ONDENTS Lara how a the * Prystlag, and eld twoOu 180, and the few others vo, da sosted by Phot in his Christian whoa why the blood congeals after being 1x abrine is in a state of perfect solution this ovadition & remsins so long as it is Now it is not the motion that keeps it in fer Wood has been drawn from a vein, no kind or ad prevent its coagulation. Nor does a state of rest goody lead to any very speedy or immediate coagula1000 solution depends on the vital principle; but what topie is, we are not able to determine. Out of the vaycal power is no longer present with the blood, and the fibrine asses. You the fund to the solid state -TRUELOE: Are you serious paring your questions? You speak of the diameter of each air-cel: in the lungs being "no more than the 4th part of an inch." and so of recdoing the whole number of these air-cells to three hundred millions, or the half of what we stated. What do you mean by no more than 'th part of an inch? That is to make each cell nearly as large again as what we asserted, and hence your reduction of the sggregate. But these cells vary from 6th to th part of an inch. Now take the mean of these two numbers added together, which is 7th, and having thus made each cell only one-half you supposed, your aggregate will come Very near to our six hundred millions-JAMES BATES is not sufficiently read in archaeology to lift himself up into an authority. Dr. Ferguson is not ignorant of the labours of the younger Champollion, and the illustrious men who have followed in his steps. Notwithstanding all that has been done during the last twenty years, we hesitate not to affirm that much more yet remains to be done before any man will be qualified perfectly to read the hieroglyphics of Egypt; and until they are perfectly read, they never can be rightly interpreted. This even Mr. Gliddon admits. Nor he alone. It is the conviction of some of the most learned men of the age. Z. J. (Liverpool): Your drawings may be made upon common draw. ing paper, or upon drawing cartridge; the first is best for fine drawings, the latter where bold effect is required. The paper may be stretched on a board, or pasted on canvass or cotton, on a stretching frame, according to circumstances; either will be equally suitable for framing. Sketch your subject with a blacklead pencil, of medium hardness: the distance, trees, &c., very lightly; the buildings and other objects more in detail, and with greater firmness. These hints may suffice; it would occupy a large space to give you full directions. J. J. H. (Bradford): Query 3, p. 228, wrong. R. YOUNG should buy a Latin Dictionary. We have purchased a very good old one ourselves for a shilling at an old-book shop.-J. GUTHRIE (Kelso): Query 3, p. 228, right in principle; but the sum is £164 58.-R. R. L. (Lynn): We would give chemistry, but we must not leave any course unfinished; we have so many students working at our national system as it is, and working well.-W. S. BATE (Sheerness): Problems 4, 5, and 6. P. 228, all right; the first is not very correctly worded.-DISCIPULUS (Newbury): The day when the sun reaches the tropic of Cancer, is the longest day; because then the sun is longest above our horizon. This is usually on or about the 22nd of June, but not always exactly on the same day, because about six hours of the sun's annual march or periodic time is neglected every year, till leap year comes round, when 4 times 6 hours, or a day, is added in February, to bring the points of the sun's course exactly to the same days again. But this subject will be more fully and clearly treated in our lessons on astronomy. Riddle's complete Dictionary (Latin-English and English-Latin) is published by Longman, at a guinea and a half. The English-Latin is sold at the half-guinea, and the Latin-English at the guinea. There is a diamond Latin-English by the same at four shillings; but a good old LatinEnglish Dictionary, and sometimes one with both parts, may be had very cheap at an old book-stall. The Latin Key will solve all his difficulties.-R. H. (Bolton): Our lessons in bookkeeping, &c. will be quite in time; let him go on with the English as fast as possible.-A. C. (Blackburn): We think the French the easier language. A few months, hard study will make a tolerable proficient of an intelligent person.JOHN THURLOW (Minories): Query 4, p. 228, right; but too long. J. B. (Newcastle-on-Tyne): The difference between a foot square and a square foot is nothing; but the difference between 3 feet square and 3 square feet, is 6 square feet; and so of all similar expressions, except where unity or 1 occurs.-J. B. C. (Largs): Queries 3 and 4 not rightly solved. Practise the English mode of pronunciation.— LESSUR (Glasgow): Best thanks for his interest in our work, and kind suggestions.-J. BRIDDON (Bonsall): Pronounce the Latin words as if they were English, excepting where final e and es occurs, and pronounce these as additional syllables; thus pronounce mare, the sea, in two syllables like Mary; and dives in two syllables, thus: di-ves.-F. WARNER (Kensington): Query 3, p. 223, wrong.-IRRESOLUTE (Gateshead): Try Latin again, and stick to it; then French.-W. HALSTEAD (Bury): Mere learning by heart is useless: writing out the exercises or questions correctly is best.-ADAMS Horsforth. Ang Lam dictionary is better than none; see preceding answers. The fourth edition of Dr. Beard's book is best-ES (Brighton): The number of hours to be devoted to sleep depends greatly on the constitution; somme persons require more, and some less. On an average, seven hours is reckoned best; which may be made six hours in summer, and eight hours in winter. Always retire to rest at ten o'clock in the evening, or as soon after it as possible. It is best to study in the morning. We quite agree with poor Rachard: -Early to bed, and early to rise, 募 Is the way to be healthy, wealthy, and wise." Study Geometry in the morning, and English in the afternoon or evening. Cheerful conversation at dinner is better than reading or any other employment; and this is a species of exercise of great importance. A to taking exercise, your daily avocation should give enough of this when you can do it, take a walk in the open air with an intelli friend-JOHN CURTIS, and AMICUS LITERARUM: A French diction is talked of-UNE BONNE FILLE: We always judge for ourselves for our readers; but we cannot always give the grounds of our jung ment: she must see the reason; true etiquette requires us to be silentW. SOUTHERN (Leamington): Query 3, p. 223, not right.-C: Look in MCREADY (Hillsborough): There is no rule for all cases. Hutton's or Barlow's Mathematical Dictionary. art. Magic Squares S. M. (Zouch): Solution right; go on and prosper; don't be afraid of words, search their meaning; and when you fail, ask us.-G. M. Brat (Kentish-town: An index to the volume will put all rightG. B. should read Tytler's Elements of General History," with addiions to the present time, or Keightley's Elements of the same thing : both are good works-AMATOR MATHEMATICAL (Montrose): Queries 5 and 6, p. 223, right.-LEARNER (Manchester) asks the following question, which our mathematical friends will be so good as to solve for us. A. B, and C, can do a piece of work in 8 days, which A and B can do in 12 days, and B and C can do in 16 days; in what time could each do it separately 2-J. SOWDEN'S solutions are all excellent.-C. KIRBY |(Leicester): Query 3. p. 223, not right-H. N. and his friends are under a grievous mistake! Dr. Beard's Lessons in English are all upon had by post for seven stamps are not the same as those in the P. E.the grammar of the language!-ALICE: The French Lessons" to be but they form a very useful introduction, especially as to the pronunciation. Send your address to this office, and you may rely upon receiving them.-W. C. W. (Rochdale): Query 3, p 228 wrong.-H. J. RAOUL J.D. (Reading), J. B. (Hulme), JUVENIS DISCIPULUS, and F. S. PURSET (Kennington): Query 3, p. 223, all wrong.-E. C. HUGHES (Islington ) : Queries 1 and 4, p. 223, nearly right. J. D. (Reading): The easiest should buy the French Leesons," for the pronunciation, published Latin Testament is Beza's, or the Latin vulgate.-W. B. N. (Bideford here, price 7d., including postage. Get Tomlinson's "Mechanics" if you want an elementary book. and Wallace's "Commercial Bookkeeping *QUINTIN PRINGLE (Glasgow): Received.—W. H. (Colne): Study English first-W. W. J. (Penzance): We recommend him to procure the Rev. fixed to it. This grammar is essentially a translation of Moor's Greek Greville Ewing's Greek Lexicon, and to study the short grammar preGrammar originally written in Latin, and is decidedly the most plain and simple ever published. Thus armed, after a short time, he may begin the study of the Greek Testament, the most important book every placed in the hands of men, whether for time or eternity. The first edition of Ewing's Lexicon is small and cheap, but it may not be easily had. French, cr English and Geometry. Get the Shilling Euclid.-R. SMITH ONE WHO WISHES TO GET FORWARD: Study English and (Cardiff): Cur occidis and cur occiditis are both right; it is our English idiom that is in fault: we say you when we mean thou-A WELLWISHER (Manchester): We advise him to buy a patent-lever watch in preference to others.-If ARCHIMEDES (Dublin) reads the answers to correspondents, he will find his question answered long ago.-CHARLES CLEFT (Southampton): The Scriptural account of the deluge appears to an ordinary reader to imply its universality; geology says no. The best proof that nature alone is not sufficient to show to us the existence of our God, is that HE has given us the Bible. The temptation of the Saviour was indeed real, and it was a step in the preparation of him as a substitute and a ransom for us. The first question is not necessarily an article of faith, and is, therefore, of comparatively small importance. set our readers athinking in the right direction.-G. D., Plasterer The last two are highly important, and we hope that our answers will (Camden-town), secretary to a large body of mechanics is strongly advised to study the English language, the Arithmetic, the Geometry, the Geography, &c., in the P.E. He and his friends will get all the kinds of lessons they want in due time.-GUILLAUMES (London), and MUNGO (Bradford): The trades and manufactures of England are treated of im (Edinburgh), should study both languages if possible.-A WORKMAN the "Illustrated Exhibitor." Printed and Published by JOHN CASSELL, La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgatehill, London.-July 31, 1852. LESSONS IN BOTANY.-No. X. CLASS XIII.-POLYANDRIA. Plants bearing flowers with numerous Stamens, arising from the receptacle. MONOGYNIA. In this order are arranged very dissimilar vegetable products The common celandine grows in The Of the horned poppy there are her, in her rites, by pagans, and Like the common scarlet poppy, it is slightly narcotic, and the Pliny states that the Romans made incisions in the head of the poppy, after it had done flowering, and caught the liquid on wool, unless it ran in small quantities and became a gum, in which case it was gathered by the thumb-nail. In the time of this writer, opium appears to have been much used; he says he has known many die in their sleep from taking this medicine, and he names some who, by its means, committed suicide; but he observes, moreover, that physicians had discovered in opium many valuable properties. Of its pernicious and fatal use in this country, there are, unhappily, many examples; but in China, opium is made incalculably destructive. The white water-lily adorns slow rivers and ponds with its beautiful flowers, in the months of July and August. The calyx is composed of four large leaves, coloured on the upper surface; the petals of the corolla are numerous, often as many as fifteen, and delicately white, so that, in this respect, it has been regarded as the queen of British flowers. One provision for the increase of this plant ought not to be overlooked. As soon as these splendid water-flowers have perfected their fructification, by absorbing their pollen, their long stalks, which always grow in proportion to the depth of the water, in order to raise the corollas above it, refuse their support, and the flowers sink down many feet below the surface. There are two other kinds of water-lily well-deserving of notice. The yellow water-lily grows in rivers and pools, and flowers in July; the blossoms, which are about two inches in diameter, and of a golden hue, having a strong smell, which has been compared to that of brandy, or some kinds of wine. The lesser yellow water-lily grows in lakes. The flowers, which are of a pale yellow, tinged with green, are scarcely more than an inch in diameter. The Magnolia. that one of her names was derived from it. The name papaver is said to be derived from the Celtic papa, signifying pap, the soft food given to infants, among which it was usual formerly to boil poppy-seeds, in order to induce sleep. We have six wild species, found sometimes on hedge-banks and road-sides; but we must look chiefly to the fields for the "Corn poppies, that in crimson dwell, Called head-aches, for their sickly smell." The long smooth-headed poppy, with light scarlet petals, In flowering in June and July, is not rare among the corn. June, the flowers of the long prickly-headed poppy may be observed, distinguished from the other kinds by its narrow petals. VOL L The lime or linden, the most beautiful, graceful, and fragrant of our native trees, was well known to the ancient Romans, and is found not only in England, but in most parts of Europe. Several species of this tree have been enumerated, but Mr. 19 Loudon is disposed to class them all as so many varieties of the Tilia Europea, differing only in the size of the leaves. Evelyn says in his "Sylva:""It is of all others the most proper and beautiful for walks, as producing an upright body, smooth and even bark, ample leaf, sweet blossom, the delight of bees, and a goodly shade at the distance of eighteen or twenty feet. Besides its unparalleled beauty for walks, its other perfections are that it will grow in almost all gardens; that it lasts long; that it soon heals its scars; that it affects uprightness; that it resists a storm; that it seidom becomes hollow." The flowers, which are of a greenish-white colour, in loose panicled cymes, and come forth in June and July, are very abundant, and larger than those of most other timber-trees. Cowper has alluded to "The lime, at dewy eve diffusing odours;" and its stem has about the middle, three dark, smooth, green leaves, very beautifully formed, having veins tinged with crimson. The flower, if bruised, will raise a blister on the skin; to cattle, it is poisonous. There are three other species of wild anemone, blooming during April and May, all beautiful in appearance, but all possessing very acrimonious, and some even poisonous, qualities. One, the pasque-flower anemone, grows in elevated open pastures, especially in chalky soils; the stalks are four or five inches high. The blossom, which is much larger than that of the wood anemone, is very silky, and of a delicate lilac colour. The lesser celandine, growing in shady places, and common in meadows, flowers in March, April, and May, with petals of a shining, golden yellow. Wordsworth thus expresses his in a fine, calm summer's evening, the perfume they emit is feelings in reference to this humble plant :fragrant beyond expression, which led Keats to say, "Grateful the incense of the lime-tree bower." Pliny speaks of "Lime-trees for a thousand uses sought;" but these are far beyond our present enumeration. The honey obtained from the flowers of the lime is said to be the finest in the world. The fruit of the linden-tree, when mixed with the flowers, produces a paste not unlike that of cocoa. Evelyn says, "the berries, reduced to powder, cure dysentery, and stop bleeding at the nose. The distilled water is good against the epilepsy, apoplexy, vertigo, trembling of the heart, and gravel." Schroder recommends a mucilage of the bark for wounds; and adds that the juice of the leaves fixes colours. And to mention only one other use of this beautiful and valuable product of the vegetable kingdom: Smooth linden best obeys The carver's chisel; best his curious work The hoary dwarf rock-rose grows on elevated rocks, and in mountainous pastures in Wales and in the north of England: its petals, inversely egg-shaped, and of a bright yellow colour, appear in May and June. The common rock-rose is a shrub, growing in hilly pastures, on gravelly soil, which flowers in July and August. The white mountain rock-rose is a rare plant, sometimes found in Somersetshire and Devonshire. PENTAGYNIA. The entire-leaved porony has stems about two feet high, simple, round, and smooth; flowers with crimson petals, almost four inches broad; and a knobbed root. It grows on isiands in the Severn, and flowers in May and June, but is not truly wild. The stem of the field larkspur is nearly two feet high, erect, leafy, and branched. It grows in corn-fields, and flowers in July. A good blue ink, it is said, may be obtained from the juice of the petals. Common wolf's-bane, or monk's-hood, is found in several places in England, though not truly native, and flowers in June and July. The stem, which is erect and leafy, terminates in a cluster of dark-blue flowers. "Pansies, lilies, kingcups, daisies, They will have a place in story: "See its varnish'd golden flowers In the time before the thrush Thou wilt come with half a call, "Comfort have thee of thy merit, Thou dost show thy pleasant face In the lane, there's not a place, But 'tis good enough for thee." Of the crowfoots, there is a very large family, defying all present attempts at description. Among them are the buttercups, with which we are so familiar. There are two species of this plant, both very common in our fields and pastures, which the botanist can readily distinguish, while the difference is seldom noticed by the ordinary observer. The more common of the two, in the pastures near London, and near the seacoasts of Scotland, is the bulbous crowfoot, or buttercup, at once recognised on digging up the plant, from its having a bulbous root, somewhat like a leek or a small onion; while the acrid species, commonly called the upright meadow crowfoot, has a fibrous root, without any bulging. But without digging up the plants, the two sorts may be instantly distinguished by the calyx or cup, which supports the yellow petals of the blossom: this cup having its five leaves upright or nearly so in the acrid sort, and bent downwards in the bulbous species. yellow colour of butter in spring is owing to the cows feeding It is a common, but most erroneous opinion, that the fine on the buttercups in the pastures, and hence the name borne by these flowers; while the slightest observation will show that they carefully avoid these plants. If we consider the probable intention of Divine Providence in rendering these poi The common columbine, with its pendulous, purple flowers, appearing in June, grows in meadows, pastures, and thickets. It has an erect stem, two or three feet in height, five capsules of a cylindrical form, and five equal nectaries, situated alternately between the petals. Cultivation frequently increases the number of these nectaries, and diminishes that of the petals. The blossoms of the wild plant are blue, but the gar-sonous plants so common, we infer that it may be to afford den exhibits them of various hues. POLYGYNIA. The wood anemone, though unknown in many parts of Essex, and some other counties, is generally common in England. The ancients called it anemos, because its delicate flowers quivered in the fierce breezes of March, and its shining seeds were carried about on the air; and from this word our English name is taken. In France, it retains its old appellation of wind-flower. Though frail when gathered, and dying quickly, the anemone continues longer in bloom than many other flowers. Its blossom is white and star-shaped, protection to the grasses, and other herbage eaten by cattle. For were the whole green sward of the field composed of nothing besides grass, it might be eaten so bare as to destroy the roots, and produce a serious scarcity of forage; whereas, by the mingling of the poisonous buttercups with the grass, the cattle are prevented from grubbing up the latter to so great an extent as to injure its subsequent productiveness as the season advances. This is a very interesting view of the ordinance of God; and might be illustrated by many similar facts. We add only, in concluding our present Lesson, that to the order of plants now under consideration, belongs that splendid cultivated flower, the magnolia, LESSONS IN GERMAN. N. Sie, they; G. Jbrer, of them; A. Sie, them; Dich, thee; Plural. Jhr, you; Singular. fie, she; ihrer, of her; ihr, to, or for her; Plural of all genders. ibrer, of them; Sie, you; Ihrer, of you; Sie, you ($ 57.6.); Neuter. cs, it; ihm, to, or for it; fie, they; ibrer, of them; I. The personal pronouns (in the 1st and 2nd persons) are often used reflexively; and are to be rendered by our compounds, myself, thyself, ourselves, yourselves. Ex.: Ich lobe Du lobft Dich; thou praisest thyself. mich; I praise myself. Bir loben uns; we praise ourselves. 3hr lobt Euch, &c. II. The reflexive form of the personal pronouns, in the third person singular and plural, is sich (Latin se), and answers to Ex.: our objective, himself, herself, itself, themselves; its gender and number being determined by the subject of the verb. Er erlaubt sich; he allows (to) himself. Sie erlaubt sich; she Der Knabe lobt sich; the boy praises allows (to) herself. himself. Sie alle loben sich, THEY all praise themselves, &c. (See 60. 4.) III. A personal pronoun of one gender is frequently transEx.: Der Tisch ist gut, aber er ist nicht lated by one of another. gre; the table is good, but it is not large. Das Märchen ist schön, aber es ist nicht fleißig; the girl is beautiful, but she is not indusDiese Feder schreibt nicht gut, sie ist zu weich; this pen does trious. not write well, it is too soft (limber). Note. This respects merely the translation. If, for instance, we were to translate the last German sentence according to the German idiom, the English for it would be, "This pen does not write well, SHE is too soft." Now such a rendering would be contrary to the English idiom, and therefore on translating German into English, we try to come as near the English idiom as possible; although it ought to be remembered, that the dif ference of gender, as referring to the same noun, does never take place in German. DECLENSION OF Niemand (with examples of each case). R. Niemand; nobody. ($ 59. 3.) Niemand ist hier; nobody is here. Niemants Hut ist hier; nobody's 6. Niemants; of nobody. hat is here. D. Nienantem; to nobody. Niemand, or nobody. Es ist Niemantem nuslich; it is the third person singular: the corresponding parts in the plural, Nicmanten; The root is found by removing the letters en from the form of the present infinitive: thus, from loben (to praise), take en and you get lob, which is the root. The Present Participle is made by adding to the root the syllable end; as, lob+end, praising. The Perfect Participle is produced by prefixing to the root the augment ge ($ 69. 2.4.) and suffixing the letter t (sometimes et): thus, ge+lob+t, praised. The Perfect tense is formed by combining the perfect participle with the present indicative of the auxiliary haben or sein, to HAVE or to BE: as, ich habe gelobt, I have praised. The Pluperfect is formed by combining the perfect participle The First Future is formed by adding to the present of the with the imperfect of haben or sein: as, ich hatte gelobt, I had praised. infinitive, the present indicative of the auxiliary werben, to BECOME: as, ich werde loben, I shall praise. The Second Future is formed by adding to the perfect of the infinitive, the present indicative of the auxiliary werden: as, ich werde gelobt haben, I shall have praised. CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR VERB loben IN THE INDICATIVE. Participles. FERF. Gelobt haben, to have praised; PERF. gelobt, praised. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. wir loben, we praise; Ich lobe, I praise; IMPERFECT TENSE. Ich lob-te, I praised; wir lob-ten, we praised; PERFECT TENSE. Ich habe gelobt, I have praised; wir haben gelobt, we have praised; fie haben gelobt, they have praised. ihr habet gelobt, you have praised; PLUPERFECT TENSE. Ich hatte gelebt, I had praised; Er hatte gelobt, he had praised; wir hatten gelobt, we had praised; ihr hattet gelobt, you had praised; sie hatten gelobt, they had praised FIRST FUTURE TENSE. 3ch werbe Loben, I shall praise; wir werden leben, we shall praise; ihr werdet loben, you will praise; sie werten loben, they will praise. SECOND FUTURE TENSE. Ich werde gelobt haben, I shall have praised; praised; wir werden gelobt haben, we shall have praised; have praised; ihr wertet gelebt haben, you will have praised. fie werten gelobt haben, they will IMPERATIVE. lobet or lobt ihr, praise you; Loben fie, let them praise. Lobe du, praise thou; Lobe er, let him praise; The preceding paragraph must be well understood and the verb thoroughly mastered, before proceeding any further. The pupil will derive much benefit from working out other verbs after the above model. The vocabularies will furnish sufficient V. In compound tenses, the participle or infinitive is put at the end of the sentence, whether affirmative or interrogative. Ex.: Ich hatte den Brief gelobt, I had praised the letter; Hatte ich den Brief gelobt? had I praised the letter? Wen werden Sie loben? whom will you praise? Werten Sie ihn gelebt haben? will you have praised him? VI. In English we have three forms for the present tense; he use. dem Scila praises, he does praise, he is praising. The German has for all'iiste den tarieren Soldaten, und nicht ben Janfer and Grelmann 10. these but one form: er lebt. The present, besides its crdinary Die Arbeiten in meiner Jugent haben meinen Kötzer geñärft. 11. Dal is often used in relation to past time, when the period re- Griñen warnt vie Menschen vor (§$ 116. List.) ter Sime. ferred to is still unfinished. Ex.: 36 moźne schon ein ganzes Jabe in j Ferlin, I reside (have resided) already a whole year in Berlin. Ich habe das Biere nur eine Boche, I have (had) the horse only a week. The present is moreover often used for the future. Ex.: Morgen gehe ich nach Wien, to morrow I am going to Vienna. 34 gebe Ihnen einen Gulden für das Buch, I (will) give you a florin for the book. VII. The imperfect is used to denote continuance of being, action or passion; as, tie flaft bei Leipzig dauerte trei Tage, the battle near Leipsic continued three days. Hence it comes, also, to be used in expressing what is customary or habitual; as, Die! alten Deutschen jagten gern, unt fübiten eft Arieg mit den Römern, the ancient Germans were fond of hunting, and often carried on war with the Romans. Kindred to this, is its use in cases where one action or event is to be represented as simultaneous" with another: as, et starb, als er auf dem Lante mat, he died, while he was in the country; er frielte, als ich arbeitete, he played while I worked. (See $ 138.) VIII. The perfect describes an action as finished without reference to another action, and unlike the same tense in English, may be used with an adverb that denotes past as well as present time. Ex.: Gr hat ihn gelebt, he has praised him. Er hat ihn geftern gelobt, he (has) praised him yesterday. Er hat ihn heute gelebt, he has praised him to-day. (See $ 139.) IX. The second future is often used in reference to past time to indicate a probability. Ex.: Er wird es gehört haben, he has probably heard it; literally, he will have heard it. Nacht, f. night; Seben, to see; Sommer, m. summer; Täuschen, to deceive, Fisch, m. fish; Garten. Der Kaufmann hat den Edelstein The merchant (has) prized the news. 1. Ich liebe das Kind des Nachbars 2. Der Vater hat mir diesen Brief geschickt. 3. Ich werde den Freund warnen. 4. Ich habe die ganze Nacht bei dem kranken Bruder gewacht. 5. Die Jäger jagten gestern Morgen in dem Walde, und werden diesen Nachmittag in der Nähe des Dorfes jagen. 6. Mein Freund liebte den Ruhm und den Schimmer. 7. Er hat eine Rose gepflückt und sie seiner Freundin geschenkt. 8. Ein geschickter Maurer dieser Stadt hat dieses schöne Haus gebaut. 9. Napoleon • Simultaneous-existing at the same time. 1. The teacher presented a beautiful book to the scholar. 2. Stimme mit ibre zu dem Freunde She had deceived her friend. 3. The children have probably tas als einen QUESTIONS. 1. What peculiarities of the pronouns are stated in this Section? 2. What is said of fich? 3. How is the root of a verb obtained? 4 How are the participles formed? 5. How are the several tenses formed? 6. Can you form the several participles and tenses of the verb lo ben? LESSONS IN PHYSIOLOGY.-No. VIII. MAN. OUR present lesson is to be on the nervous system, and is one of great importance. This system includes the brain, the spinal marrow, and the sympathetic ganglia, or those accumulations of nervous substance whose influence is confined more particularly to the tissues contained within the cavity of the body. For a long time, the brain was regarded as nothing more than a larger development of the spinal marrow, and then the spinal marrow was held to be but a lengthening out of the brain. The fact is, that neither proceeds from the other ;the two are merely connected, and form independent centres of nervous power. No parts of the living body have excited greater interest than the study of the brain and the nerves. Till the time of Sir Charles Bell, it was taken for granted, "that all parts of the nervous system had certain general properties belonging to them in common; so that all were considered alike in function. The brain, including the spinal marrow, was looked upon as a common store, from which certain powers-such as that of motion-were issued to the body, and into which others such as sensation-were received, the nerves being regarded as the conductors; and, in conformity with that view, it was further supposed that any part of the brain, or any single nerve, had equal power with all the rest of bestowing the numerous properties commonly assigned to the nervous system." This Sir Charles doubted. In his judgment, it was contrary to reason to suppose that two functions, so essentially distinct from each other as motion and sensation, could belong to the same nerve. For example:-I will to move my hand;-this volition or willingness originates in the brain, and the force, whatever it is, acts upon the nerve, the nerve conveys it to the muscle, and the muscle so acted upon leads to the motion of the hand. In this instance, the power proceeds from within to without. But I prick my finger ;the impression is received by the nerve expanded in the skin of the finger, is conveyed by that nerve to the sensorium, or that part of the brain which is the seat of sensation, and the mind becomes conscious of pain. In this case, the course of the nervous agency is from without to within. The force which • From the Greek word GAGGLION, swelling or increase. |