongly advise him to study the 1st book of Euclid, Simson's edition, which he may get second-hand for a few pence-BLACKPOOL: Yes.-J. L N., Dublin: We shall not lose sight of his arithmetical magic.-We are obliged to R. P., and request him to study the solution in No. 8.-ALICE: We fear her literary friend, though right on some points, is wrong on others. We are antiquated enough to admire Solomon's description of a virtuous woman contained in the last chapter of Proverbs, from verse 10 to the end We recommend this strongly to her perusal. It will stand comparison with any modern production. thus I. E. SMITH-See note at the bottom of page 72, No. 5. JOHN WRIGHT. He is wrong as to the obtuse angles; we called then oblique. He is right as to the grammar, and the music; the syllable the latter below the note would enable most readers to correct. GEORGE GEEN.-His difficulties chiefly arise from two or three m prints; these with others we shall give in a table of erral correction. JOSEPH WEBSTER.-To say "It incarcerates our prisons with met is downright absurdity. If a man pretends to see with his now, should eschew his company as too knowing for us; but this is anthe gross absurdity. As to gold and golden, use has made them synonyme in many cases, and therefore we must submit. We prefer golden how ever, as most in accordance with the analogy of the language. We say wheaten bread. W. K.-We strongly advise him to read and study with a friend two.-C G. M.: Repeat it while you eat, drink, walk, and work Useful suggestions to be attended to, have been received from YOUNG TEACHER, Glasgow; J. G., Kelso; W. C. S. Leith. OUVRIER, Preston; W Drilger; E. J. M-N, Derby; MUNGO, E burgh; J. Y.; H. LANCASTER, Liverpool; E. J B. B., Cartisie; CP Solutions of query 8, No. 2 :-G. B.: Ingenious but too laborious.-H, Islington; H. C. BARTON, T. B., Great Mariow: Very ingenious, but founded on Book VI.—W. GEORGE BEAKE (St. Leonard's-on-Sea). If he looks into futur H. PEARCE: Right.-H. F. R: Right.-E. C., Dublin: Ditto.bers his difficulties will be removed. The reasoning on the theorem L., Windsor: Ingenious, but too short.-W. C. F., Dublin: Right.-Pythagoras is independent of all actual measurement Only m M. M. D., Greenheys: Right. the figures to be correct, and the argument becomes conclusive, irrefragable. Solutions of query 7, No. 2:-C. W. H., Summertown: Right.PHILO, Summertown: Very correct-R. F., Holytown: Ditto.-T. B, Great Marlow: Ditto.-W. S. W-N, Fife: Ditto.-J. L., jun., Perth: Ditto.-H. F. R., Chatham: Correct, but not within the limits. -J S., Devonport: Pretty correct -E: C., Dublin: Right.-J. L., Windsor: Ditto -M M. D, Greenheys: Ditto. ET - We sympathise with our correspondent. We have looked into the latest, Craig's Technical Dictionary, but we are not quite satisfied As to Greek, let him try Aristophanes first, then Pindar, then Eschylus. The German editions are by far the cheapest, and are generally pretty accurate, being got up by good scholars. He will get them at any foreign bookseller's in London J. M, Ashton-underLyne-If he would take our advice, be would be very cautious in forming opinions on the subject of Electro-Biology and Mesmerism. We ourselves have no faith in them.-A-R P-Y, Deddington.-Try both; the morning is the best time for study, at least for nine months in the year. LATIN. On inchoative verbs we shall speak in due time; also on Latin dictionaries. Verbs wanting the preterite and the supine want the parts which are formed therefrom. So in general derivatives are wanting in all cases where there are no primitives. A few scattered exceptions only prove the rule. Learn the case-endings by themselves; learn them also in conjunction with the several stems. Practise, practise, practise," is the motto in grammar. OPIFEX. We thank him for his recommendations, and suggestion they are good. But he has overlooked what we have said in page column 1, No. 1. We therefore, beg to refer him to that place, an will see that his suggestions on one important subject are antica® We have already engaged for it the services of the late Profess Theoretical and Practical Mechanics in the College for Civil En In reply to numerous correspondents, who are anxious to what lessons they may expect after the present have drawn to s we say that, we have alre. dy announced that the German will star follow the French; we add that all the other European languages follow in the order of their utility. After the Latin, we propose to give Greek and Hebrew, as the most valuable and useful of the ancient languages. Then as to commercial pursuits, we intend to c bine book-keeping with arithmetic, shorthand with penmanship algebra in connexion with arithmetic is airead begun The oth sciences will follow in their proper order, and according to their dep ence on each other. We find our correspondence increasing -o much, that we must co ourselves in future to questions strictly educational It is for de reason also that we cannot notice ne.. publications in our limited spat Printed and Published by JOHN CASSELL, 333, Strand, and Ludgate By THOS. W. JENKYN, D.D., Fellow of the Geological Society. THERE are two methods of becoming a Geologist. The one The first method of studying geology is personal observation. There is no science that teaches you to make use of your eyes more completely and habitually than geology. The "sermons in stones" are never to be heard, but they are always to be read, and read with your own eyes. This personal observation is to be directed to the different geological materials around your own neighbourhood, and to the geological character of any district or country, across which you may be travelling. Do you wish to become a geologist? If you do, as soon as you shall have read this article, take up the very first stone, or fragment of a stone, that you can pick up in your way. As you examine the stone, ask yourself a few questions about it. If from these questions you at first learn nothing but your own ignorance, you must not be discouraged; for that discovery is the best means for creating and whetting a keen appetite for geological knowledge. Look at the stone again, and ask: What is it? What is the name of it? Where did it come from? How did it come here? Perhaps it is a piece of chalk. What is chalk? How does chalk appear under the microscope? Is all chalk white? In what English counties is chalk found?-Or the fragment in your hand may be a flint. What is flint? Was it once soft? In what kind of rock is it originally found? If it is round, what rounded it as if it were water worn? If water worn, when and where could water have acted upon it? Do flints ever contain fossils? How came they there?-Your pebble may be a sandstone? What is sand? What is the difference between sand and clay? What has given the colour to the sandstone? Is it soft or hard? How many kinds of sandstone are there?—It may be that the piece you have picked up is a limestone. How came it to be produced? What districts in England abound with rocks of limestone? How is it that these rocks are always in layers or beds? How came shells to be imbedded in them? How is it that some limestone is crystallized? You may catechise yourself by applying similar series of questions to any stone or pebble that you may meet, to granite, to slate, to coal, and to the different ores. This class of questions you may ask, any day, within twenty yards of your own dwelling. You do not, however, always stay at home. You often take a walk or a ride. You sometimes take a long journey; or you may make a short summer excursion for business, recreation, or pleasure. On these occasions you must, if you wish to become a geologist, lways take with you the same habit of personal observation, and the same system of asking questions. On your journey from one part of the country to another you find that the colour of the soil, as exhibited in the ploughed fields, &c., differ very much from that of your own neighbourhood. How and why is this? If you ride on horseback, or travel by coach, you pass by gravel-pits, or rocks by the road-side, all of which are totally unlike those of the place whence you started. Try to account for this, What is gravel? were the VOL. I. pebbles that you see in the gravel ever larger than they are now? How came they to be so small? and so round? If you travel along a valley, how is it that the pebbles in the upper part of it are large-and that those in the lower part of it be. come gradually less and less as you approach the sea, till at last they are mere sand or mud? Remember that for all these things there are reasons, and that the science of geology furnishes them. It is possible that sometimes, in the summer, you make a long excursion by one of the railways. On such a journey, you not only pass over a great variety of superficial soil, but you travel through deep cuttings in different rocks; such cuttings as geologists would call fine "sections for studying geology." If, on these excursions, you make proper use of your eyes, you will learn much of the alphabet of geology; which, in the course of a short time, you will, by attention and perseverance, be able to put together, in such a manner, into syllables, and words, and sentences, as will utter to you the great and delightful truths of science. Let me suppose that you live in London, and that, upon some holiday in the week, you make an excursion by railway to Brighton. I mention this, as it is the most common excursion made by artisans and others. As you travel along, you can mark the different rocks through which you pass, without, for a moment, losing the enjoyment of the charming landscapes that smile on each side of you. From the London-bridge station to NEW CROSS, you ride over the dark-looking mould which the gardeners find so well adapted to the growth of vegetables. As soon as you pass under the bridge at NEW CROSS, you enter a very deep cutting clay is this called? How is it that, if you took a walk to in a high bank of clay. How is this? What is clay? What HAMPSTEAD by Haverstock-hill, or made a short start by the Great Northern Railway, you would come to the same clay? Was the clay at NEW CROSS, and that at HAVERSTOCK-HILL, ever one continuous bed? If so, what has become of all the clays that once lay between the two places? Has the THAMES, or any other water, scooped it out and carried it away? turbance? in the Isle of Wight, Leighton Buzzard, and near Biggleswade, in Bedfordshire? Before you reach HORLEY you ride through flats abounding in clays and sands, which, as the cuttings show, furnish fuller's earth, and even iron ore. What is fuller's earth? What is an ore? How came iron to be formed in these sands? Is iron found in all sands? Why not? At HORLEY you come to a perfectly new series of rocks consisting of layers of clay and sand, and sandstones and shales. This group of rocks is called the Wealden. Why? What is shale? How came the sandstones at BALCOMBE to be, some in thin layers called lamina, and others in thick masses called beds? What caused these beds to dip towards the north-east? But as soon as you pass the viaduct, you find that the very same beds dip towards the south-west. How is this? Did a force from below push up these beds till they snapped and then fell in different directions? By the Tunnel at HAYWARD HEATH, you see all these beds of clay, sand, shale, &c., exhibited in a deep cutting. In this neighbourhood you find Tilgate stone, called calciferous grit. What is grit? Why is this called calciferous? Is this like the rocks at TONBRIDGE WELLS and HASTINGS? How is it that the shales here look like those of coal? Is it likely that coal would be found here? Why not? At St. JOHN'S COMMON, you pass a rock that is crammed with shells. This rock is called Sussex marble. Did these shells ever live? What kind of shells are they? Are they like those in the sea, or like those found in rivers? If like those of rivers, is it likely that an immense river ever flowed in this district? While you are pondering these questions you come to STONEPOUND Gate, near HURSTPERPOINT, and you again enter the very sands which you left at REIGATE station. How is this? Did these sands ever form one continuous bed? If so, how came they to be separated? How came the rocks of TILGATE Forest to rise between them? And now ORSERVE that, as soon as you pass through these sands, you again enter the white chalk, as if you were going back from REDHILL to LONDON, instead of being on your way to BRIGHTON. What are You have now reached BRIGHTON. Look about you. Take a walk on the sea-shore near KEMP TOWN. Look towards ROTTING DEAN. Close to the water side you find a low cliff or bank of chalk. Resting on this wall of chalk you find a large and somewhat thick mass of loose soil, abounding with shingle, and large round stones, called boulders. these stones? Are they flints? No. Are thev granite, like the stones that pave the streets of London? If so, how came they to BRIGHTON? Where did they come from? The granite rocks nearest to Brighton are either in CORNWALL or at ABERDEEN in SCOTLAND. Did the sea bring these granite stones from CORNWALL? Will their colour help us to ascertain whether they come from CORNWALL, or from SCOTLAND? Did the present sea bring them? If so how is it that they are much higher than the high water-mark? Was there once a sea higher than the present? Was this the beach of that ancient sea? How did the sea change its level? Did the sea retire and sink? or did the land rise? How could this be?-But, look higher up. Resting upon this ancient sea-beach, you find a high cliff, consisting altogether of clay. What clay is this? Is it the same clay that you passed at New Cross? Why is it called the Elephant Bed? Did elephants ever live in this neighbourhood? If so, what was the climate of this region at that time? On your return to LONDON, put all these questions together, and try to obtain some intelligible truths out of them. Bethink yourself of the journey that you have made. You have begun and ended your excursion in a deep bed of clay, at NEW CROSS and at KEMP TOWN. You have passed through two rocks of chalk, one between CROYDON and MERSTHAM, and the other at CLAYTON-HILL, near BRIGHTON. You have crossed two beds of Shanklin sands, one at REDHILL, and the other near HURSTPERPOINT. You have travelled through two beds of what are called Wealden rocks, one near Hayward Heath, dipping to the north-east; and the other, near Balcombe, dipping to the south-west. Now, sum up all these hints of information, and compare the facts that you have marked. From New Cross to Hayward Heath, you have had, 1 Clay, 2 Chalk, 3 Shanklin sands, 4 Wealden rocks. From the viaduct near Balcombe, you have had again, 4 Wealden rocks, 3 Shanklin sands, 2 Chalk, 1 Clay. Here is perfect regularity: 1, 2, 3, 4 :: 4, 3, 2, 1. The space in the middle is called by geologists, anticlinal. What is that? what are the facts developed by an anticlinal? On what theory is an anticlinal founded? This process of observing, recording, compassing, and questioning, is the surest way by which you can become a geologist. The proper and full answer to th se various questions cannot be obtained without some, and perhaps large, acquaintance with the geological writings of men who have laboured hard and long, both mechanically and scientifically, among the various rocks of which our globe is composed. EXPLANATION OF SOME HARD WORDS IN THE PRECEDING LESSON. Geology, is derived from two Greek words, ge and logos, which signify the earth, and an account or description; it therefore meas an account of the earth as regards is structure, and the different changes which it has undergone in the course of its formation. Fossil, is d rived from a Latin word fossilis, which signifies that can be dug out of the ground, it is now restricted to organic remains; that is, the petrified remains of beings that were once possessed of life. fies ice; it is applied to the regular forms which bodies assume Crystallised, is derived from a Greek word crystallos, which signi when they are cooled after having been in a liquid state from the action of heat. having many grains; it is applied to the hardest known stone, which Granite, is derived from a Latin word granatus, which signifies is composed of quartz, felspar, and mica or hornblende. Calciferous, is derived from two Latin words, cale and fero, which signify chalk or lime, and to carry; it therefore means chalk-bearing, or lime-bearing. Gris, from the Saxon gritta, meaning rough hard particles; it is appils to stones adapted for grinding, paving, and building Boulders, detached stones rounded by travelling in water, and deposited in hollows formed by water. purpses. Quartz, is a crystalline substance composed of oxygen and silicum. Eelspar, is a crystalline substance composed of sand, clay, lime, and p tesh. Mica, is a substance which glitters like silver, and is divisible into very thin plates or leaves; it is composed of flint, clay, magnesia, and oxide of iron Hornblende, a dark crystalline substance, composed of alumina, fint, magnesia, and oxide of iron. formerly applied to the science of Geology; it comes from twe Greek words, ge and gnosis, which signify the earth and knowledge, and the changes which have taken place in its formation, untit it theref re means a knowledge of the earth as regards its structure, arrived at its present state, Of the two it is better to be a Geognostic than a Geologist, Geognosy, though it does not occur in the lesson, is a rame The fourth conjugation ends in RE; as, rendre, to render, fendre, to split; tendre, to stitch; vendre, to sell. 2. A verb preceded by a. other verb (other than the auxili aries avoir and être), or by a preposition (other than en), is put in the present of the infinitive. Il va travailler ou lire. He is going to work or to read. 3. In French, verbs are often connected with others by prepositions not answering literally to those which accompany the same verbs in English. They also often come together without prepositions. The student will find in § 129, and the following sections of the Second Part, lists of verbs, with the prepositions which they require after them. 4. The following idioms are followed by the preposition de when they come before a verb: (§ 132) avoir besoin, to want; avoir coutume, to be accustomed; avoir dessein, to intend, to design; avoir envie, to have a wish, a desire; avoir honte, to be ashamed; avoir intention, or, l'intention, to intend; avoir le temps, to have time or leisure; avoir le courage, to have courage; avoir peur, to be afraid; avoir raison, to be right; avoir regret, to regret; avoir tort, to be wrong; avoir sujet, to have reason; avoir soin, to take care. RESUME OF EXAMPLES. Avez vous besoin d'argent ? besoin aussi. J'en ai besoin, et mon frère en a 1. Votre belle-mère a-t-elle quelque chose à faire ? 2. Elle n'a rien à faire. 3. A-t-elle deux pages à écrire? 4. Non, Monsieur, elle n'en a qu'une. 5. Avez vous l'intention de lire cette gazette? 6. Oui, Madame, j'ai l'intention de la lire. 7. Avez vous raison d'acheter un habit de velours? 8. J'ai raison d'en acheter un. 9. Votre petite fille a-t-elle besoin de dormir? 10. Oui, Monsieur, elle a besoin de dormir, elle est fatiguée. 11. Avez vous peur de tomber? 12. Je n'ai pas peur de tomber. 13. Le jardinier a-t-il le temps de travailler dans les champs? 14. Il n'a pas envie de travailler dans les champs. 15. Vos champs sont ils aussi grands que les miens? 16. Ils sont plus grands que les vôtres. 17. Avez vous honte de marcher? 18. Je n'ai pas honte de marcher, mais j'ai honte de danser. 19. Quel àge a votre fils? 20. Il a seize ans. 21. Avons nous le deux mars ou le cinq juin? 22. Nous Votre frère est il fâché contre moi avons le vingt-huit juillet. 23. Est il midi? 24. Non, Mon-Il est fâché contre votre sœur. Avez vous peur de ce chien ? sieur, il n'est pas encore midi, il n'est que onze heures et J'en ai peur. demie. 25. Il est encore de bonne heure. EXERCISE 40. Avez vous soin de votre père ? De qui avez vous honte? Besoin, m. want, need. Do you want money? I want money. I do not want any. Do you want any? I want some, and my brother wants some too. Do you want your brother? What do you want? I want a dictionary. Do you take care of your book! Do you take care of your father? I take care of him. ? Is your brother angry with me! Are you afraid of this dog Of whom are you ashamed! Fatigué, -e, weary,tired. Parler, to speak. Jeune homme, m. young Soin, m. care. man. Etonné, -e, astonished. Lire, to read. Travailler, to work. 1. What has your brother-in-law to do? 2. He has letters to write. 3. Does he want to work? 4. Yes, Sir, he wants to work. 5. Does he intend to read my book? 6. He does not intend to read your book, he has no time. 7. Is your sister ashamed to walk? 8. My sister is not ashamed to walk, but my brother is ashamed to dance. 9. Has your cousin anything to say? 10. My cousin has nothing to say, she is afraid to speak (parler). 11. Is it late? 12. No, Madam, it is not late, it is early. 13. Have you a wish to read my sister's letter (f.)? 14. Have you the courage to go to the war? 15. N'avez vous pas besoin de votre domestique? 4. Oui, Mon1. Qui a besoin de pain? 2. Personne n'en a besoin. 3. I have not the courage to go to the war. 16. Is your sister right to buy a silk dress (f.)? 17. Yes, Sir, she is right to sieur, j'ai besoin de lui. 5. Votre jardinier a-t-il soin de buy one, 18. Does that child want to sleep? 19. No, Sir, votre jardin? 6. Oui, Madame, il en a soin. 7. A-t-il bien that child does not want to sleep, he is not tired. 20. Has soin de son vieux père? 8. Oui, Monsieur, il a bien soin de your brother's gardener a wish to work in my garden? 21. lui. 9. Votre gargon a-t-il honte de sa conduite? 10. Oui, He has a wish to work in (dans) mine. 22. How old is that Monsieur, il en a honte. 11. Avez vous peur de ce cheval-ci child? 23. That child is ten years old. 24. What is the day là. 13. Notre domestique a-t-il soin de vos effets? 14. Il en ou de celui-là? 12. Je n'ai peur ni de celui-ci ni de celui of the month? 25. It is the ninth of March. 26. Are you afraid to walk? 27. I am not afraid to walk, but I am tired. a bien soin. 15. Avez vous peur de parler ou de lire? 16. Je 28. Have you time to read my brother's book? 29. I have n'ai peur ni de parler ni de lire. 17. Etes vous étonné de time to read his book. 30. Has the joiner a wish to speak? cette affaire? 18. Je n'en suis pas étonné. 19. En êtes vous 31. He has a wish to work and to read. 32. Is your son afraid fâché? 20. Oui, Monsieur, j'en suis bien fâché. of falling? 33. He is not afraid of falling, but he is afraid of working? 34. What o'clock is it? 35. It is twelve. 21. Aves The word en should be avoided as much as possible in relation to persons. |