Milia is declined like tria, thus milia, milium, milibus, milia. Milia requires after it a genitive; for instead of saying, as we do, ten thousand men, the Latins said ten thousands of men, decem milia hostium; but mille considered as a whole, a thousand, is indeclinable: thus, dux cum mille militibus, a general with a thousand soldiers. The ordinals are declined like nouns of the first and the second declension. The distributives are also declined after the same manner. Mark that singuli is in the plural. The plural is necessitated by the meaning, inasmuch as the adjective is a distributive, for distribution implies more than one; thus the Latins said, inter singulos homines, among the men severally. If now you carry your eye down the numbers, you will find that for every separate number from one to nine, there is a separate word. With ten (decem) a new series begins which goes on to nineteen, when again at twenty (viginti) a new word begins a new series. In centum and in mille, you also find new words and the commencements of new series. From eleven (undecim) to seventeen (septendecim) inclusive, each consecutive word is compounded of decem and a number taken from the first series. When they come to eighteen, instead of saying after their former manner, and as we say in English, eight, ten, the Romans said, two from twenty, duo de viginti. Having passed twenty, they made use of it to form the numbers between twenty and thirty, thus, unus et viginti, one and twenty; they also said, viginti unus, viginti duo, viginti tres, viginti quatuor, and so forth. In all cases, 8 and 9 are expressed by subtracting 2 and 1 from the next ensuing new term; thus 28 is duo de triginta, two from thirty; 39 is undequadraginta, one from forty; so in the ordinals duodequadragesimus, undesexagesimus, &c. VOCABULARY. Hora, ae, f. an hour; summa, ae, f. a sum total; annus, i, m. a year (E. R. annual); calculus, i, m. a little stone (E. R. calculation, which was originally performed with little stones); Carolus, i, m. Charles; codicilli, orum, m. a writing-table, or wax-tablet for writing on, a slate or note book (E. R. codicil); cerăsum, i. n. a cherry; malum, i. n. an apple; pirum, i, n. a pear; prunum, i, n. a plum; mensis, is, m. a month; On this table, I submit to you the following remarks, unus, hebdomas, ădis, f. a week; nux, nucis, f. a nut; in promptu esse, duo, and tres are declined, as follows: to be ready; respondeo 2, I answer (with dative); responsio, ónis, f. an answer (E. R. response); addo 3, I give to, add; attendo 3, I pay attention; pono 3, I put or set; sepōno 3, I put apart, lay down; jam, adv. already, now; memoriter, adv. by memory, by heart"; paulisper, adv a little; recte, adv. rightly; deinde, then, thereupon, next, in the second place; denique, adv. finally; porro, adv. further, moreover; tum, adv. then; in, with acc. upon. EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH. A dialogue between a father and his son Charles. Pater: Attende, mi fili! Scribe in codicillos tuos hoc exemplum; si habes decem mala, tria pruna, unum pirum, sex cerasa; et hi: adduntur duo mala, quatuor pruna, septem pira, octo cerasa; deinde quinque mala, novem pruna, sedecim pira, undecim cerasa; decim cerasa; porro viginti mala, unde viginti pruna, duodeviginti tum duodecim mala, quindecim pruna, tredecim pira, quatuorpira, septendecim cerasa; denique quatuor et viginti mala, unum et viginti pruna, duo et viginti pira, tria et viginti cerasa? quot sunt mala? quot pruna? quot pira? quot cerasa ? Carolus: Expecta paulisper, mi pater! jam responsio est in P. LESSONS IN GEOMETRY.—No. VI. SURVEYING. promptu; sunt tria et septuaginta mala; unum et septuaginta pruna; septem et septuaginta pira; novem et septuaginta cerasa. P. Recte, mi Carole! jam sepone codicillos, et memoriter mihi responde: quot menses habet unus annus ? C. Duodecim. Quot hebdomadas habet unus mensis? C. Quatuor. P. Quot dies THE operation of surveying land is performed by the use of various habet unus annus ? C. Trecentos sexaginta quinque. P. Quot instruments, of which we proceed to give some account. The inhoras habet unus dies? C. Quatuor et viginti. P. Quot dies strument most commonly used for measuring straight lines on the habent tres anni? C. Mille nonaginta quinque. P. Quot horas ground is the Surveying-chain, or as it habet unus annus? Octo milia septingentas sexaginta. P. Siis sometimes called Gunter's-chain, tres nuces quater ponis, quanta summa existit? C. Duodecim. P. Si quinque calculos ter millies sexcenties quinquagies septies ponis? C. Duodeviginti milia ducenti octoginta quinque. ENGLISH-LATIN. from the name of the inventor. This of land. Fig. 1. chain, which is made of iron, consists of a hundred links, each link meaThe Father: Charles, what is the Latin for eight? for eighteen? suring about 8 inches; or exactly 7-92 for twenty-eight? for thirty-nine? for five hundred? for two hun-inches, a quantity which wants about a dred and fifty? Write this example on your slate. If thou hast twelfth part of an inch more, in order to 20 apples, 6 plums, 2 pears, 12 cherries; and add to them 4 apples, make 8 inches. The chain is, therefore, 66 feet, or 22 yards, 8 plums, 14 pears, 16 cherries; also 10 apples, 18 plums, 32 pears, long; for 7-92x100-792 inches, and 792 inches=66 feet 22 22 cherries; again, 24 apples, 30 plums, 26 pears, 28 cherries; yards. This chain is remarkably convenient for the use of landfurther, 40 apples, 38 plums, 36 pears, 34 cherries: finally, 48 surveyors, inasmuch as a square chain is 484 square yards; apples, 42 plums, 44 pears, and 46 cherries: how many apples for 22×22—484. Now this number of square yards is are there? how many plums? how many pears? how many exactly the tenth part of an a re, we mean an Imperial acre cherries? Charles: Wait a little, father! The answer is now ready. There are 146 apples, 142 plums, 154 pears, and 158 weights and measures, it was enacted that the Imperial acre For, in the late acts of parliament relating to cherries. Father: Right, my Charles. shall contain 4,840 square yards. Accordingly 10 square chains are equal to one Imperial acre, and although the chain itself is not mentioned in the act of parliament, yet its great value and utility as an instrument for measuring land is undeniable; and so long as the acre shall continue to be what it is, it can never be superseded by any instrument more valuable or more convenient. One form in which the instrument is constructed, is represented in fig. 1, where the handles at each end of the chain are seen, and the iron pins used for stretching the chain out to its full length, when measuring the distance between any two points. Whatever process may be employed, however, in measuring land, the figures which are traced on the ground relate either to triangles or trapezoids, as explained in our last lesson, and from the measurements so taken sufficient data (things given) are obtained to enable the surveyor to complete his calculation. VOCABULARY. Incola, ae, m. an inhabitant; victoria, f. victory; vitium, n. vics; pretium, n. a price, worth, (E. R. precious); assentitor, óriз, ma flatterer; moderator, óris, m. a governor; eques, equitis, m. a horseman; pedes, peditis, m. a footman, an infantry soldier; pars, partis, f. a part (E. R. partial); societas, atis, f. connecion, society; exercitus, as, m an army; natus, ûs, m. birth, major natu, greater by birth, that is, older; so, minor natu, younger; fides, ei, f. fidelity, trust; fidem habeo, I repose confidence; cognitus, a, um, known; infidus, a, um, unfaithful; natus, a, um, born; post Christum natum, since Christ born; that is, since the birth of Christ; quotus, a, um, how much? what? ago 3. I drive, 1 do; annum ago, I am in the - year; irrumpo, 3. I break in; nunc, now, denoting a point of time, whereas jam denotes the present in relation to the past; vix, adv. scarcely; de, prep. of, concerning; ex, prep. out of, from; post, prep. after; et-ct, and — and, both; neque conj. neither, nor; neque neque, neither-nor; alius is used with alius in a peculiar manner, nearly equal to our one another, The one, the other, differently, in different ways, &c.; aз alius alium occidit the one slays the other. alii alio currunt they run in different directions. ambo, both, declined like duo. EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Quota hora est? decima; est ne sexta hora? quinta est hora; annus quo nunc virimus, est millesimus octingesimus quinquagesimus et alter post Christum natum; pater meus agit (is in his) annum quartum et sexagesimum; soror tua agit annum sexagesimum tertium; inater mea agit annum octavum et quinquagesimum; pater tuus agit quinquagesimum octavum annum; frater major natu agit annum tertium et tricesimum; frater minor natu agit annum alterum et vicesimum; soror major natu agit annum duodetricesimum; soror minor natu agit annum viccsimum; in urbe sunt mille milites; duo milia hostium urbem obsident; úaliud alii placet; aliud alii displicet; milites utriusque exercitus sunt fortissimi; utrumque est vitium et omnibus credere, et nulli; perfidus homo vix ulli fidem habet; unius fidi hominis amicitia habet plus pretii quam multorum infidorum societas; soli sapienti vera vis virtutis est cognita; incolac totius urbis de victoriâ exercitus laeti sunt; nullius hominis vita ex omni parte (in every respect) beata est; habeo duo amicos, ambo valde diligo; amicus meus habet duo filios et duas filias. my ENGLISH-LATIN. The enemy breaks into our country with 10,000 soldiers; a thousand soldiers defend the city; the city is defended by 2,500 soldiers; 28,000 cavalry and 13,500 infantry defend the country; father is in his 75th year; my mother in her 63rd year; my elder brother is in his 37th year; my younger brother in his 30th year; my elder sister in her 34th year, and my younger sister in her 18th year. What o'clock is it? (what is the hour ?) it is eleven o'clock; how old art thou? (in Latin, what year dost thou lead? ago) I am 52; we repose confidence in neither of the two, neither the faithless nor the flatterer; the life of no one is happier than (the life) of the sage; the father takes a walk (ambulo) with his two sons and two daughters; two faithful friends arene soul in two bodies; some things please some (persons), some others; this displeases some one, that another; God is the governor of the whole of life (in Latin, the whole life), Of the pins, or arrows as they are called, shown in fig. 1, ten usually accompany a chain, a new one being employed at the end of every chain-length; the whole number used denoting the number of chains in any length, and the number of links over, being marked as decimal parts of a chain. Thus 7 chains, and 53 links in length, are denoted by 7:53. Pickets, or staves with flags, are set up as marks or objects of direction, in measuring and taking sights. An offset staff is also used for measuring short distances marked at each link. called offsets; it is usually 10 links in length, and is divided and Along with the chain, is commonly used the surveying cross, for the purpose of determining straight lines at right angles to each other. It generally consists of two pair of sights set at right angles, and mounted on a staff of a convenient height for use. The sights may be arranged on two cross-pieces of metal, or enclosed in a hollow prism or cylinder of brass, carrying four sights or openings in its sides, at right angles to each other, the planes of which pass through the axis. The method of using it is to get visibly in a line with one pair of sights, the marks set up at the extremities of the base line, or that from which the perpendicular is to be measured, and through the other pair of sights to observe the mark or object to which the perpendicular is to be measured. One form of this instrument is represented at fig. 2. To get the Fig. 2. three marks just mentioned, visible through the sights, may require several trials by setting the cross up at different points in the base line, before the exact point from which the perpendicular is to be measured can be determined. When it has been ascertained, then the distance from it to the mark at the extremity of the perpendicular can be measured at once by the chain. The graphometer is an instrument employed in sur veying, for the purpose of measuring angles on the ground, namely, those which are formed between the sides of triangular fields, or those which form irregular polygons. This instrument is only a large protractor or semicircle divided into degrees, and mounted on a staff for convenience to the observer. It is furnished with two pair of sights, of which one or both are moveable round the centre of the semicircle. By placing this instrument at the vertex of the angle to be measured; that is, at the place in the ground where the two sides of the field, or space to be measured, meet; and directing one pair of sights along the one side to a mark placed at its extremity, and the other pair of sights along the other side to a mark placed at its extremity, the angle between them is measured on the semicircle; for it is ascertained at once by the number of degrees on the arc between the two limbs or moveable arms on which the sights are placed. The form of this instrument without the staff is represented in fig. 3. In using this instrument care must be Fig 3. taken that the marks set up at the extremities of the two sides are visible through the sights at the same instant; otherwise the angle will not be correctly ascertained. The sights in this instrument may be advantageously replaced by telescopes mounted on the centre, where very great accuracy is required. Also, in the use both of the graphometer and the surveying-cross it is necessary that the staff which supports them be placed vertically, and the instruments themselves horizontally; these positions are ascertained by the use of the plumb-line and level. An instrument preferable to the graphometer is constructed of the entire circle completely graduated, and receiving different names according to the manner in which it is mounted and arranged. If it be furnished with two telescopes placed across its centre, one fixed and the other moveable, or with one fixed to a circle which is moveable over a fixed circle on the same centre, it is called a repeating circle. With this instrument, properly adjusted, angles can be measured, and the measurement repeated two, three, four, and even ten times. By this means errors of observation and graduation, and in reading off the angles, can be so compensated as to obtain the greatest possible approximation to accuracy. For as ten times an angle is thus obtained with as great an approximation to truth as the angle itself, the tenth part of this angle is likely to have an error of only the tenth part of that which would arise from the observation of the single angle. The invention of the repeating circle is due to the French mathematician Borda, who employed it in the Trigonometrical survey instituted for the measurement of an arc of the meridian between Barcelona and Dunkirk, in 1792. The principle of the repetition of angles in the construction of the reflecting circle had been previously proposed by the astronomer Tobias Mayer, of Gottingen. A sketch of this instrument is represented Fig. 4. in fig. 4; it is capable of being used with great facility, and is sure to correct errors of graduation by the repetition of the measurement of angles; but it possesses some disadvantages which render it of less value in the ordinary practice of surveying, than some other instruments. Angles taken by this instrument require to be reduced to the plane of the horizon, and involve a calculation for this purpose which may be avoided by the use of the Theodolite. It possesses also certain other defects, notwithstanding its simplicity and portability which have rendered its use unadvisable in practice. Reserving the description of the Theodolite for another lesson, on account of its importance, we proceed to explain the nature of a useful and simple instrument for surveying, called the Plane-Table. This instrument was invented towards the end of the 16th century, by Praetorius, a German mathematician, and is used for drawing at once a plan of the ground to be measured, upon paper. It is usually made of a square or rectangular form, and is supported on a three-legged stand, which is made to move every way by means of a bail and socket, or other moveable joint. The table has a moveable frame which is used to hold the paper fast on which the plan is to be drawn; and the sides of the frame facing the paper are divided into equal parts every way, for the convenience of drawing parallel or perpendicular lines. It is furnished with a magnetic needle and compass, to point out the directions of the lines drawn on the plan, and to be a check on the sights; and an index with sights, or a telescope to determine their directions, and to draw them on the paper at the same time. These sights, or this telescope, and one edge of the index, called the graduated or fiducial edge, are in the same plane. On the edge of the frame are also marked, degrees and minutes. To use this instrument, which is represented in fig. 5, you take a sheet of paper sufficient to cover it, and wet it to make it expand; then spread it flat on the table, pressing down the frame on Fig. 5. the edges to stretch it, and keep it fixed in its position; so that when the paper becomes dry, it will by contracting again, stretch itself smooth and flat, from any cramps and unevenness; as on this paper is to be drawn the plan or form of the ground to be measured. You then begin at any suitable spot on this ground, and having properly adjusted and fixed the table, by fastening the legs of the stand in the earth, mark a point on a convenient part of the paper to represent that spot on the ground. You then fix in that point, one leg of the compasses, or a fine steel pin, and apply to it the fiducial edge of the index, moving it round until through the sights you observe some suitable object, as the corner of a field, &c.; from the station point, you then draw a line with the point of the compasses along the fiducial edge of the index-a process which is called setting or taking the object. Next, set another object or corner, and draw its line; do the same by another, and so on, till as many objects are taken as may be deemed necessary. Then measure with the chain from the station in a straight line towards the objects, taking offsets to corners or crooks in the fences or hedges, and laying down their measurements on their respective lines in the table. Then, at any other convenient spot to which a measurement has been taken, fix the table in the same manner as before, and set the same objects again as they appear from this new station. Continue this operation until all the necessary work is finished, measuring only such lines as are known to be indispensable for the calculation, and determining as many as possible by the intersection of the lines of direction, drawn from the different stations in order to complete the plan. This being done, the area of the field may be determined by the rules given in our last lesson, and the plan of the whole exhibited, as nearly as possible, just as it appears on the ground. In fig. 6 is represented a sketch of an index furnished with its sights, and its fiducial edge; and in fig. 7 one of an index mounted with a telescope. The latter index affords a more exact and a more extended line of sight than the former. Fig. 6. We shall conclude this lesson by giving an account of the cir cumferentor, or common theodolite, used by surveyors for the purpose of taking horizontal angles. It is founded on the property which the magnetic needle possesses, when suspended freely, of taking always the same direction in the same place, at least within a given small period. This instrument consists of a brass circle and index in one piece, commonly about seven inches in diameter, with an index about fourteen inches long, and one inch and a half broad. On the circle is a card or compass divided into 360 degrees; of which the meridian line (that is, from north to south) answers to the middle of the breadth of the index. There is soldered on the circumference a brass ring, on which screws another ring with a flat glass in it, so as to form a sort of box for the needle, which is suspended on a pin in the centre of the circle. There are also two sights to screw on, and slide up and down the index; as also a ball and socket screwed on the under side of the circle, to receive the head of the three-legged staff on which it is placed when in operation. This is the simplest form of the circumferentor; but improved instruments of this kind are made in London, which answer in some measure the LESSONS IN ENGLISH-No. IV. As in English nouns, there are at the most only two cases, so are Here you must carefully distinguish between a case and a relation. A case denotes a change in a noun corresponding to the change in its relation. This you will see in these two propositions :(1) Deus fecit mundum God made the world. (2) Mundus factus est a Deo The world was made by God. The grammatical formula is thus made complete. The verb reads is, as we have seen, equivalent in grammar (or logic) to the form is good; where the former is the copula, and the latter the attribute; so that an attribute with its copula is equivalent to the verb and its object, in forming the predicate of a proposition.. The proposition which, as it stands, has all the essential parts of a proposition, may receive additions in order to express modifications of the meaning. Introduce and, then it runs, Alfred reads writing and manuscript. This particle and is termed a conjunction. Conjunctions (Latin, cum, with, and jungo, I join) join together words and sentences. And, in this case, unites manuscript with writing. Before writing, insert a; then the proposition stands thus : Alfred reads a writing. A is called an article (properly in Latin a little joint). A is called the indefinite article, inasmuch as it leaves it indefinite what object is meant, merely intimating that it is not many objects but only one object that is intended. A, indeed, is only a variety of our word one, ane. Being so, its original form was en. The n is now dropt before a consonant for the sake of euphony (Greek eu, well, and phoné, a sound;-meaning agreeable sound). Contrasted with the indefinite article a, is another form which bears the name of the definite article; that is, the. The is a reduced form of these. Consequently the refers to an object previously mentioned or known; as, Alfred reads THE writing. he reads, that is, some writing known to the speaker. We have already found a form of speech which qualifies nouns,namely, the adjective. We may therefore insert a suitable adjective in this lengthening form; thus: SUBJECT. Alfred PREDICATE. reads the obscure writing and manuscript. We have hitherto modified the predicate. Still more may it be modified. The verb reads may undergo a modification of import. Introduce the word soon :— SUBJECT. Alfred PREDICATE. SOON reads the obscure writing and manuscript, Two other parts of speech may be introduced by inserting the words to me; as, SUBJECT. PREDICATE. Alfred soon reads TO ME the obscure writing and manuscript." Now without knowing Latin you may clearly understand what case means, and learn that in English we have no objective case. The Deus of number 1, becomes Deo in number 2; but in both, the English word God remains the same, though in the former, is in what is commonly called the nominative, and in the latter in what is commonly called the ablative case. Look also at mundus and mundum, you see that the nominative mundus is, in the objective or accusative case, changed into mundum. Here you clearly have two cases, but the English word world represents both. Consequently if world is in the nominative it is not also in the objective case, for there is no alteration of form what. ever. Yet in the latter case there is a change of relation; for while in number 1, world is the object; in number 2, it is the subject of the proposition. The English then does not conform to the Latin custom of expressing diversity of relations in nouns by diversity of form, or does so only in a limited degree. In fact the Me is a pronoun, as we found he to be. Me, you see, holds the tendency of the English language has long been to drop the ter-place of a noun. Me is the objective case corresponding to the minations and inflexions which it borrowed from its Anglo-Saxon nominative case I. Our pronouns, as you here see, have some parent. The tendency has for ages continued to become more and diversities of case, for in them you find varying forms correspondmore strong. It is a tendency which deserves encouragement, for ing to varieties of meaning. The other word just added,-in proportion as it is effectual, it gives freedom and power to the namely, to, is called a preposition. The word preposition signifies, language, and makes the acquisition of it easy, and the diffusion of according to its Latin element, that which is put before; a preit rapid. position, then, is a word put before a noun; and it is put before a noun, in order to modify its signification, or mark the relation in which the noun stands to another word, or to other words; e. g.— he gave the book to he took the book from he read the book with he bought the book of I have intimated that propositions have each an object as well as a subject. Such is generally the case, and such is the case more widely than may at first appear. In our standard phrase, Alfred reads, no object is expressed. And the statement may be made without any clear reference to an object. Verbs in which there is no reference, or no clear and obvious reference to an object, are called intransitive verbs, that is, verbs the action of which does not (instransitive-in, not; trans, across; eo, I go) pass over to an object. Alfred sleeps, Alfred runs, Alfred rides, supply other instances of intransitive verbs; because in each case the action remains with the subject. But these and most other intransitive verbs may become transitive by having an object placed after them; e. g. me. where to, from, with, and of are prepositions. In the ordinary list of the parts of speech stands the participle. This word, of Latin origin, denotes the partaker (from pars, a part, partakes of the qualities of the verb and the adjective. Thus and capio, I take). The participle is so denominated because it shining is a participle from the verb to shine. It may also be employed as an adjective. Thus, PARTICIPLE. The sun shining disperses the clouds. The right of the participle to be accounted a separate part of The form is thus seen to comprise nine parts of speech. If the interjection, or exclamation, is to be reckoned a part of speech it may be prefixed in the shape of Yes! Here, then, we find a condensed view of all the parts of speech, and in the remarks by which the view has been prefaced and prepared, lies the kernel of the entire English Grammar. If you have gone with me understandingly thus far, you will have no difficulty in following me to the end, for having developed these general facts and principles, I have now only to take up each part of speech in succession, and in connexion with it, enter into such particulars as may appear desirable with a view to my object. Before I close the chapter, however, I will add a few general remarks respecting the actual classification, which bears the name of the nine (or ten) parts of speech. The aim of the classifi. cation is to arrange under separate heads all the words of the English (or any other) language. Now a good classification has two qualities; first, it is exhaustive; secondly, it is distinctive. It is exhaustive, that is, it comprises and places under some suitable head, all the facts. It is distinctive, that is, it makes such clear and sharp distinctions as to place the several facts each under its own head, without confounding similar facts together, or putting under one head, facts which may as properly stand under another head. The classification under review is neither exhaustive nor distinctive. It is not exhaustive, for it leaves out the infinitive mood which has as good a right to be called a part of speech as the participle. It is not distinctive, for the term adjective makes no distinction where a distinction exists, and the term participle makes a distinction where no distinction is required. Indeed the classi fication is wholly unscientific, being based not on a principle, but on vague and general views. Something less objectionable may be offered in the following words. 1. Propositions without an object. 2. Propositions with an object. The universe proclaims its author. Speech corresponds to the realities which it represents. Those realities are thoughts and things. Now, thoughts and things may Qualifying words may be added at will, as be reduced to three classes:-1, Objects; 2, qualities of objects; 3, actions. Consequently the essential parts of speech are the noun, the adjective, and the verb. But objects and their qualities are the same things differently viewed. We may therefore strike out qualities. Thus we have two classes left,-namely, the noun and the verb. Verbs, however, are the names of action, as nouns are the names of being. Hence language resolves itself into names. We may, then, declare that speech is made up of names. These names may be expanded and divided into 1, names of being, or nouns; 2, names of action, or verbs; and 3, names of qualities, or adjectives. Under the last head, or names of qualities, may stand other parts of speech, for the adverb names the quality of the action of the verb, and the article names the extent in which the noun is to be taken. The term particles has not inappropriately been applied to adverbs and conjunctions, for, to a considerable degree they appear to be parts (particles,-that is, little parts) or fragments of once existing nouns and verbs. If, however, our analysis of language into names of being and names of action, is correct, then the sentence which, as given above, contains all the nine parts of speech, may be reduced to two; as, 3. Propositions with a subject and object qualified. A diligent scholar learns all his lessons. I subjoin some fragments to be made into complete sentences : 1. Propositions lacking subjects. avoids bad company. 2. Propositions lacking objects. an honest debtor pays 3. Propositions lacking verbs. the eldest sister the younger ones. noisy boys the police - public order. a grateful daughter tender mother. the divine Saviour our human infirmities. It may here be necessary, by anticipation, to inform the totally SINGULAR: a boy loves; the house stands; the duck swims. The rule might be put in another form, as, when the noun has an |