sage remark, that "ballad-makers were generally beggars," the fit of writing poetry soon came to an end. In prose, to which Benjamin next directed his attention, he had to submit to similar discipline. In a controversy that arose between himself and a companion, "perhaps," he says, "a little for dispute's sake," he thought that though Collins had a greater abundance of words, his own arguments were rather the stronger. On their parting without settling the point-a very common result in such cases-he wrote a summary of what he had advanced, and sent a copy to Collins. To this Collins replied; and, when three or four letters had been written on both sides, the correspondence fell into the hands of Franklin's father. This led him to show his son that though he had the advantage of Collins in correct spelling and punctuation, which he owed to his engagements at the printing-office, Collins was greatly his superior in perspicuity, in arrangement, and in elegance of expression. His son was far too sensible to pout or to be angry at this criticism; on the contrary, he received it respectfully and thankfully, and determined to spare no pains in improving his style; the means of doing which he has minutely detailed. sketches on the arts of logic and rhetoric, which he found at the end of an English grammar, set him diligently a-reasoning. The mode recommended was the Socratic, a method suggested by the Grecian sage. It was one of interrogatives. Instead of laying down a proposition authoritatively, it led the disciple or antagonist to acknowledge it himself by dint of a series of questions put to him. Of this, Franklin says, he was excessively fond, as safe for himself, and embarrassing to those with whom he entered into conflict; but after a time he discontinued it, considering it less adapted to inform or convince than to gain a triumph. It should, however, be mentioned to the honour of Socrates that it was not his object to establish any perfectly evolved system of doctrine, so much as to awaken by his discourses a new and more comprehensive pursuit of science, which should direct itself to all that can be known. Several Prior to the period at which we have now arrived in Franklin's history, his brother had begun to issue a newspaper, the second that had been published in America. This gave a new impulse to his mind; for as most of the literary people in Boston now visited the printing-office, he heard their remarks on various articles which appeared, their praises as well as their censures, and his ambition was kindled to see if, in this way, he could achieve any fame. Writing a paper in a disguised hand, he put it at night under the door of the printing-office, where it was found in the morning, and duly examined by the critics. "They read it," he says, commented on it in my hearing, and I had the exquisite pleasure of finding that it met with their approbation; and that in their different guesses at the author none were named but men of some character among us for learning and ingenuity." He modestly adds, "I suppose that I was rather lucky in my judges, and that they were not really so very good as I then believed them to be." other pieces were sent in the same way, till he says all his fund of sense for such efforts was exhausted. He now avowed his authorship, and found that he was regarded by his brother's literary acquaintances as a person of some consequence. The publication of an article offensive to the native government, led to his brother being sentenced to a month's imprisonment, and prohibited from continuing to print the journal. It was therefore determined that, in future, it should appear in the name of Benjamin, who had conducted the paper during his brother's imprisonment. Valuable as he had been, James had treated him with severity, but his indentures were now cancelled, to prevent its being alleged that the former proprietor of the journal was shielded by his apprentice. New "A very flimsy scheme it was," adds Franklin, "but it was immediately executed; and the paper was printed accordingly under my name, for several months. At length, a fresh difference arising between my brother and me, I took upon me to assert my freedom, presuming that he would not venture to produce the new indentures. It was not fair in me to take this advantage; and this, I therefore reckon, to be one of the first errata of my life; but the unfairness weighed little with me, when under the impressions of resentment for the blows his passion too often urged him to bestow on me, though he was otherwise not an ill-natured man: perhaps I was too saucy and provoking." "About this time," he says, "I met with an odd volume of the Spectator; I had never before seen any of them. I bought it, read it over and over, and was much delighted with it. I thought the writing excellent; and wished, if possible, to imitate it. With that view, I took some of the papers, and making short hints of the sentiments in each sentence, laid them by for a few days; and then, without looking at the book, tried to complete the papers again, by expressing each hinted sentiment at length, and as fully as it had been expressed before, in any suitable words that should occur to me. Then I compared my Spectator with the original, discovered some of my faults, and corrected them. But I found I wanted a stock of words, or a readiness in recollecting and using them, which I thought I should have acquired before that time if I had gone on making verses; since the continual search for words of the same import, but of different length, to suit the measure, or of different sound for the rhyme, would have laid me under a constant necessity of searching for variety, and also have tended to fix that variety in my mind and make me master of it. Therefore, I took some of the tales in the Spectator, and turned them into verse; and after a time, when I had pretty well forgotten the prose, turned them back again. I also sometimes jumbled my collection of hints into confusion; and after some weeks, endeavoured to reduce them into the best order, before I began to form the full sentences and com-indentures were however signed, which were to be kept private. plete the subject. This was to teach me method in the arrangement of my thoughts. By comparing my work with the original, I discovered many faults and corrected them; but I sometimes had the pleasure to fancy, that in certain particulars of small consequence, I had been fortunate enough to improve the method or the language; and this encouraged me to think that I might, in time, come to be a tolerable English writer, of which I was extremely ambitious." At the age of sixteen, he met with a book recommending a vegetable diet, and immediately impressed by the idea of its cheapness, he determined on adopting that mode of living. He proposed to his brother that he should give him only one half of what his board cost, and his offer was immediately accepted. He soon found, that by what is now called vegetarianism, he could save the half of what he received from his brother. "This," he says, "was an additional fund for buying books; but I had another advantage in it. My brother and the rest going from the printing-house to their meals, I remained there alone; and despatching presently my light repast (which was often no more than a biscuit, or a slice of bread, a handful of raisins, or a tart from the pastrycooks, and a glass of water), had the rest of the time till their return for study; in which I made the greater progress from that greater clearness of head, and quicker apprehension, which generally attend temperance in eating and drinking." However this might be, more fault than he alleges appears to have been chargeable on James, for he gave such a character of Benjamin to all in his own way of business at Bosten, as to prevent him obtaining any employment in that town. Selling his books to raise a little money, he therefore embarked on board a vessel bound for New York, without telling his friends who, he knew, would be opposed to his going. He was now only seventeen, and at the end of his voyage of three days, he found himself a stranger in a strange place, nearly three hundred miles from home; and with very little money in his pocket. What was worse still, the only printer had no employment for him, and could give him nothing more than a recommendation to his son at Philadelphia, to which city he now proceeded. About this time it was that, though he had twice attempted in vain while at school to master arithmetic, he now succeeded After describing his voyage, he says, "I have been more in doing so by the aid of Cocker's well-known book. A particular in this description of my journey, and shall be so of treatise on navigation gave him also some acquaintance with the my first entry into that city, that you may, in your mind, elements of geometry. Other important subjects were opened compare such unlikely beginnings with the figure I have since to him by the perusal of Locke "On the Human Understand-made there. I was in my working dress, my best clothes ing," and the "Port-Royal Art of Thinking." And two little coming round by sea. I was dirty, from my being so long in the the object is to dry them, whatever tends to render it difficult to do so, should obviously be avoided. boat; my pockets were stuffed out with shirts and stockings; and I knew no one, nor where to look for lodging. Fatigued with walking, rowing, and the want of sleep, I was very hungry; and my whole stock of cash consisted of a single dollar, and about a shilling in copper coin, which I gave to the boatmen for my passage. At first they refused it, on account of my having rowed; but I insisted on their taking it. Man is sometimes more generous when he has little money than when he has plenty; perhaps to prevent his being thought to have but little. I walked towards the top of the street, gazing about till near Market-street, where I met a boy with bread. I had often made a meal of dry bread, and inquiring where he had bought it, I went immediately to the baker's he directed me to. I asked for biscuits, meaning such as we had at Boston; that sort, it seems, was not made in Philadelphia. I then asked for a threepenny loaf, and was told they had none. Not knowing the different prices, nor the names of the different sorts of bread, I told him to give me three penny-plant, and so proceed with similar and successive layers. Put worth of any sort; he gave me, accordingly, three great puffy rolls. I was surprised at the quantity, but took it; and having no room in my pockets, walked off with a roll under each arm, and eating the other. "Thus I went up Market-street, as far as Fourth-street, passing by the door of Mr. Read, my future wife's father, when she, standing at the door, saw me, and thought I made, as I certainly did, a most awkward and ridiculous appearance. Then I turned and went down Chestnut-street and part of Walnut-street, eating my roll all the way; and coming round, found myself again at Market-street wharf, near the boat I came in, to which I went for a draught of the river water; and being filled with one of my rolls, gave the other two to a woman and her child that came down the river in the boat with us, and were waiting to go farther. Thus refreshed I walked again up the street, which by this time had many clean-dressed people in it, who were all walking the same way. I joined them, and thereby was led into the great meetinghouse of the Quakers, near the market. I sat down among them, and after looking round a while, and hearing nothing said, being very drowsy, through labour and want of rest the preceding night, I fell fast asleep, and continued so till the meeting broke up, and somebody was kind enough to rouse me. He soon after found a lodging, and there passed his first night in Philadelphia. THE COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF Ax herbarium, or collection of dried plants, often called a hortus And winter wears a wreath of summer flowers." To preserve flowers in all their freshness and bloom, is not possible. Dried specimens, deprived of their juice, and flattened by pressure, must be impaired in form, texture, and colour, by the very means employed for their partial preservation. But, if they may be so treated and arranged as not only to please the eye, but greatly to assist the student in his survey of the vegetable kingdom, then an acquaintance with these processes is desirable and valuable; and these, we therefore proceed to describe. Specimens of plants should be collected, whenever it is possible, in dry weather. On no account should they be put in water in order to keep them fresh after they are gathered. As Resolved on forming a collection, procure a quantity of red blotting-paper, and a press of some kind or other. A linenpress will do; or one may be easily made, with three boards, and four large wooden screws inserted at the corners; one board being for the top, another for the bottom; and the third to be placed between the two. Thus provided, a little skill will do all that is required for drying the specimens. When a plant is gathered lay it on two or three sheets of blotting-paper, previously heated at the fire, till they be come as hot as they can well be made without being scorched. Arrange its leaves as naturally as you can, pressing your thumb on any stubborn stalks, and dispersing the flowers with the greatest care. The petals of some plants, as poppies, are best dried separately. Over the plant, when duly arranged, lay half a dozen sheets of blotting-paper, then insert another them then in the press, and screw it up. At the end of about three days, the plants should be taken out of the paper, which will be found quite damp; fresh paper should be substituted, and the damp paper dried, till it is fit for further use. plants should be dried, whenever possible, including the roots, these should be washed, and then dried in the open air. The specimens, if not very robust or fleshy, will generally be sufficiently dried in the course of a week, or even in less time. According to the process now described, the plants will be more thoroughly and quickly dried, and, therefore, they will generally retain the colours of their flowers and leaves much more perfectly, and be less likely to decay and become mouldy, than would be the case were any slower process adopted. Due pressure and adequate heat are, consequently, the two essentials. If the specimens are small and slight, they may, when gathered, be placed between the leaves of a blank book, and the warmth of the pocket will have a similar effect to heating the paper. The great rule is to dry the plants thoroughly and quickly, and from its observance such as have been preserved in hot climates have, generally, a peculiar colour and beauty of appearance. Whole There is, of course, a diversity in the adaptation of plants to the process now described. Ferns, grasses, and more especially the mosses, dry readily, and lose little of their original beauty; while the houseleek, the stonecrops, and other succulent and fleshy plants, sustain a greater loss. The foliage and stalks of some species, will almost invariably turn black in drying. The colours of flowers will often undergo considerable alteration: the yellow appear to be generally the most permanent; blue and purple are more liable to fade; and white is very apt to become brown. There are, however, exceptions to these rules. The plants thus prepared, have now to be arranged. For this purpose, the collector has to procure a quantity of good stout writing or printing paper of large size, folded in folio, which is to be stitched in coloured covers, making bundles of books, of five or six sheets each. Some finer paper, of folio size, in half-sheets, cut round the edges, should also be at hand. Cut a number of narrow slips, of different lengths, from a piece of the same paper, and let there be some prepared isinglass, or dissolved gum tragacanth, or gum arabic, and also a camelhair pencil. Take now a dried plant, lay it upon a leaf of the fine-cut paper, then fasten it down by means of a few of the slips of paper, to which isinglass or gum has been applied, laid across the stem and some of the branches. Two or three slips are generally sufficient for a plant or specimen. In this manner, all the plants for an herbarium should be treated. Should paste be used for fastening the plants, it should have a very small portion of the rank poison corrosive sublimate, to prevent its becoming mouldy, and also as a defence from the attacks of insects. Some persons consider paste, so prepared, preferable to gum. A little management will often be acquired in the arrangement of plants. Thus, the taller ones may be divided in two, and the halves placed side by side to bring them within the compass of the page. The stems of some plants, as the grasses, may be crankled, or bent, so as to reduce their height, without actually depriving them of their natural dimensions, or they may be placed diagonally,—that is, from corner to corner of the page. Write the name of each species on the top of the leaf, and at the bottom the place where, and the time wien, it was gathered. Then arrange the plants according to system, and lay one between every two page. The books, as we have called them, are formed into bundies, by being laid alternately up and down upon each other, because the stalks and roots are thicker than the flowers. The bundles may be covered with pieces of pasteboard tied with strings. The collection should be kept in a dry and well-ventilated place, and a piece of sponge socked full of rectified oil of turpentine, will be an effectual defence from the assaults of insects. examples given are in the indicative mood. We subjoin an More summary methods may of course be adopted. Some VOICE-ENDINGS, PERSON-ENDINGS, TENSE-ENDINGS, MOODpersons keep their dried specimens loose, within sheets of! ENDINGS, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. paper. Others fasten the specimens to leaves of stout paper of uniform size, then arrange the species in order, while all those of the samne genus are placed within one or more sheets of paper, on the outside of which the generic name is written. The bundles of genera have the names of the classes IMPERFECT INDICATIVE, bam bar bas and orders. LESSONS IN LATIN.-No. XVI. THE LATIN VERB: ITS SEVERAL TERMINATIONS. THE student is already familiar with case-endings and the way in which they modify the signification of nouns. He must now pass on to consider certain endings in the verbs which in a similar manner affect their import. Referring him back to what has already been said respecting the verb, we here take up the subject, and ask his attention to voice-endings, person-endings, tense-endings, and mood-endings. These are grave matters, and we must move slowly in order to move surely. Singular Number. Ad. Pass. Act. Pass. Act. Pass. ΟΙ is ĕris it itur 23 at atur PRESENT INDICATIVE, IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, rem rer aris baris bat batur res reris ret retur Some tenses in the passive voice are formed as in English, by the addition not of an ending, but of another word. Thus, as we say, I have been loved, so the Latins say, amatus sum. Amatus sum is a form made up of parts of two separate words; namely, amatus, the passive participle of amo; and sum, the indicative mood present tense, first person singular of the verb to be. This is, in effect, to declare that the Romans cannot be said to have a perfect tense of the passive voice. The idea which that tense conveys, they express by combining parts of the verb sum with the passive participle. In this way, however, the perfect passive has peculiarities of its own. We subjoin an example of PASSIVE. ENDINGS OF THE PERFECT TENSE, INDICATIVE ACTIVE AND As preliminary to the whole we must recall to mind what has been said respecting the stem of words. Having reviewed in his thoughts what has gone before, the reader will find our present statements easy. The endings, then, to which we have just adverted, are added to the stem of the verb, and being so added, vary the meaning. The stem of a verb is that part to which these endings are added. If the endings have been already made they must be removed. When you have gone through these instructions you will know what they are. Take lego, I read, as an instance. You are already aware that the o at the end is the sign of the first person singular, indicative mood, present tense, active voice. Cut off that o and you have leg; leg is the stem. Now in English if we want to make I read passive, we insert another word, and say I am read. Instead of inserting another word the Romans added an r to the active form, making the verb stand thus, legor, I am read. Hencer you see is here the sign of the passive. In verbs, r at or near the end is generally the sign of the passive voice; thus in legar, I may be read; and legerer, I might be read, ther There is yet another source of variation in these endings. is the sign of the passive; for the corresponding active forms That source is in the conjugations. There are, you know, four are legam, I may read; legerem, I might read. The voice-conjugations, or general models for the formation of verbs. All Such as endings vary with the persons; thus, as the active endings verbs which follow these models are called regular. are o, is, it, so the passive endings are or, eris, itur. Thus voice- deviate from these models are called irregular. Confining ourendings and person-endings combine, as you see, in this ex-selves, at present, to the regular verbs, we find the endings of ample of the present tense indicative mood active and passive voices vary, as already (pp. 34 and 35) shown. We shall presently give THE VOICE-ENDINGS AND PERSON-ENDINGS OF THE PRESENT a table, in which all these varieties are presented. In order to TENSE, INDICATIVE MOOD. get the full forms, you must prefix for the first conjugation am, ACTIVE, lego, legis, legit, legimus, legitis, legunt or ama; doc, or doce, for the second; leg for the third; and PASSIVE, legor, legĕris, legitur, legimur, legimini, leguntur aud for the fourth. Am is the stem to be prefixed in the preTo the voice-endings and person-endings must be added the sent tense; ama, in the imperfect and future, and amav in the tense-endings. In English we form the past tense, for in-perfect; as appears in this view of the stance, of the verb I love, by adding to love the consonant d, I loved. Something like this takes place in Latin. Thus as amo is I love, amabam is I loved; the bam performing in Latin the part which the d performs in English. This bam, in the active voice, is made passive by being changed into bar, r taking the place of m. Putting these three endings together we have an example of VOICE-ENDINGS, PERSON-ENDINGS, AND TENSE-ENDINGS OF STEMS OF THE CHIEF PARTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. Conj. PRES. 1. am ama PERF. SUPINE. KEY TO EXERCISES IN LATIN LESSONS. 271 A KEY TO THE EXERCISES IN THE LATIN Caelebs? caelebes vituperat plebs; sunt militibus mercedes; multa LESSONS. By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D. Good men love good boys; good boys are loved by good men; a Page 71, col. 2-ENGLISH-LATIN. docet aetas. LESSON VI. Page 102, col. 1-LATIN ENGLISH. Birds deceive bachelors; mothers are slain by fevers; I greatly like the sea; the sea is liked by sailors; husbandmen cultivate corn-fields; there are sailors in the ships; there is fire in the globe; the brothers are in the fires (flames); the goddesses have altars; have not the gods altars? the husbandmen defend the sheepfolds with a hatchet. Page 102, col. 2-ENGLISH-LATIN. Corporibus naves defendant nautae; in rupibus sunt aves; a nau is rupes ne amantur? nocet plebi caedes; aves feriunt nubes; secures defendunt naves; civium aves nocentur; principis sedile laudatur; vincimus principum comites. Page 104, col. 1-LATIN-ENGLISH. Bonos discipulos amo; boni discipuli a bonis viris amantur; amas ne amicum? aper est mihi; tibi est caper; capri sunt in ripâ; est in insula magnum et funestum bellum; in Britannia sunt A soldier ought to fight with a brave mind; men have mortal agri multi; funesti saepe sunt apri; O viri, amatis ne pueros ? bodies, immortal minds; have not men mortal bodies? I am deamici mei peregrinos non amant; ludum amant pueri; amant nelighted with the sweet voice of birds; art thou delighted with the pueri ludum? est ne tibi amica? magnus aper non est mihi; sweet voice of birds? boys should apply to learning with an eager amicae epistola est in horto. mind; why, O boys, do you not apply to knowledge with an earnest mind? the praise of scholars consists in good characters and severe industry; with earnest industry my father applies to literadelight me; brave men are not overcome by severe pains; we do ture; piety is the basis of all the virtues; thy virtues, O mother, not yield to daring enemies; every voice (sound) is well heard by thy mother; thy voices (words), O sister, are sweet to me. Page 72, col. 1--LATIN-ENGLISH. The horse neighs; the horse's mane is beautiful; the flies are troublesome; are the flies troublesome? good scholars are not troublesome; long wars are troublesome; horses run quickly; a man guides the horse; a horse is guided by a man; I am delighted by a beautiful horse; the fields are fruitful; the herbs of the fields are various; the husbandman commits to the fields grains of corn; the husbandman tills the fields; how beautifully the fields flourish (virent); various herbs flourish in the fields. Page 72, col. 1-ENGLISH-LATIN. Fecundus est ager; sunt ne agri fecundi? bella fecunda non sunt; agri coluntur; deos colis; dii coluntur a Tullio; equus et equa a viro reguntur; celeriter currunt apri; currunt ne capri celeriter? in pulchro horto sunt muscae; equum agro committis; boni discipuli coluntur; O mi fili! diis et deabus committuntur templa; O Antoni! dii deaeque in templis coluntur; O bone Deus! in fecundis agris coleris; boni viri a filiis et filiabus coluntur. LESSON V. Page 92, col. 1-LATIN-ENGLISH. I have great grief; hast thou not great grief? mothers have great griefs; the colour of the cushion is beautiful; is the colour of the cushion beautiful? he has (is under) a deadly error; why Las father (is under) deadly errors? I have a brother; brothers have great griefs; lightning frightens animals; does not lightning frighten mothers? lightning frightens sparrows. Page 92, col. 1-ENGLISH-LATIN. Est mihi calcar (I have a spur); est ne tibi anser? illis sunt an-eres; est ne tibi agger? fulguris odor in pulvinari est; vectigalia non diligo; molesti sunt rumores; pulvinar (pillow or cushion) est ne illis? non est illis anser; tibi sunt pater, frater et mater; illis sunt dolores, or dolores sunt illis; tibi est magnum pulvinar. Page 92, col. 2-LATIN-ENGLISH. I fear charcoal; the boy strikes the peacocks; the regions are beautiful; thou hast an opportuni y; we move the ashes; the hinge is moved; the becomingness of order delights mothers there is a great dust of the ashes; peacocks are on the shore; we have not songs; there is a wound in (his) breast; the light of the region is great; he has a great name; pledges are not praised. Page 92, col. 2-ENGLISH-LATIN. Times ne carbonem? cur puerum ferit mater? decus non (not) est illis; vulnus est tibi; tuis patribus sunt vulnera; vulnera terrent matres; in regione florent poemata; tibi est nomen magnum; mihi non est pignus; illis est occasio; viro magna est occasio. Page 93-LATIN-ENGLISH. Artificers ought to teach boys; the king moves (his) thumb; king guard the laws; laws are guarded by kings; the son bites (his) thumb; the horsemen are harassed (grieved); artists adorn cities; the wages of artificers support (their) sons and daughters; the bachelor sleeps; the people are defended; the race of the artificer is praised; hast thou corn-land? the neck of the soldier is injured; the age of the bachelor is great. Page 93-ENGLISH-LATIN. Artifices defendo; artifices a me defenduntur; est ne illi merces? pecus non est illi; in eervice pungor; artifices pingunt pecora, funestae sunt regum leges; seges equitis ceditur; cur vituperatur Page 104, col. I-ENGLISH-LATIN. Fortes viri hostibus non cedunt; audax agmen non facile vincitur; alacri animo in litteras incumbit meus filius; sorores tuae amaut ne litteras? avium vocibus delectantur; aves hostium suaves habent voces; bene in litteras incumbunt discipu: mei; a Julio Caesare vincitur audax agmen; hominum corpora mortalia sunt, immortales animi; matris pietas filium delectat; filia patris virtute delectatur; industria et bonis moribus puerorum constat virtus; matris epistola ab omnibus auditur. LESSON VII. Page 115, col. 2-LATIN-ENGLISH. Play is pleasant to boys; there are various kinds of play; boys willingly indulge in play; is not play pleasant to boys? play is pleasant to me; play is exceedingly pleasant to thee; grave men avoid boyish plays (games); O play, how sweetly thou delightest boys' minds! kings are not delighted with boyish play; the senses are keen; I have keen senses; great is the power of the senses; is the power of the senses great? a brave man does not yield to feelings of pain; beasts have keen senses; O ye senses, how great pleasure you procure for (occasion) men! the animals are endowed with senses. Page 115, col. 2-ENGLISH-LATIN. omnibus hominibus et omuibus animalibus sensus doloris est Sensus doloris est amarus; est ne amarus tibi doloris sensus? amarus; magna est luctus vis; sapiens vi sensuum non vincitur ; fortis luctui non cedit; fortes ne vi sensuum cedunt? O luclusui; multa genera sunt lusûs; lusus omnis generis grati sunt tus, quam vincis hominum animos! pueri libenter indulgent pueris et puellis; viros non delectant pueriles lusus; viri puerili lusu non delectantur; indulgent volupta i pueri et homines; quam magnopere evitatur luctus a liberis; arcubus et sagittis delectant pueri; acubus delectant puellae. Page 116, col. 1-LATIN-ENGLISH. The terrible thunder greatly moves the minds of men; is not the sound of thunder terrible? the roaring of thunder is frightful; thunder is frightful; lightning precedes thunder; many men fear thunder; thunder is feared by many men; O thunder, how frightful is thy roaring! the house resounds with the thunder; men's knees are strong; the vigour of the knees indicates the strength of the body; the knees have great strength; suppliants fall on (their) knees; O knees, how much you tremble! in the knees there is great strength. Page 116, col. 1-ENGLISH-LATIN. Hominis genu validum est; validis genibus est vigor; sunt ne valida genua tua? silvae resonant horribili sonu tomirûs; sonus tonitrus animalia permovet; tonitru a validis bestiis eximescitur; sunt mihi debilia genua; sunt ne patri tuo debilia genua? Non; valida genua sunt patri meo; permoveor multo fulmine; fremitus tonitrus supplices permovent; supplex pulchram domum indicat. ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. W. B. (Belfast), and ROBERTO: The German approaches the Dutch so much as to be called High Dutch in our language, and Deutsch in the German itself.-S. A. R. (Ravenfield) wishes to lift us before we fall. He might give us credit for understanding proportion.-HUMILIS ARTIFEX: Dr. Cornwall is right. If " John is the best of his brothers," then surely John is a brother, and his own brother too! Stick to Dr. Beard's lessons; you will get all you want, and more too.-UN JEUNE ECOSSAIS (Dunfermline), should send to Mr. Cassell for a copy of the "French Lessons" reprinted from the "Working Man's Friend." Enclose seven penny stamps, and you will have it by return of post.-JOHN HUNTER (Liverpool): His answer to query 3, No. 14, is not correct.The solution of T. W., K. P. D. is right, but rather long.-C. S. R. (Belfast): A New History of England" has been very recently published at a cheap rate by Mr. Cassell.-ROBERT GIBBON (Manchester): "Such a one" is the most correct phrase; because one is pronounced as if it spelt wun, and therefore it virtually begins with a consonant. The most useful edition of Addison's works is that contained in the series called the "British Essayists," of which there are various editions, some very cheap-W. J. BUTTONS: The words printed in italics in the Bible are called supplements or supplementary words, because they are considered necessary to complete the sense in translating from the original tongue. Many of these words ought not to have been so printed. Not a few We very much want a injure the sense, and some are quite erroneous. new translation in this country. If this were done at the Government expense, and honestly done by a fair mixture of pious, and good, and able men of different orthodox persuasions, it would be the glory of Victoria's reign, the security of her throne, and the admiration of the world. have seen. AMICUS VERITATIS (Manchester): The reason of taking two-thirds perpendicular rests on the geometrical theorem that in an equilateral triangle, the radius of the circumscribing circle is at this distance from the vertex of each triangle. The general expression for this radius being R-4abc-√s(s-a) (s-b) (s-c); when the triangle is equilateral, it becomes Ra÷V/3, which is two-thirds of the perpendicular of such a triangle, a being the length of its side.-RICHARD PHILLPOTT (Bristol): To answer all letters containing exercises is impossible. A Key to the French and German exercises, similar to the Key now given to the Latin exercises, will follow.-J. F. WILSON (Halifax): His problem is good; it will be given in due time.-A. ADAMS (Leicestershire): His solution of the different ways of the Pythagorean theorem is the simplest we It will be given in the P. E.-LINCOLN: Bookkeeping by Double Entry is preparing.-SoмKINS (Norwich): 7 inches is the exact length of the surveying chain, being the same as 7 92 inches; and it differs by of an inch from 8 inches, this quantity being nearly of an inch.-W. D. CROCKER (Dover): To find the area of a circle, square the diameter, and multiply the square by the decimal .7854; the product will be the area very nearly. J. J. (Wood-street): DOH should be on note c, in the 1st lesson.-A STUDENT and SUBSCRIBER from the beginning, is informed that all the Physical Sciences, both theoretical and practical shall have their turn.-T. D. S. (Doncaster): Learn English before Latin, or both together if you have time; but Geometry would be a more useful interchange of study.-JAMES HEATON (Stockport) will find all his difficulties removed by studying Dr. Beard's lessons carefully.-LAZARUS should persevere; his age is no hindrance, but the reverse. By all means get Cassell's Euclid, and study the Arithmetic and Geometry in the POPULAR EDUCATOR.-T. W. ROWBOTHAM (Sutton in Ashfield) should let systems of artificial memory alone, and study the French and Latin as laid down in the Lessons contained in our pages. hints. He does not write with a silver pen.-W. F. F. (London): The sun is more than a million times larger than the earth, because its diameter is more than a hundred times greater; and that the bulks of globes are to one another as the cubes of their diameters.-L. A. H. Frome) must, in order to become a physician, come to London, get apprenticed, study hard, and walk the hospitals.-SEVEN STUDENTS (London) are respectfully invited to read the biography of Ferguson, and the history of the oldest matter we know of, the earth's crust.-W. H. EVANS (Liverpool) should study English first, and read Dr. Watts on the Improvement of the Mind."-J. W. REDMAN (Liverpool): Received.-Z. (Bristol): One hindrance to his progress is mixing up Drawing and Phonetic Shorthand with Grammar, Writing, and Arithmetic. Stick to Dr. Beard's Lessons in English. The rhymes contain some good thoughts. Your vice versâ 19 SACRÆ LITERE (Barnsbury): Our Band of Hope must increase to an enormous degree before Sacred Lessons are attempted.-IOTA (Glasgow): If you can "turn a square into a circle whose superficies will be EXACTLY equal (in a few minutes) et vice versa," you have accomplished the greatest problem in Mathematics! the problem of squaring the circle. We never heard of any "reward being offered for its discovery or solution." We rather think this is a vulgar error. But the Royal Society of London is the best party to whom you could apply with diagrams and proof. If you have not discovered a mare's nest, you will be sure to get their gold medal. sending to the Society, perhaps you would favour us with an example or two, by way of testing the accuracy of your discovery. Thus, a square is 8863 feet in the length of its side, what is the diameter of the equal circle? And a circle is 1128 feet in diameter, what is the side of the equal square?—AN INQUIRER should apply to Highbury College if he be a Churchman, and to Homerton College if he be a Dissenter.-J. S. (Wishaw): His answer to query 3, p. 223, is wrong in principle; and his writing might be greatly improved. ERRATA IN SOME COPIES. page 201, col. 1, last line, for I see them read I love them, LITERARY NOTICES. Before HISTORY OF THE PAINTERS OF ALL NATIONS.-The first part of this magnificent work, in imperial quarto, containing a portrait of Murillo, and eight specimens of his choicest works, including the "Conception of the Virgin," lately in the collection of Marshal Soult, and recently purchased by the French Government for the Gallery of the Louvre, for the sum of £23,440, is now ready. The successive parts will appear on the first of every month, at 2s. each, and will be supplied through every bookseller in town or country. CASSELL'S SHILLING EDITION OF EUCLID-THE ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY, containing the First Six, and the Eleventh and Twelfth Books of Euclid, from the text of Robert Simson, M.D., Emeritus Professor of Mathematics in the University of Glasgow; with Corrections, Annotations, and Exercises, by Robert Wallace, A.M., of the same university, and Collegiate Tutor of the University of London, will be ready with the magazines for August, price 18. in stiff covers, or 18. 6d. neat cloth. SCRIPTURE LIBRARY FOR THE YOUNG, in Shilling Volumes.-The "The LIFE of first two volumes of this instructive series of works, JOSEPH," illustrated with sixteen choice engravings and maps, and "The TABERNACLE, its PRIESTS, and SERVICES," with twelve engravings, are now ready. The "LIFE OF MOSES" is in the press. THE ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR AND MAGAZINE OF ART.-The First Volume of this splendidly embellished work, handsomely bound, price 68. 6d., or extra cloth gilt edges, 7s. 6d., is now ready, and conrains upwards of Two Hundred principal Engravings and an equal number of minor Engravings, Diagrams, &c. HISTORY OF HUNGARY, WITH UPWARDS OF EIGHTY ILLUSTRATIONS. -The First Volume of the New Series of the WORKING MAN'S A "SCHOOLGIRL" asks, "If the earth was ever in a fluid or melted st: te, how could the crust have cooled sufficiently for man to inhabit it on the sixth day from the creation "-Geological divines argue that the phrase "in the beginning," does not mean "the beginning" of the six days; or indeed "the beginning" of the present form of the earth. After the beginning" of time, the earth continued for some duration FRIEND, neatly bound in cloth, price 3s. 6d., contains the completest "without form and void," that is desolate and uninhabited by man. History of Hungary ever published; also, a History of China and the How long was it in this state before the breath of the Omnipotent moved on the face of the waters? It may be hundreds of ages, or millions of years. Chinese, with Forty-six Illustrations of the Manners, Customs, Public It was at "the beginning" of this time that the crust of the earth was cool-Buildings, Domestic Scenes, &c., of this most remarkable people; toing, and not at "the beginning" of Abp. Usher's chronology. We recom-gether with numerous instructive Tales and Narratives; Biographies, with Portraits; Scientific and Miscellaneous Articles, &c. mend a "Schoolgirl" to read the following works by geological ladies. Maria Hack's "Geological Sketches and Glimpses." Miss Zornlin's "Conversations on Geology," and above all, Mrs. Somerville's "Physical Geography is incorT. W. GREATHEAD (London): "There was only 2 dozen rect; it should be "there were," &c. It is the same with "14 dozen."W. P. (Watton): The accent is on the o in vocative.-Un BOULANGER (South Shields): The grammar he speaks of may be used till the Lessons appear in the P. E.-HAMLET: His system of short-hand may Ive good; but he should study Dr. Beard's Lessons in English first.-AN APPRENTICE is entitled to our thanks for his good opinion of us; but, if were what he assumes to be, he would have been more modest in his CASSELL'S EMIGRANT'S HANDBOOK, a Guide to the Various Fields of Emigration in all Parts of the Globe, Second Edition, with considerable Additions, and a Map of Australia, with the Gold Regions clearly marked, is now ready, price 9d. THE PATHWAY, a Monthly Religious Magazine, is published on the Printed and Published by JOHN CASSELL, 335, Strand, and Ludgate-hill, |