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1. A qui vos sœurs se sont elles adressées? 2. Elles se sont adressées à moi. 3. Ne se sont elles pas trompées ? [Sect. 37. 1.] 4. Elles se sont trompées. 5. Vous êtes vous aperçu de votre erreur. 6. Je ne m'en suis pas aperçu. 7. Vous êtes vous ennuyés à la campagne? 8. Nous nous y sommes ennuyés [Sect. 37. 4). 9. Ces demoiselles se sont elles ennuyées chez vous? 10. Elles s'y sont ennuyées. 11. De quoi vous êtes vous servie pour écrire, Mademoiselle? [Sect. 38. 2] 12. Je me suis servie d'une plume d'or. 13. Ces écolières ne se sont elles pas servies de plumes d'acier? 14. Elles se sont servies de plumes d'argent. 15. La Hollandaise s'est elle assise? 16. Elle ne s'est point assise. 17. Lui est il arrivé un malheur? 18. Il ne lui est rien arrivé, elle ne se porte pas bien. 19. Ne s'est elle pas donné [§ 135 (1)] de la peine pour rien? 20. Cette soie ne s'est elle pas bien vendue? 21. Elle s'est très bien vendue. 22. N'a-t-il pas fait beau temps toute la journée? 23. Non, Monsieur, il a plu, il a neigé et il a grêlé. 24. N'est-il rien arrivé aux deux dames que nous avons vues ce matin? 25. Non, Madame, il ne leur est rien arrivé.

EXERCISE 88.

1. Has it rained to-day? 2. It has not rained, but it has hailed and snowed. 3. Has anything happened to your little boy? 4. Nothing has happened to him, but he is sick to-day. 5. Did your sister sit down at your house? 6. She did not sit down, she was sick. 7. Did that cloth sell well? 8. It sold very well, we have sold it all. 9. Did you perceive your error (erreur)? 10. We perceived it. 11. Were not your sisters mistaken in this affair? 12. They were not mistaken. 13. Were not your cousins weary of being in the country? 14. They were weary of being at my brother's. 15. What have you used to write your exercises? 16. I used a gold pen, and my brother used a silver pen. 17. Have you used my penknife (canif)? 18. I have used it. 19. What has happened to you? 20. Nothing has happened to me. 21. Has your mother been well? 22. She has not been well. 23. Did your brothers apply to their studies, at school? 24. They applied to their studies and have finished their lessons. 25. What weather was it this morning? 26. It was very fine weather. 27. Has your sister taken much trouble in this affair. 28. She has taken much trouble for nothing. 29. Did the Dutch ladies walk? 30. They walked this morning. 31. How far did they walk? 32. They walked as far as your brother's. 33. Have you given each other the hand? 34. We shook hands. 35. Those ladies flattered themselves very much (beaucoup).

SECTION XLV.

THE PASSIVE VERB (§ 54).

1. The passive verb is conjugated by adding to the verb être in all its tenses, the past participle of an active verb. See model, § 54.

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2. This participle must agree in gender and number with the subject [§ 134 (2). Sect. 41, R. 6] :Ces vieillards sont respectés. Those old men are respected. Ces enfants sont aimés de tout le Those children are loved by everybody. monde.

3. The genius of the French language seems to prefer the active to the passive voice. Many expressions which are in the passive in English, are accordingly rendered into French by the active or reflective [§ 128 (5), § 113 (1)]:Cette maison est à louer ou à vendre.

Ma sœur est à plaindre.
Cet homme est à craindre.
Cet homme s'appelle H. [Sect. 35,
R. 2).

Cet homme se trompe [Sect. 37,
R. 2).

That house is to be let or sold.

My sister is to be pitied. That man is to be feared. That man is called H.

That man is mistaken.

Ces enfants sont ils aimés ?
Ils ne le sont pas.

Ces demoiselles sont elles sœurs ?
Elles ne le sont pas.

Are those children loved?
They are not (so).

Are those young ladies sisters!
They are not.

5. When le refers to a determined noun, it often corresponds in signification to the pronoun he, she, or they, which may or may not be expressed in the English sentence. Le must then assume the gender and number of the noun to which it refers.

Etes vous la sœur de mon ami? Je la suis.

RESUME OF

Leur conduite est elle approuvée ?
Elle n'est approuvée de personne.
Cette dame est elle estimée et re-
speetée ?

Elle n'est ni estimée ni respectée.
Ces marchandises sont à vendre.
Ces enfants sont bien à plaindre.
A-t-on dit quelque chose à mon
frère?

On ne lui a rien dit.

Savez vous comment cela s'appelle? Madame, êtes vous maîtresse ici ? ne le suis pas, Monsieur.

Je

Etes vous la maîtresse de la maiJe la suis.

son ?

S'appel-er, 1. pec. to be
called [§ 49 (4)];
Auteur, m, author;
Blâm-er, 1. to blame;

Car, for;
Conduite, f. conduct;
Croi-re, 4 ir. to believe;

Are you the sister of my friend
I am (she).
Examples.

Is their conduct approved 1
It is approved by nobody.
Is that lady esteemed and respected!

She is neither esteemed nor respected.
Those goods are to be sold (for sale).
Those children are to be pitied.
Has anything been said to my bro-
ther?

Nothing has been said to him.
Do you know how that is called
Madam, are you mistress here?
I am not (so), Sir.
Are you the mistress of the house!
I am (she).
EXERCISE 89.
Ecolier, m. scholar;
Jardin, m. garden;
Lou-er, 1. to let, to
praise;
Mère, f. mother;
Paresseux, se, idle,

Pun-ir, 2. to punish;
Rarement, seldom;
Relieur, m. bookbinder;
Souvent, often;
Us-er, 1. to wear out;
Ven-dre, 4. to sell.

1. Votre mère est elle aimée de sa sœur? 2. Elle est ai3. Les Italiens sont ils aimés

monde.

mée de son frère et de sa sœur. des Français ? 4. Vos écoliers ne sont ils pas blâmes? 5. Ils sont blâmes quelquefois. 6. Sont ils souvent punis? 7. Ils sont rarement punis. 8. Par qui êtes vous puni quand vous êtes paresseux? 9. Je ne suis jamais puni. 10. Sa conduite a-t-elle été approuvée? 11. Elle a été approuvée de tout le auteur est il estimé? 14. Il est estimé de tout le monde. 15. 12. Elle a été approuvée par ses amis. 13. Cet Le jardin du relieur est il à vendre ou à louer? 16. On dit qu'il est à louer. 17. Le menuisier a-t-il fait faire un habit? 18. Il en a fait faire deux. 19. Les habits que vous avez achetés sont ils usés (worn out)? 20. Ils sont usés, j'en ai fait faire d'autres. 21. Dit-on que nos amis sont aimés de tout le monde? 22. On ne le dit pas, car on ne le croit pas. 23. Les dames que nous avons vues à l'église hier au soir, sont elles sœurs? 24. Elles ne le sont pas, on dit qu'elles sont cousines. 25. On dit que l'officier qui vient d'arriver s'appelle S.

EXERCISE 90.

1. Are you blamed or praised? 2. I am neither blamed nor praised. 3. Is not your cousin esteemed by everybody? 4. She is esteemed by nobody. 5. What has been said of my brother? 6. Nothing has been said of him. 7. Do you know if your brother's house is to be let? 8. I have been told (on m'a dit) that it is to be sold. 9. Is not an idle person to be pitied? 10. The idle man is to be pitied. 11. Is your son sometimes punished at school? 12. He is always punished when he is idle. 13. Are your scholars praised when they are diligent (diligent)? 14. They are praised when they are diligent, and they are blamed when they are idle. 15. Is that lady esteemed and respected? 16. She is loved, esteemed, and re

The propositions de and par are used indifferently after many passive

verbs.

spected by everybody. 17. What has been told you? 18. We have been told that your brother is respected by everybody. 19. Madam, are you Mr. S.'s sister? 20. No, Sir, I am not. 21. Madam, are you pleased with your son's conduct? 22. No, Sir, I am not, for he is blamed by everybody. 23. How is that large (gros) man called? 24. It is said that he is called H. 25. What is your brother's name? 26. He is called James. 27. Have you been told that my brother is arrived? 28. We have been told so. 29. Are the goods which your brother has bought, for sale? 30. They are not for sale. 31. Has the bookbinder had a coat made? 32. He has had a coat made. 33. Is his other coat worn out? 34. The coat which he bought last year is worn out.

LESSONS IN GEOLOG Y.-No. XI.
By THOMAS W. JENKYN, D.D., F.G.S., &c.
CHAPTER I.

ON THE ACTION OF VOLCANOES ON THE EARTH'S CRUST.
SECTION VII.

GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA CONNECTED WITH EARTHQUAKES.

opened in the earth, at a place called Costa, into which the
river Tunza immediately began to flow, quitting its former
bed. This explains a circumstance which the geologist con-
stantly meets with; viz., he finds the ancient gravel bed of a
river deserted, and a new one formed at a lower level.
The action of earthquakes, or the movements of the earth-
quake power, is threefold. It is vertical, from the deep interior
of the earth up to its surface. It is horizontal, following the
course of certain rocks and strata, whether level or curved.
It is also circular or gyratory, as if it went round certain points
in its course. In most earthquakes, the vertical and the hori-
zontal movements have taken place together.

The VERTICAL action is a movement from below upwards, like the explosion of a mine in a stone-quarry. This motion produces cracks and fissures in the earth, like those represented in fig. 2 of a former lesson. In many instances the earth opens and closes rapidly; in others portions of the crust slip down and disappear for ever. It was by an earthquake movement of this description that the city of Messina, in Sicily, was destroyed in the year 1783.

This vertical action of earthquakes has produced some very remarkable results. During a late earthquake in Italy, a great part of the pavement-stones of some towns were hurled up into the air, which, after descending, were found with their lower sides uppermost. This singular movement upward was inFig. 24.

THE changes which are produced in the globe by earthquakes are almost innumerable. It is by them that landslips

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most frequently occur on the sides of mountains; new lakes stanced in the terrific earthquake which destroyed Riobamba, are formed in plains, and old ones disappear; new islands rise South America, in 1797. The corpses of the inhabitants who in the sea, and others are swallowed up; parts of continents had perished, and which were lying on the ground, were subside and sink, and others are elevated; the relative posi-thrown up to the height of many hundred feet on the hill of tions of sea and land are changed; and rivers quit their former La Cullca, and beyond the small river Lican. courses. During the earthquake which, in 1811, convulsed These vertical movements are felt, not on land only, but also the district of New Madrid, South Carolina, new lakes were formed and others dried up. When that district was visited seven years after, there was found, near Little Prairie, a tract of land many miles in extent that had become covered with water, three or four feet deep. When that water disappeared, a stratum of sand was left in its place. On the same occasion, and in the same district, large lakes of twenty miles in extent were formed in one hour, and others were completely drained. By the earthquake of Bogota, South America, in 1827, a fissure

at sea. During the celebrated earthquake of Lisbon, in 1755, the shock was felt in different parts of the sea. The captain of a ship, when off St. Lucar, felt his vessel violently shaken, as if she had struck the ground. On taking soundings, he found a great depth of water. Another captain, with his ship far higher north than Lisbon, had his vessel so shaken and strained, as if she had struck upon a rock, so that the seams of the deck were opened, and the compass was overturned in the binnacle. Another ship, far out in the Atlantic, felt a con

cussion so violent from below, that the men were thrown up a foot and a half perpendicularly from the deck.

In the HORIZONTAL movement of earthquakes, the shock is propagated in a linear direction by undulations, or by an action which produces waves in the surface of the earth, not unlike immense waves of the sea in appearance. The sight of these earthy billows produce a swimming in the head like sea-sickness. In using the word "wave" or billow," it is not to be supposed that the earthy soil always changes place as the watery wave does. The undulatory appearances of the earth are probably the effects of vibrations which radiate upward from a deeply-seated point, each of which on reaching the surface lifts up the ground and allows it to sink again.

These shocks of undulation, in a linear direction, must be conceived to move, not like an electric spark, but in waves of great breadth as well as length. The earthquake which devasted Syria in 1837, was felt in a line five hundred miles long, and ninety miles wide.

It is a general law in mechanics that vibrations, which are transmitted through elastic bodies, have a tendency to burst, or snap asunder the superficies of such bodies. This law is found true in the undulations of earthquake power. The magnitude of the waves propagated in the earth's crust is increased the nearer they are to the surface, and, consequently, they crack the superficial soil and strata. In the earthquakes of South Carolina, to which I have already referred, between New Madrid and Little Prairie, the surface-earth rose in great undulations. When these terrible surface-waves reached a considerable height, the soil burst, and through the softened surface volumes of water and sand, and masses of pit-coal, were hurled up as high as the tops of the trees.

When these horizontal

wave

propagated in cross or transverse directions from the different points or foci of the earthquake shocks.

There are some instances in which these earthquake undulations seem to have opened a permanent way for themselves, through which they pass without seriously disturbing the inhabitants above. The earthquake power seems to have cleared away the obstacles in the course which it took, and then, the way being opened, it always afterwards propagated its shocks in that direction. This clearance of the course would be the result of some one earthquake of great violence. Of this I will give two instances. After the destruction of Cumana, the capital of New Andalusia, South America, in 1797, every shock that has been felt on the south coast, which consists of calcareous rocks, extends itself to the mica slate rocks in the peninsula of Araya. Before that date the shocks were never felt in that peninsula. Also in North America, during the earthquakes of 1811, 1812, 1813, the undulations which began in the south were propagated northward through the immense alluvial valleys of the Mississippi, in the Arkansas (pronounced Ar-kan-sáws), and the Ohio.

It has been lately ascertained that the propagation of earthquake shocks does not depend on the nature of the rocks which they meet in their course. The shocks have been felt in the loose soil and mud of Holland and Flushing, and mountains of granite and mica slate, as well as limestone and sandstone rocks, have been shaken. Hence it is evident that the undulations or shocks are governed, not by the chemical constituents of rocks, but by their mechanical structure and position.

There are many instances in which earthquake undulations have intersected and passed athwart or across several chains of hills at right angles. In South America they are known to Fig. 25.

D

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shocks proceed onward un-
resisted, they are not con-
sidered dangerous. The
most dangerous earth-
quakes are those which
occur where there are two
sources or foci of earth-
quake action, which send
forth their shocks in semi-
circular or transverse di-
rections. In these cases,
one earthquake
meets the course of ano-
ther, and strikes iton the
side. When the actions
from these two surfaces or
foci are simultaneous, and
come athwart each other,
they produce, in the sur-
face of the earth, the
effects which are seen in
the surface of the sea,
when one wave dashes
against the side of another, without either of them being
displaced. You can easily imagine that a town, built on the
ground at such a point of the earth, would be affected much
ike a loose raft happening to be at such a junction of two
mighty billows.

+

E

Showing the transmission and interruption of earthquake shocks.

These statements are not so imaginary as the metaphors which I have used to explain them. Their truth is amply veri. fied by the observation and experience of the inhabitants of South America. The city of Quito is situated at the foot of a volcano called Rucu Pichincha. The elevation of the city above the level of the sea is 9,539 feet, about twice the height of Ben Nevis or Snowdon. I keep these British mountains before your mind that you may always have a known scale of height in view. The houses of Quito are large, massive, and several stories high. Its churches are high-roofed, and adorned with magnificent cupolas. Here earthquakes of great violence are frequent, but they very rarely injure the buildings. The supposed reason of this is that the horizontal undulations of the earthquake shocks are propagated undisturbed along the rocks beneath. On the contrary, at a lower elevation on the plains of Peru, humble dwellings built of reeds and mud suffer exceedingly from what would be called gentle shocks. The reason of this is, the alternation of movements, which are

have passed across the two chains of Venezuela and Sierra Parime. In India also a shock was propagated in 1832 from Lahore to the foot of the Himalayas.

Neverthless, it is well known in volcanic districts, that there are rocks which modify and regulate the direction of the earthquake wave. It is found that the undulations proceed in a linear course along a coast, and at the foot of a mountain ridge, and in the direction of that ridge, without entering the chain of hills. As proofs of the limitation and interruption of earthquake waves, I may mention two very remarkable facts. Shocks have been felt in strata near the surface which have not been known in the mines in a rock at much greater depth. Shocks, also, have passed onward at greater depths below, without being felt in the rocks and strata near the surface. The inhabitants of Peru call such rocks "bridges," under which the earthquake wave passes along. Instances of this kind have happened in Saxony. At the beginning of this century, earthquake shocks were felt in the deep silver-mines of Marienberg, which drove all the miners in terror to the surface, where they discovered nothing of the kind had been experienced. On the contrary, in 1823, in the neighbourhood of the mines of Falun and Persberg, the workmen in the mines felt no movement whatever, whilst above their heads a violent shock of earthquake had alarmed all the inhabitants. The manner in which these facts might take place is represented in fig. 25. Adjoining the granite A, is the metalliferous rock B, covered by the curved strata abc d. An earthquake wave passing along a a would pass under the rock D unfelt, and at c it would be unknown. Another wave passing along co would be felt at x, but be unknown at c E. FG is a silver mine. To the miners at G, the earthquake waves in a a and c c would be unfelt; and the earthquake wave which came from H to G would be unknown to the inhabitants on the surface.

The theory concerning the undulations of this invisible power in earthquake shocks, will perhaps be made more intelligible to you by a few hints on the propagation of subterranean sounds, in rocks and strata that are convulsed.

Some earthquakes take place without any subterranean sounds whatever. The awful shock which destroyed Riobamba was not attended by any noise. On that terrible occasion deep detonations were heard at Quito and Ibarra, but not until twenty minutes after the catastrophe which had destroyed thirty thousand persons. Yet at Tacunga and Humbato, places much nearer the focus of the earthquake, the sound was not heard at all. In the earthquake of Lima, in 1746, a sudden noise, like a subterranean thunderclap, was heard so far as Truxillo, a quarter of an hour later, but it was not accompanied with any trembling. When the volcano of St. Vincent, on a small island in the West Indies, made an irruption of prodigious masses of lava, noises resembling thunder were heard far to the south-west, on the plains of South America, over many thousands of square miles, yet without any shaking of the ground.

There have been instances in which uninterrupted subterranean noises have been heard, unaccompanied by any trace of an earthquake. The city of Guanaxuato, in Mexico, is situated far from any active volcano; in January, 1784, the inhabitants heard deep noises like roaring thunders. This noise began at midnight of January 9, and lasted more than a month. From the 13th to the 16th it sounded as if there were heavy storm clouds underground, in which there was slow rolling thunder, frequently interrupted by a short thunderclap. It commenced gradually, and ceased as gradually. It was confined to a very limited space. A few miles off the city there was a district of basalt, where the sound was not heard at all. In this case, not only was there no trembling of the earth at the surface, but miners who were working in a mine five hundred yards deep felt no shaking. Nothing of the kind had ever been known in the mountains of Mexico before, nor, ever since that, has the phenomenon been repeated. This seems to intimate that by the action of earthquake power deep channels in the interior of the earth close or open, so as that the waves of sound are arrested in their course, or are propagated till they reach the ear.

At the commencement of this lesson, it was said that the earthquake wave moves in three directions. I have considered the vertical and the horizontal; we are now to have a sentence or two on the CIRCULAR, or gyratory movement. This means that the earthquake power moves in a circuit. This circuit may be small or very large. The circular movements, on a small scale, are the most rare, and they are always most dangerous, as was verified at Quito in 1797, and in Calabria in 1783. In those instances it was found that walls which had served for hedges in fields had completely changed their direction, without being overthrown, and with the masonry undisturbed. Also rows of trees, straight and parallel, had been inflected. One of the most remarkable phenomena of these circular earthquakes was, that whole fields, which had two sorts of grain growing in them, exchanged places and crops. This is difficult to account for, or to say whether the change was effected by a movement of translation, or by mutual penetration of the different soils. Perhaps a statement of Captain Fitzroy may assist us to understand this. He says that at Conception, in Chili, during the earthquake of February, 1835, the loose earth of the valley of the river Biobio was every where parted from the solid rock which bounded the plain. A circular earthquake would have moved this soil round.

Humboldt tells us that, at Riobamba, he was shown a place among the ruins, where the whole furniture of one house was found under the ruins of another. In this case the soil of the foundations must have moved in a wave of surface, as in a stream with a direction first downward, then horizontal, and again upward. That this is a fact is evident, from the legal disputes between the different owners of property which had been carried many hundred yards round, and by the awards of the courts of justice which settled the claims.

This circular movement is sometimes upon an immense scale. Take a map of the world in your hand, and read any account of the earthquake which destroyed Lisbon in November, 1775. That earthquake was felt in Spain-in North America-in the Alps-in Thuringia-in north of Germany-in Sweden-in

Loch Lomond, in Scotland-in the great lakes of Canadaand in the islands of the West Indies.

I conclude, by mentioning that this earthquake power is in perpetual activity at some point or other of the earth's crust. There are some regions of the globe where tremblings of the earth are felt every hour for months together. If our intelli. gence about earthquakes were as extensively communicated as that about meteorology, it is probable that we should find that the surface of the earth is always being shaken at some one point. This fact announces a great geological principle, which implies that the outward crust of the globe is incessantly affected by the agencies of the subterranean depths below.

LESSONS IN GERMAN.-No. XI.

SECTION XXI.

THE possessive pronouns mein, sein, &c., as already seen (Sect 15), are rendered absolute possessives by means of the characteristic endings er and es (§ 58. 4.)

I. The possessive pronouns are likewise converted into absolute possessives by prefixing to them the definite article, and suffixing the terminations e or ige. Ex.: Mein Hut ist weiß und der tein-e ist schwarz; my hat is white and thine is black. Ihr Band ift reth und das sein-ige ist blau; her ribbon is red and his is blue. The termination ige is the more common.* Observe, that the absolute possessives mein-er, &c., are inflected like an adjective of

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some noun previously mentioned, they refer, in the plural, to II. When the absolute possessive pronouns do not relate to one's relatives or family, and in the neuter singular, to one's Deine or tas Deinige, thy property; bas Seine or tas Seinige, his property. Ex.: Das Meine or das Meinige, my property; bas property; tas Ihre or das Ihrige, her property, your property, or Deinen or tie Deinigen, thy family, &c.; die Seinen or die Seinigen, their property. Die Meinen or tie Meinigen, my family, &c.; die his family, &c.

Allmächtig, adj. almighty; Ei'genheit, f. peculiarity;

Fehler, m. mistake,

error;

General', m. general; Gett, m. God; and, f. hand;

EXERCISE 21. Hemd, n. shirt; Kutscher, m. coachman; Nehmen, to take; Ob'late, f. wafer; Schicksal, n. fate, destiny; Schloffer, m. locksmith; Schlüssel, m. key;

Sowohl als, as well
as;
Stempel, m. stamp ;
Wajchfrau, f washer-

woman; Weltmeer, n. ocean; Wiese, f. meadow; 3wischen, between.

* In the same way are treated Deiner, Deine, Deines, thine; and einer, Seine, Seines, his.

They may likewise refer (when the connexion makes the application evident) to dependents, as servants, soldiers, subjects, &c.

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I have mine (or my own). Every man prizes his own (property).

Does every man likewise love his family?

1. Hat der Gapitän sein oder des Generals Schwerdt? 2. Er hat das feinige. 3. Haben Sie meine Scheere? 4. Nein, ich habe die meinige. 5. Wer hat meinen Stock? 6. Herr S. hat ihn. 7. Hat meine Schwester Ihren Regenschirm? 8. Nein, sie hat den ihrigen. 9. Hat der Schloffer meinen Schlüssel? 10. Nein, er hat den feinigen 11. Hat die Wasch frau die Hemden meines Bruders und meiner Freunde? 12. Sie hat so wohl die seinigen, als die ihrigen. 13. Alle Menschen haben ihre Fehler und Eigenheiten—ich habe die meinigen, Sie haben die Ihrigen und er hat die feinigen. 14. Golt ist allmächtig; die Schicksale des Menschen sind in seiner Hand, auch das meinige und das deinige. 15. Das Weltmeer ist zwischen mir und den Meinigen. 16. Hat Herr A. Ihr Papier oter tas meinige? 17 Er hat das seinige. 18. Mein Bruter hat mein Buch und ich habe das seinige. 19. Hat er Ihre Oblaten und Stempel oder die sei20. Er hat die meinigen. 21. Wessen Wagen hat Ihr guter nigen? 22. Er hat den seines Oheims. 23. Und wessen Pferde Freund, Herr G. hat er? 24. Er hat die meinigen 25. Messen Kutscher hat er? 26. Er hat den seinigen. 27. Wessen Schaafe sind diese in der Wiese? 28. Sie sind die unsrigen. 29. Haben diese Deutschen ihre Pferte und ihre Wagen, oder die unfrigen? 30. Sie haben die unfrigen. 31. Wessen Bücher haben diese Schüler? 32. Sie haben die ihrigen. 33. Nehmen Sie immer das Ihrige? 34. Ja, Jedermann nimmt das Seine. 35. Wann haben Sie die Ihrigen gesehen? 36. Ich habe sie vorgestern ge sehen. 37. Haben Sie mich und die Meinigen gestern Abend in dem Con cert gesehen? 38. Ja, ich habe Sie und die Ihrigen gesehen. 39. Der Feldherr lobte die Seinigen.

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in the nominative, as when in an oblique case. Ex.: Das Buch welches ich habe; the book which I have. Das Buch, welches hier ist; the book that here is (is here). In compound tenses the main verb immediately precedes the auxiliary. Ex.: Das Buch, welches ich gehabt habe; the book that I had have (have had). Das Buch, welches ich haben werte; the book that I have shall (shall have). The same position of the verb is required, when the second of two connected clauses is introduced by a conjunction or au adverb. Ex.: Ich kaufte es, weil es wohlfeil ist; I bought it because it is cheap. Er wohnt nech, wo er gewohnt hat; he still resides, come if he is not sick (he comes, if he is not sick). Er kommt, wenn er nicht krank ist; he will I. Derjenige (that or the one) always points to something specified by a relative in a succeeding clause. It is compounded of the substantive pronoun der, die, das and jener with change of termination. It is frequently used instead of ver, vie, or das stead of tas), was (Sect. 70. II) er achtet; he loves only that for the sake of greater emphasis. Ex.: Er liebt nur dasjenige (inwhich he esteems.

where he has resided.

Derjenige is inflected like der meinige (Sect. 21.), that is, its first component is declined like the definite article and its last like an adjective of the New Declension.

DECLENSION OF derjenige, SINGULAR AND PLURAL.

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The genitive of Welcher" is only used interrogatively in the masculine and neuter singular, and is Weffen" whose, of whom, or which.

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N. Welcher,

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than mine. 3. I have lost my letter-stamp, but here is yours. Dessen, Wem gehören

D. Welchem,

and his. 4. To whom belong these beautiful meadows, area. Welchen,

bas

they yours? 5. No, they are not (the) mine; they are the Eigenthum property of my friend the coachman. 6. Have you his key or denjenigen

Wann

mine? 7. I have neither his nor my own, but that of my wife. entreckten Dieb an dem welches trug 8. They discovered the thief by the shirt which he wore, and which was not his own 9. When did you see your (friends) ? seit jüngsten Ja 10. I have not seen them since last summer. 11. He loves too sehr much his (property). 12. Have you seen me and mine, and gestern Abend Uhr Henry and his, last night between seven and eight o'clock in the Allee

avenue?

der

Examples of welcher (interrogative
Welcher Mann ist krank?
Derjenige, welcher im Hause ist.
Welche Feder haben Sie?

Ich habe diejenige, welche Sie gehabt
haben.

Wessen Buch haben Sie?

welchen, to whom, &c. ;
welche, whom, which, that.
and relative) and derjenige.

Which man is sick?
The one who is in the house.
Which pen have you?

I have the one that you have

had.

Whose book have you?

Ich habe das des Mannes, dessen I have that of the man whose

Stock Sie haben.

Welchen Knaben haben Sie das Geld gegeben?

Ich habe es denjenigen gegeben, welchen Sie Brod gaben.

stick you have.

To which boys have you given

the money?

I have given it to those to whom you have given bread.

III. For both derjenige and the relative welcher, the pronoun der may be substituted. Ex.: Der Mann der krank ist; the man that (who) is sick. Welches Buch haben Sie? which book have you? Ich habe das (dasjenige), d a 8 (welches) Sie gehabt haben; I have that (the one) that (which) you have had.

Der, when substituted for derjenige, is in the genitive plural

QUESTIONS. 1. Can you name the different forms of absolute possessive pronouns? 2. What distinguishes both classes in form and declension? 3. What do absolute possessive pro-berer (instead of deren). Ex.: Hart ist das Schicksal derer nouns refer to in the plural, when they do not relate to a preceding noun? 4. To what in the neuter singular? 5. Can you give examples? 6. What is the substance of the note?

SECTION XXII.

In compound sentences, connected by a relative, the verb stands at the end of the last clause, as well when the relative is

(derjenigen), die sich nicht ernähren können; hard is the fate of those, who cannot support themselves.

The use of derjenige often corresponds to that of our personal pronoun, as well in the singular as in the plural. Ex.: Dec. jenige den Sie suchen, ist nicht hier; he that (whom) you seek is not here. Diejenigen die Sie suchen, sind nicht hier; they (those) whom you seek are not here.

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