la Plata, or river Plate, was laid open to Europe by Juan Diaz | kindly criticise each other's letters. Let them ask and give explade Solis. Magellan, one of the most illustrious of these early nations. Let A. correct B.'s exercise, and let B. do the same for voyagers, in 1520, established the fact of the existence of the A. Let them agree on some book which they will both read, with strait which bears his name, saw Terra del Fuego, and reached a view to make in writing and submit to each other remarks on the Philippine Islands, after having ploughed the Pacific the composition. For this purpose I would suggest to them the Ocean, which Nunez de Balboa had taken possession of, in the "Spectator." name of the king of Spain! This Balboa was the first who saw the waters of the great Pacific, which he named the South Sea, from the elevated shores of Central America. Now the Spaniards commenced the exploration of the new continent. The curiosity of Europe was raised to its highest pitch. An unknown and mighty world unfolded its wonders to bold adventurers, when Mexico, Guatimala, and Peru, exhibited to the eyes of the astonished Europeans, the splendours of their imperial cities, and presented to them the inexhaustible treasures hid in the bowels of their mountains; when Pizarro undertook the conquest of the immense empire of the Incas at the head of sixty-two cavalry and one hundred infantry! In the sight of pretended miracles, what golden dreams surprised the contemporaries of Columbus, Cortez, and Alvarado !

LESSONS IN ENGLISH-No. VII.

By JOHN R. Beard, D.D.

HAVING thus furnished you with some criteria or means of ascertaining what words have their origin in the Saxon, or, as it is more correctly called, the Teutonic branch of our language, I must now request, that in all your studies, you will constantly ask your self, whether each word you meet with, is, or is not, of Saxon derivation? Among English writers, no one has a larger portion of Saxon in his compositions than Dean Swift; and no one writes the language more correctly. I shall therefore make use of his writings in this part of my task. William Cobbett's works may be advantageously studied for the Saxon treasures which they contain. EXERCISES FOR PARSING.

It is a miserable thing to live in suspense. To live in suspense, is to live the life of a spider. No wise man ever wished to be younger. An idle reason lessens the weight of good reasons. Complaint is the largest tribute paid to Heaven. Complaint is the sincerest part of our devotion. Praise is the daughter of present power. Every man desires to live long. No man is willing to be old. Kings are said to have long hands. Kings ought to have long ears. Vision is the art of seeing things invisible. Good manners is the art of making associates easy. Flattery is the worst and falsest way of showing our esteem. A fine gentleman has both wit and learning.

The reader may exercise his ingenuity, as well as his grammar, while he discovers the explanation of a Riddle of the learned Dean's, which is appropriate to my subject.

"We are little airy creatures

All of different voice and features;

One of us in glass is set,

One of us you'll find in jet;

T'other you may see in tin,

And a fourth a box within;
If the fifth you should pursue,
It can never fly from you."

In this counsel I have mentioned young men, by no means intending to exclude young women. Most desirous am I that young women should receive a good education. Most necessary to them as being the future mothers of our land, is a good education. A far better education ought they to receive than the best which they do receive. But to be well-educated they must be self-educated. Let young women then consider themselves specially addressed in the lessons I supply, and the advice I give.

LETTER.

To the Rev. Mr. William Draper,
Dean, near Basingstoke, Hampshire.

London, April 13, 1713. SIR,-I am ashamed to tell you how ill a philosopher I am, and that a very ill situation of my affairs for three weeks past made me utterly incapable of answering your obliging letter, and thanking you for your most agreeable copy of verses. The prints will tell you that I am condemned again to live in Ireland; and all that the court and ministry did for me, was to let me choose my situation in the country where I am banished. I could not forbear showing both your letter and verses to our great men, as well as to the men of wit of my acquaintance; and they were highly approved of by little angry when those who have a genius iay it out in translations. all. I am altogether a stranger to your friend Oppian; and am a I question whether "Res angusta domi" (narrow means) be not one of your motives. Perhaps you want such a bridle as translation, for your genius is too fruitful, as appears by the frequency of your similes, and this employment may teach you to write like a modest man, as Shakespeare expresses it.

I have been minding my Lord Bolingbroke, Mr. Harcourt, and Sir William Windham, to give you a living; as a business which belongs to our society, who assume the title of rewarders of merit. They are very well disposed, and I shall not fail to negotiate for you while I stay in England, which will not be above six weeks; but I hope to return in October, and if you are not then provided for I will move heaven and earth that something may be done for you. Our society has not met of late, else I would have moved to have two of us sent in form to request a living for you from my lord chancellor, and if you have any way to employ my services, I desire you will let me know it; and believe me to be very sincerely, Sir, JONATHAN SWIFT. your most faithful, humble servant,

EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION.
HISTORICAL THEME.

The patriarch Abraham's Visit to Egypt.
Form sentences, each having in it one of the following
words:-

Debts; light; sing; come; health; water; sky; home; day; night; lark; rose; Victoria; Mary; Henry; mother; bread; England; wife; buttercup; linnet; daisy; stone.

Describe a chair; a wheel of a coach; a kite; a waterpot; an oak-tree; the room in which you write; and the place where you work.

ON EPISTOLARY WRITING.

ITs first and fundamental requisite is, to be natural and simple; for a stiff and laboured manner is as bad in a letter as it is in conversation. This does not banish sprightliness and wit. These are graceful in letters, just as they are in conversation: when they flow easily, and without being studied; when employed so as to season, not to cloy. One who, either in conversation or in letters, affects to shine and to sparkle always, will not please long. The style of letters should not be too highly polished. It ought to be neat and correct, but no more. All nicety about words, betrays study; and hence musical periods, and appearances of number and harmony in arrangement, should be carefully avoided in letters. The best letters are commonly such as the authors have written with most facility. What the heart or the imagination dictates, always flows readily; but where there is no subject to warm or interest these, constraint appears; and hence those letters of mere compli

An excellent practice in composition is letter-writing. I shall therefore, occasionally, give a specimen of epistolary correspondence. And I advise my pupils to accustom themselves to express their thoughts in the form of letters. Let the letters be real; I mean, let them be written, not as exercises in composition, but on some business, and to some friend or acquaintance. Your chief want at first, as I have before intimated, is the want of matter. "I don't know what to say," is a complaint with young composers no less true than embarrassing. You will find something to say if you take your pen in hand, and sit down to address a few lines to an absent friend. Only do not attempt anything great or fine. Be simple. Consult your heart, if your head is silent. Just say what occurs to you, without being anxious whether it is very wise or very foolish; whether it is trivial or important. Specially would I advise my pupils to correspond one with another. For instance, say that a young man in Exeter writes a letter to a former companion who has gone to reside at Bristol. B., living at Bristol, replies to his friend A. at Exeter. The two continue to inter-ment, congratulation, or affected condolence, which have cost the change letters. If they have nothing else to write about, they may write about these lessons. Let them endeavour to give each other aid in their study of the English language. Let them freely and

authors most labour in composing, and which, for that reason, they perhaps consider as their master-pieces, never fail of being the most disagreeable and insipid to the readers,

LESSONS IN LATIN.-No. XV.

By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D.
COMPOUNDS OF SUM.

THE verb esse is made up of parts of two separate verbs; first,
a verb of which es is the root; and secondly, of a verb, the stem
of which is fu (compare fio in Latin, and puw, fuo, in Greek).
Fromes (esum originally for sum). came the present, the imperfect,
and the first future tenses; from fuo came the perfect, the
pluperfect, and second future tenses.

The verb sum has neither gerund nor supine, and is in other respects defective, as appears from the paradigm just given. Sum takes before it certain prepositions, and is modified by them in its meaning; thus, with ad, adsum, it means I am at or near; with ab, absum, it means I am from, away from, absent; with pro, prosum, it means I am for, that is, I aid or benefit. In prosum, the letter d is inserted to prevent the hiatus which would be caused if two vowels came in succession; thus, pro-(d)-es, pronounced prodes; also prodest, proderam, prodero, prodessem.

From the root mentioned above, namely, fu, fuo, come two forms not so common as those given in the table,-namely, forem and fore; forem (es, et; emus, etis, ent) is the imperfect subjunctive, and signifies, I might be; corresponding to essem of the table; fore is the infinitive future, to be about be; corresponding with the futurum esse of the table.

VOCABULARY.

Absum, abfui, abesse, I am absent; part. absens, being absent; adsum, adfui, adesse, I am present; intersum, interfui, interesse (E. R. interest), I am among, I am concerned, I take an interest or part in; praesum, praefui, praeesse, I am before, I preside over, command; prosum, profui, prodesse, I am for, I am useful, I do good to; concilio 1, I reconcile, unite; fera, ae, f. a wild beast (E R. fierce); pugna, ae, f. a fight (E. R. pugilist); arma, orum, n. arms; oratio, ónis, f. a speech (E. R. orator); magistrátus, ûs, m. a magistrate or governor; foris, adv. out of doors; Lodie, to-day; heri, yesterday; longe, far; peregre, abroad; quamdiu, as long as, how long? ubi, adv. where, when; dum, conj. while; nisi, conj. unless; quum, conj. when, from the time when; ut, as; ita, so. Observe that these compounds of sum require their object to be in the dative case, as prodest MIHI, he does good TO ME, or he benefits me.

EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

sima, propterea quod utriusque exercitus milites fortissimi fuerunt; ante belli initium in urbe fuerámus; Demósthenis aetate multi oratores magni et clari fuérunt, et antea fúerant, nec postea defuérunt; haec res non profuit nobis sed obfuit; si quis virtútis compos erit, semper beátus erit; quamdiu sorte meâ contentus ero, ero felix; actio recta non erit, nisi recta fúerit voluntas; ci probi fuerimus, non deerit hominum laus; attenti este, discipuli; homines mortis mémores sunto; contenti estote sorte vestra! mi fili, semper virtutis praeceptorum memor esto! vir prudens non solum prae sentia curat, sed etiam praeterita mente repetit, et futúra ex praetéritis providet; boni bonis prodesse student.

ENGLISH-LATIN.

Our soldiers were very brave in the fight! why were our soldiers braver than yours in the fight? so long as you are happy, friends will not fail you; friends fail the wretched; before the beginning of the fight, I was in the city; the brave will always be useful to the brave; my enemies injure me; if you are partakers of virtue, you will be happy; so long as I am content with my lot, I shall be happy; O scholars, you ought to be attentive in school! they endeavour to be very brave; be brave, my son; prudent men foresee the future (pl.) from the past.

VOCABULARY.

Scio 4, I know (E. R. science); nescio, I know not; nescius, a, um, ignorant; non sum nescius, I am ignorant of; qualis, e, of what kind (E. R quality); quantus, a, um, how great (E. K. quantity); quantum, how much; prius, adv. before; tum, then; et—et, and—and (and→ also) both; in, towards; quâ mente sis, of what disposition you are, what your feeling is.

Observe that in indirect questions the dependent verb must be in the subjunctive (or dependent) mood; e.g. (exempli gratiâ, for the sake of example) narra mihi ubi fueris, tell me where you have been. Such a form is called an indirect question. The direct question would stand thus :-ubi fuisti? narra mihi, where hast thou been? tell me. is direct, and the verb, as not being dependent, is in the indica In the latter case the question tive mood; but put narra mihi first, and then your question is implied rather than stated; it is, therefore, an indirect question. In both direct and indirect questions the English is in the indicative; consequently in patting the dependent verb into English, you must in English use the indicative mood; but in putting the dependent verb into Latin, you must in Latin use the subjunctive mood. Compare what is said of the consecutio temporum, and similar and dissimilar tenses, pages 230, 231. EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

in

Deus omnibus locis adest; parvi pretii (of little avail), sunt arma foris, nisi est consilium domi; contemnuntur ii qui nec sibi nec Non sum nescius quâ mente tu in nos sis; scio quâ mente tu álteri prosunt; ut magistratibus leges, ita populo praesunt magistrátus; ratio et oratio conciliat inter se homines, neque ullâ re nos semper fúeris; non sum nescius qua mente tu et longius absumus a naturâ ferárum; ego sum laetus, tu es tristis; prius in nos fueris et nunc sis; non eram nescius qua mente tu in si sorte vestrâ contenti estis, beati estis; dum nos in schola eramus, nos esses; scio quam sint incerti animi honinum; cogita quam soróres nostrae in horto erant; quum Carolus (Charles) heri domi brevis sit vita! qualis sit animus, ipse animus nescit; cogita quannostrae erat, ego perězre eram; quamdiu tu et frater tuus domitum nobis bona exempla prosint; incertus sum ubi frater meus nostrae eratis, tu laetus eras, sed frater tuus erat tristis; quamdiu nunc sit; incertus sum ubi amicus meus et fuerit et nunc sit; tu aberas, ego eram tristis; cur heri in scholâ non fuisti? quia cum incertus eram ubi heri esses; narra nobis abi heri fúeritis. patre peregre fui; quamdiu tu et pater tuus domo abfuistis? sex menses abfuimus; cur militis nostri pugnae non interfuérunt? quia longius abfuérunt; ubi heri fueras quum domi tuae eram ? ENGLISH-LATIN.

I am useful to thee; thou art useful to me; the boys are not useful to (their) mothers; why are the girls not useful to (their) fathers? when thou wast absent, I was sad; how long has your father been absent? Charles took part (intersum) in the fight; wast thou yesterday at my house? I shall be at thy house to day; unless thou art happy at home, thou art not joyful abroad.

VOCABULARY.

Desum, defui, deesse, I am down, I fail; obsum, obfui, obesse, I am in the way of, I oppose, I injure; provideo 2, I see beforehand, foresee, (E. R. provide); studeo 2, I endeavour; repeto 3, I seek again, I repeat; amicus, i, a friend; inimicus, i, an enemy (E. R. inimical); initium, i, n. a beginning (E. R. initial); pretium, i, n. a reward (E. R. price, precious); Demosthenés, is, m. Demosthenes, the celebrated Grecian orator; actio, ónis, f. an action, doing (E. R. action); aetas, aetatis, f. age, a generation; voluntas, átis, f. will (E. R. voluntary); mens, mentis, f. mind (E. R. mental); exércitus, ûs, m. an army; attentus, a, um, attentive; praeteritus, a, um, past; rectus, a, um, right; atrox, ócis, frightful (E. R. atrocious); compos, ótis, partaking of, endued with; prudens, tís, prudent; ante, adv. before; posiča, afterwards; nunquam, never; propterea, on account of; solum, alone; nísi, conj. unless, if not; quod, because; sed, but.

EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

ENGLISH-LATIN.

Tell me where thou art; tell me where thy father and mother are; I know not where my sister is; dost thou know how much good boys do good (prosum) to their parents? I know where my son is; my son, where art thou? I knew where my son ignorant where the army is? I know of what mind thou art toward was; I am uncertain where the enemies are; is the general the king.

A KEY TO THE EXERCISES IN THE LATIN
LESSONS.

By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D.

LESSONS II. TO VII.

THIS key will consist of translations of the Exercises given in the Lessons on the Latin language. Those translations will be as literal-that is, as nearly word for word, as the idioms of the two languages allow. At the same time, some little variety both of word and position will be introduced, in order to accustom the learner to a proper degree of freedom, and intimate to him the limits within which such liberty may justifiably proceed. As we pass over the exercises, we shall correct any errors that may have escaped our eye previously, and occasionally throw in words which we may judge likely to assist our pupils.

It is not without some hesitation that we have resolved to Quamdiu felix eris, multi tibi erunt amici; pugna fuit atrocis- supply this key. Great as is the assistance which it will give,'

KEY TO EXERCISES IN LATIN LESSONS.

Thou deceivest; he is deceived; we are deceived; I deceive and am blamed; he yields; thou readest; he writes; he reads well; Est mihi columba; est tibi bona puella, or, bona puella est tibi, thou deceivest greatly; if he is loved he rejoices; we are pricked; or puella bona est tibi, or, tibi est bona puella; est ne tibi bona thou conquerest; we are conquered; they are conquered; he falls; puella? non est mihi bona puella; alauda tua est pulchra, or pulthou slayest; if thou slayest thou art blamed (si occidis vituperáris); chra est alauda tua; nonne magna est insula ? magna non est he reminds (advises) well; thou art badly educated; we are insula, or, insula non est magna; est ne tibi bona ancilla? non est greatly moved; we dance and rejoice; he is injured; you are in-mihi bona ancilla, or, bona ancilla non est mihi; puellae alauda est jured; you defend; they are defended; I am loved. pulchra.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. LATIN.-The long wished-for Key to the Latin Exercises is begun in this Number; and all our Latin students can now compare their exercises from the beginning, with this key, and ascertain if they are right, and what progress they are making, just as if we were present with them. The circumflex accent denotes a contraction, or that a vowel is long, and so requires the stress of the voice to be laid on the vowel over which it stands.-Why is curro of the third, and amo of the first, conjugation? These are ultimate facts which are to be taken as facts. You might as well ask why is the perfect of sing, sang; and the perfect of invite, invited?-Some of our correspondents ask questions which have already been answered, or to which answers may be found in the lessons themselves. A similar remark may be made as to errors.Est ludus in ripâ means there is play (or a game) on the river-bank, "Have you" construe into Latin as if it were hast thou. Est re, p. 70, should be est ne.-The first signification given in Forcellini's Latin Dictionary to moneo is "I put in mind, bring to one's recollection." This is the original or proper meaning of the word; "to advise" is a derivation or secondary meaning. It is impossible to give the exceptions to the rules of gender; we have already enough to accomplish in the general view intended in the lessons. Amnis, is, m. a river; cervus, i, m. a stag; opes, opum, f. wealth, resources; dens, dentis, m. a tooth; senectus, útis, f. old age; hora, ae, f. an hour; Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes, I fear the Greeks, even when they offer gifts. The inquirer in this last case had not copied the Latin correctly. Another inquirer has been so careless in transcribing, as to present a series of words which belong to no language under the sun. It is not fair that our time should be thus occupied. G. ROBINSON would find great assistance in using Dr. Beard's "Latin Made Easy" in connexion with the lessons in the EDUCATOR. | E.R. means English representative,—that is, the English word derived from the Latin. GEOLOGY.-W. W.: We wish to encourage our readers to ask us questions freely; but we wish their questions or difficulties to be stated concisely. The igneous origin, and the subsequent formation of the earth's crust, do not in the least interfere with the inspired theology of Moses. Moses does not say how long ago it is since the heaven and the earth had a "beginning;" he merely says that they had a "beginning," by God creating them. After the earth had been created, it continued for some time "without form and void,"—that is, desolate and uninhabited by man. How long did it continue thus? For all that Moses says to the contrary, it may have existed for ages, and for many myriads of ages. Geology, as a science, refers to the history of the earth during these ages, called geological time, and not so much to its changes for the last six thousand years. We advise W. W. and others, to read Dr. King's" Geology and Religion." Hugh Miller's "Footprints of the Creator," and Dr. Hitchcock's "Religion of Geology." On "Geological time," let him read Dr. Pye Smith's "Lectures on Geology and Scripture." T. W. J.

GERMAN.-A. M. M. (Fife): His request will shortly be attended to.-JOSEPHUS: Flügel's Dictionary is the best; let him persevere and not heed the remarks of his friend.-DON JUAN (Blackburn): His translation is not quite correct, but deserves much encouragement; his questions will shortly be answered.

|

of the Great Exhibition," or Messrs. James Houldsworth and Co., Manchester.-A. M. B.: Received.-R. T. T (Thornhill) should persever in the study of Euclid.-B. P. (Brighton): Apply to Sims and Macintyre, 13, Paternoster-row, London.-H. F. (Farnham): Something will soon be done to supply the want.-AN INQUIRER (Arundel) should apply to persons connected with the customs.-B. B. (Yorkshire): Received.SCRIBO (Preston) is right about handwriting.

J. W. (Leicester): The Latin lesson is well done; the age of the writer, 37, is no hindrance to progress, but the reverse. Dr. Beard allows two years at two hours a day as sufficient for great proficiency.— AMICUS (Bromley): We much approve of his plan of buying twc copies of the POPULAR EDUCATOR, one common and one fine; and we shall be proud to see it elegantly bound and gilt.-W. H. E. (Teddington) should study English before Latin.-Z. J. (Liverpool): Orthoepy is best learned by listening to accurate public speakers and readers.-We advise WALTER K-N (Dundee) to keep his own secret, and to try and do better every time. Sheridan once electrified the House of Commons with a Greek quotation, which was pronounced by every one quite apropos; but which was merely the momentary effusion of his brain, without rhyme or reason. Our correspondent is better than this.-J. W. LOVE (Stewarton): It is right to say "the number of the years that have elapsed is, &c.," also "I know of no part of Scripture which affirms, &c." The expressions "there is none," and "all is well," are correct. It is equally right according to modern practice, to say "if it is true," and "if it be true;" but the latter is the more correct expression. It is clearly not right to say "the 160 page book."-JOHN WHITE (Edinburgh): Your teetotal-essay-writing acquaintances are right. Smoking tobacco, as well as drinking whiskey, or taking snuff, does unfit the mind for serious study, and is parent to a host of other evils too numerous to mention. We do not see that abstaining from-tobacco, snuff, or whiskey is any self-imposed impediment to learning, because they should never have been indulged in. We hope our friend is not like the highlandman, who, when asked what three wishes he would like to have fulfilled if they were in his power, said,-1st, a Benlomond of "shnuff;" and 2nd, a Lochlomond of "whuskey." He was asked for the 3rd; but he said he wanted no more. On being pressed for an answer, howeve, he said, Well, well, a little "mhore shnuff." The German pronunciation will be elucidated.—JAMES JARMAN states that he is a believer in mesmerism, clairvoyance, &c.; all we can say is that we are not. You can very easily divide by 1, if you like, and state that the quotient is the same as the dividend. This is not such a mighty fix as he thinks it is. The French have a column in their multiplication table for the products of 0 by the nine digits; and we are of opinion that it is highly necessary for many students that we have had to give lessons to. But we may ask him one question in our turn; what is the answer to the question divide 0 by 0? Vice verså means conversely; but this is best illustrated by an example, thus: "All fools are wicked;" vice versa or conversely, "All the wicked are fools." The best dictionary in the English language is Dr. Johnson's get; but it wants great additions.-Robert HENDERSON (Worksop): Caligraphy and shorthand must wait a little.-G. T. C. (Sheerness): "The Isle of Sheppey Band of Hope, and Juvenile Temperance Society" is the most expressive inscription.-A. HITT (Kirkness): We prefer Young to Bonnycastle.-A SUBSCRIBER: Walker's pronouncing Dictionary is considered the best as yet; but it wants many additions.— HENRY JAMES HOWARD (Crediton, Devon) is respectfully informed that the "Lessons in English Grammar" are continued under the head of Lessons in English," in a very superior style, and we strongly recommend them to his perusal. As to Lessons in Navigation, their time is coming, along with that of many more important subjects. We advise him to study the Lessons in Geography as an introduction.—A Dublin Subscriber recommends us to begin with schools for music instead of French, and gets so much into raptures on the subject, that he actually reminded us of the music of the spheres

"For ever singing, as they shine,

The hand that made us is divine."

M. J. (Belfast): For the study of Greek, twenty-four years of age is a very good time. Scaliger, the most celebrated Greek critic of his age, it is said, began at forty-NEANIAS: The Latin and French will do well together.-T. C. W. X. Y. Z. must all study Euclid.-E. T. B. E. must apply to a solicitor.-ABRAHAM LEE (Lynn): The correct expression is, "5 and 3 are 8; 8 and 1 are 9."-WILLING TO LEARN will soon learn Latin, if he sets about it.-C. S. R. (Belfast): Many thanks for his suggestions: they are valuable.-F. KENT (Croydon): The area of a circle is exactly what he says, the product of the radius and half the circumference; and if the ratio of these two quantities was expressible in integer numbers, the circle would be squared.-DIDASKALOS (Kendal) : The e in atque is only dropt in reading poetry for scanning, and that only before a word beginning with a vowel.-JOSEPH H. MORAN (Dub lin): We thank him for his useful communication.-C. A. MOLLYSON (Auchinblae): His solution of prob. 2, p. 111, is right.-AN ENGLISHMAN has sent us some excellent remarks on Early Training; we have sent them to our physiologist.-A. GREENWOOD: The errors have been corrected: J. E. (Shrewsbury): Riddle's.-JAMES WINNING (Hamilton Farm): The answers to the arithmetical exercises shall be given.-A COLLIER: His queries shall be inserted.-J. R. (Bristol): A wedge is defined to be a prism; now a cone is not a prism.-H. LEE (Brighton): Why not?-R. P. (Redruth): Yes.-A. J. C. (London): Yes. Memory is improved by exercising it. Begin-MASSA (Neilston): Yes.-W. STEPHENSON, Jun. (Bramley): We shall, when algebra comes up. Numeration is THE fundamental rule of arithmetic. His question is good; but is he a subscriber?-To six subscribers, including SAMPSON LUDLOW (Hampstead), we say yes, as soon as possible.-We request S. C. (Hanley) and the class to study Dr. Beard's Lessons in English.of roots. To JOSEPH WEBSTER (Bramley), we say go on, and prosper. fear it is too soon for riddles.-NATURALIST (Manchester): Consult the Printed and Published by JOHN CASSELL, 335, Strand, and Ludgate-hill, annotation to No. 64, Class 13, of the "Official Illustrated Catalogue London.-July 17, 1852.

We

unequal-sided timber is, to find the content of the solid parallelopiped it G. R. (Paisley): The best method of calculating the solid content of contains, and that of the rest as wedges or triangular prisms; but see Young's Mensuration.-MARCELLUS (Charles-square) should apply for a German master by advertisement.-J. F. J. (De Beauvoir Town): We hope elocution will be included in the study of the English language.— CHARLES AUSELL: There is a new edition of the "Emigrant's Handbook," which contains a Map of Australia, showing the gold regions.— LUDUS (Burton-upon-Trent): Algebra and Logarithms shall really have our best attention.-THOMAS LAMB (Hyde): The use of the table of logarithms to 20 places is explained in Dr. Hutton's Mathematical Tables; but we believe his valuable history of the invention and construction of logarithms is left out in the later editions. Our edition is London, 1801; and at page 137 will be found the explanation required. This table is used in the construction of logarithms, not in the extraction

pose the whole space now occupied by that island, more than a hundred miles round, to be mere sea. Let your imagination be first a diving-bell, in which you will descend to the bottom

VOLCANOES are in many cases mountains of great elevation, of the sea, where you find a calcareous stratum or a bed of

Mount Etna, from the south-east, with a few of its conical vents on the left.

and one of the lessons taught by geology is a knowledge of limestone, on which the same shells and animals live, which the circumstances which raised such enormous masses. now exist in the surrounding portions of the Mediterranean. Fig. 13.

To assist your conception of this subject, take in your hand a map of Italy, and blot out the entire island of Sicily. Sup

YOL. I.

Your imagination must now turn miner, and you must dig a shaft deep into the rocks beneath. You dig through a series 17