Euclid: see Thomson's edition, Prop. H, Book VI., where it is made to rest on Prop. XXI., Book III. Perhaps our geometrical correspondents may yet accomplish its demonstration within the limits of the First Book of Euclid.-A SUBSCRIBER, W. G. (Birmingham): Mr. J. Guest, Bull-street, will supply you with the POPULAR ÉDUCATOR, fine or common edition, in parts or numbers. ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. HENRY E. B. should give the preference to English, but he might try the French along with it, if he has time.-F. S. CRAIG (Sheffield): We are willing to do anything in reason for our correspondents; but to ask us to correspond in phonography is too much.-DOUGALL CHRISTIE (Glasgow): The first part of his paradoxical question has been put beSELF-TAUGHT (Duke-street) has made a good choice of studies, Engfore, p. 256, and has not been answered.-An esteemed correspondent lish, Arithmetic, and Geology: a most useful language, the most useful, takes us politely to task for apparently misleading our readers, by allow-pure, or exact science, and an interesting mixed science to relieve the ing them to suppose that it is possible to find the square of £99 198. 113d! former. Go on and prosper.-THEOPHILUS (Shrewsbury): See p. 161, Now, we must say that we made no remark whatever about the square line 44, and p. 162, No. 26.-GENTILHOMME: Très bien.-M. J. (Norof this quantity; for we entirely agree with him in saying that it is wich): His case is very hard; but we admire his determination. All Nichol"utterly absurd;" yet we deny that it is absurd to multiply this sum by son's works are useful to carpenters. Consult John Weal's "Catalogue of itself! And, in order to put the matter to the test, we propose a question, Architectural Books."-J. P. K. (Polygon) wishes to know why a small in which this multiplication will be necessary, and the answer will be portion of Kent is situated on the Essex side of the Thames, opposite to quite free from absurdity. "If £1 in a certain number of years, Woolwich ?-X. X. X. (Liverpool): Punctuation will be included in the becomes £99 198. 114d.; what will £99 198. 11 d. become in the same English Lessons. There is a treatise on "Grammatical Punctuation," period?" Here it will be necessary to multiply the sum in question by by John Wilson, of Manchester.-GULIELMUM: Why not MUS? H. L. itself, and yet it will be no square! Some of our readers will, no doubt, S.: Dr. Freund's Latin Dictionary, just published, is the most complete ; favour us with the answer.-R. C. A. (Gourock) should try the "Cold and Zumpt's Latin Grammar is reckoned the best.-TWO FRIENDS shall Water Cure" for all his ailments.-A LONDON BOY may bind the have Penmanship soon; the POPULAR EDUCATOR will continue by the POPULAR EDUCATOR in Russia leather, and if well done, it will look continued exertions of all its friends.-JAMES KER (Aughnacloy): His very handsome; besides it will preserve the book for a very long period; solutions and queries are good. Measure off from the lower corner of but it is rather expensive.-J. R. (Delph) wishes us to propose a question, the square along the side to the right, a part equal to the hypotenuse of originally proposed by Sir Isaac Newton: "If 12 oxen will eat 34 acres No. 2, and through its extremity draw a parallel to the side of the of grass in 4 weeks, and 21 oxen will eat 10 acres in 9 weeks; how largest square, p. 239.-JOHN INGLIS (Aberdeen): The final e is always many oxen will eat 24 acres in 18 weeks; the grass being supposed to sounded in German, with some trifling exceptions, such as Sie, Die, grow uniformly in all the cases?"-A Lover of the POPULAR EDUCATOR &c.-B. P. (Islington): Smart's Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary is (Brecon) should write to the "Head Master of King's College School" reckoned among the best. Some other languages must come before at once for the information he requires. There can be no doubt that a Dutch; but not till those in hand are brought to a close.-JAMES prospectus will be sent on application.-STUDIOSUS (Newbury): The WILKINSON (Earby): We shall assist him in his question for the good common phrase "were you" is quite correct, and "was you" quite of all, if he will send us the name of the book, and the page, from wrong. Lessons in Composition are already given by Dr. Beard. The which it was taken.-JOHN BAXTER (Acomb) may trust us on the best rule for the acquisition of the pronunciation of geographical proper subject of Religion.-A Birmingham Subscriber, whose signature is names is, to listen to the conversation of an enlightened traveller or illegible, is informed that the person-endings are the same for every merchant.-B. D. S. (Bradford): 26 numbers will make the first verb of the same conjugation.-J. W., jun. (Gateshead): Any Latin volume.-H. H. S- -E (Lynn): The following are some subjects that dictionary will do.-J. H. and H. H., two subscribers at Chorley, are might be discussed in a "Young Men's Society." 1. What is the informed that the distance between the meridians on the globe diminishes nearest relation to any individual of the human race, who has reached from the equator, where it is greatest, to the pole, where it is nothing. A the years of maturity, and has performed all the functions and duties ship in passing from one meridian to another makes the same difference required by nature and religion? 2. What are the causes of the dis- of longitude in whatever part of the globe she may be, but she has a respect so generally shown by children to their parents, and to aged much greater distance to sail near the equator than near the poles.-J. persons in general, in modern times, and in civilised and Christian T. (York-street): You may say cheese when speaking of a large quantity; countries, as compared with what we read of in ancient times, par- but you must say cheeses when speaking of number or variety.-A ticularly in the sacred Scriptures and in the authentic history of heathen GRATEFUL SUBSCRIBER should study English Grammar before phononations; and, especially, looking at the example of the Saviour? (Luke graphy, and learn it well before he meddles with that art. Our correii. 51.)-W. S. H. (London): Thanks for his suggestion as to the geo-spondence informs us that the students of phonography are the worst graphical planisphere.-WILLIAM HOARE (Grosvenor-square): We writers of English, whether it be as regards penmanship, spelling, intend to give lectures on Algebra, when the questions in the Arith-grammar, or politeness, with one amiable exception at Newcastle-uponmetic will be explained. A SCHOOL ASSISTANT (Reigate): Natural history commonly denotes the science which gives us a history and description of animals, and traces their peculiar habits, qualities, and uses. Physiology is the science of the different functions of which life is the manifestation, as respiration, circulation, nutrition, &c. It is divided into animal and vegetable physiology; and, still further, into human, which relates to man; and comparative, which relates to inferior animals and to vegetables. On classification our correspondent is referred to the POPULAR EDUCATOR, p. 88. We are now treating the order carnivora; the other orders will follow in due course. LATIN.-W. MCP.: The Latin moods do not in all cases correspond with the English; the diversities will be made clear in due time. The translation is correct.-SANS-MAITRE: The imperfect tense denotes an action continued or repeated in past time. In the given sentence, absolutus est is in the perfect, because it denotes one simple act; while accusabatur is in the imperfect, because a continued state or condition is intended.-POOR DOCTOR'S BOY is informed that the first person plural is often used when one person only is meant; the great we of reviewers is merely I under a cloak of dignity; so the Queen says we when she means herself alone.-P. 275, 2nd col., lines 55 and 56 from the top, for perfect read future. T. N. B. (Southgate): The best books on Botany are Loudon's "Encyclopædia of Plants," Lindley's "Elements of Botany," and his "Introduction," also Balfour's "Manual."-M. Y. F. (Bristol) should study Dr. Beard's Lessons both in Latin and English in preference to a variety of other lessons. On poetry we can give no advice; poeta nascitur, non fit.-R. M. STUDENS (Fife): Riddle's Dictionary (128.) contains both the Latin-English and the English-Latin parts. You may get it through any respectable bookseller.-J SOWDEN: His demonstration of query 4, p. 111, is very good, and would have been inserted but for its length. The same proposition is demonstrated in Bland's "Geometrical Problems," Sect. 4, No. 40, in a shorter manner; but it depends like his upon the lemma, that "the three perpendiculars drawn from the three angles of a triangle to the opposite sides intersect each other in the same point." This is demonstrated in several well-known editions of Tyne. England comes from the Saxon Engla-land, which meant the country of the Angles in the south of England. These uniting with the Saxons conquered the south of Britain, and gave the name of the small part which they originally possessed to the whole of it. By a wise extension of the name in our day, England virtually includes Scotland, and English is now synonymous with British.-THOS. WATKINSON (Glemsford): The a in amaverim is pronounced like the a in mat. You may get an old copy of Beza's Latin Testament for a shilling at a bookstall. Go on and prosper.-B. D. (Portsea): Capital; success to your endesvours, and those of your shopmates. INDOCTUS (Sutton-in-Ashfield): An F.R.A.S., instead of emoluments, is required to pay money on admission to that honour; and as to requirements, he must, we suppose, have some claim to be considered an astronomer, either from his writings or his observations.-J. P. Y. (Devonport): We have not tried, and therefore don't know.-R. P. HAYES (Chorley): The patent laws are in a sort of transition state; but if he applies to a patent agent, he will get the newest information.J. R. E. (Pudsey): For elocution read "Smart's Practice of English Elocution;" for etiquette, the treatise by Agogos; but fencing we cannot recommend, as we are on the peace side of the question. As to rules for a self-instruction society, we know nothing better than the Apostolic injunction: "We then that are strong, ought to bear the infirmities of the weak, and not to please ourselves."-W. SMITH (Coseley): Thanks for his communication on the construction of lenses. -DISCIPULUS (Hackney); G. E. BINFIELD: The order of Latin words can only be learned from deep acquaintance with the classics; follow Dr. Beard as closely as you can. Homo is used of a man considered as belonging to mankind in general; vir, of a man considered as a member of the state, and fulfilling all his duties to the same.-JOSEPH BLACKLOCK (Wigtown): Thanks for his useful information relating to Alexander Murray.-A. MENKOY (Bradford): Read Cassell's "New and Popular History of Ireland," 3 vols. in one, price 28. 3d.-JOHN SMITH (Leeds): See page 161, col. 1, line 45.-A PUPIL TEACHER (Farnham): Both. Printed and Published by JOHN CASSELL, La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgate-hill, London.-September 4, 1852. LESSONS IN ARCHITECTURE.-No. VI. the wealth, and the vanity of the Romans, led them to increase the number, the magnitude, and the decorations of their edifices to a degree far beyond those of Greece. In the theatre of Marcellus, and in the Coliseum, the Doric and the Ionic styles were both introduced; but the Corinthian style, with its rich ornaments, was most adapted to the taste of the masters of the world; and as if not left by the inventors in shape sufficiently expressive of splendour and magnificence, Fig. 16. THE origin of the Tuscan order of architecture is involved in obscurity. During the era of the kings of Rome, it appears that this order was followed in the buildings of the Romans; but it originally belonged to the people of Etruria or Tuscany; and in that country remains of this order are found, which can be traced to a very remote antiquity. The characteristic qualities of the Tuscan style were solidity and grandeur, features in which it resembled the ancient Egyptian architecture, with less gigantic but more graceful forms. To whom the Etrurians were indebted for their style of architecture cannot now be determined, or whether it originated entirely with themselves; some indeed say that they brought it from the east; but we cannot agree with those who would deprive it of all originality, and assert that it was only the ancient Doric stripped of its finest features. The early Romans who used this style did not invent it, for they were mere warriors and not artists. They adopted from time to time the arts of the nations which they conquered. Hence, first came the Tuscan style, and then the Grecian orders, to be adopted by the Romans. For an example of the Tuscan column see fig. 19. The Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, begun The Pantheon. by Tarquinius Priscus and finished by Tarquinius Superbus, said to have been built by Etrurians, and the tomb of Porsenna, king of that people, were splendid early specimens of this order; but no remains of them are to be found. The column of Trajan, built about a century after the Christian era, and which remains to this day, is considered to be a remarkable specimen of the Tuscan column. After the introduction of the Grecian orders of architecture into their edifices, the Romans chiefly employed Greek artists, and made no alteration upon these orders, except sometimes blending them together in the same building. In general, Fig. 17. they loaded every member of it with ornaments unknown to the Greeks. In the Composite, sometimes called the Roman order, there was especially a profusion of ornament; and there was scarcely a moulding which was not loaded with decorations. When the particular members could receive no more ornaments, they had recourse to varying the outlines of their edifices (particularly their temples) into every shape that could be produced by the union of circular and triangular figures. Specimens of the Roman style of architecture are to be seen in the arch of Titus and the baths of Diocletian; and two magnificent capitals are to be scen in the baptistry of Constantine, which belonged to some elder edifice whose history is now unknown. For a specimen of the column of the Composite order, see fig. 20. In the decline and fall of the Roman empire, Constantine the Great transferred the capital from Rome to Byzantium, and attempted to make the latter rival the former in monumental grandeur by erecting immense public edifices. Here, however, as in Italy, art and science took a retrograde course, and the elegant orders invented by the Greeks rapidly lost their original purity and simplicity. A new style was then grafted on Roman art; the capitals lost their graceful outlines, and assumed cubical forms; the columns were shortened, and the entablature no longer possessed its regular proportions. This style of Fig. 18. The Magdalen. they employed the Corinthian order as the most elegant; and a modification of this order is attributed to them, as the only attempt which they made at originality in architecture; but some are inclined to believe that even this invention was due to some Greek architect. This new order was called the Composite, because it was in fact a compound order, made by the union of the Corinthian and the Ionian orders. The power, VOL I. The Exchange at Paris. architecture was called the Byzantine; its ornamentation was no more that of Rome; it again approached the older Greck style, but shorn of the grandeur and magnificence of the whole, and of the exquisite beauty of its details. The Byzantine style lasted during the period of the Eastern empire, and to this day it is employed by the Greeks in their buildings. From the combined influences of that empire, and the memorials 24 Fig. 19. which Rome still preserved in the first ages of the Christian | fourth or a fifth of its thickness. Pilasters have their bases, era, of the finest periods of her architecture, a variety of capitals, and entablatures with the same parts, heights and prostyles arose, of which the oldest was called the Latin style, jections as columns have; and they are distinguished like them, because it was adopted by the whole of the Latin church. by the names of the five orders of architecture, Doric, Ionic, Numerous examples of this style are to be found in Italy, and Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite. They are supposed to be some in France; such as the churches of St. Laurence-without- of Roman origin, as they only appear in the later periods of the-wall and St. Agnes, at Rome; the ancient bapistry of Greek architecture; and they are much more numerous in the Et. Yean, at Poitiers, &c. This style, in which may be found Roman monuments. Vitruvius calls them parastata because of all the divisions of an order, was preserved entire until the age their standing close to a building or forming part of it. The of Charlemagne, of which the cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle, Greeks, though they did use pilasters in their designs, had a kind and the porch of the monastery of Lorsch are striking proofs. of square pillars at the end of their walls which they called After the reign of this emperor, new innovations and a retro-ante, and which sometimes projected a good way from the grade movement in the forms of the orders of architecture led principal front; they were also at the entrances to a building. to the Romanesque style, in which all regular proportion was Attics were a sort of low square pillars completely abandoned, and in the most of the applications of with their cornices, which originated in Fig. 20. this style the entablature was altogether omitted. From the Athens, and were used in buildings to Roma sque to the pointed style the conceal the roof. These were ranged transition was easy; in the latter the in a continued line, and raised above column departed still more from the the rest of the structure, in front of the rules established by antiquity; it was roof, so as to hide it entirely, presenting a lengthened out of all proportion, and new order as it were, above that of the degenerated into a group of slender pilbuilding. The Greek attics are not now to Lars. Towards the end of the middle be found among the ruins of Athens. ages, the fact of the numerous relaRoman attics are seen in the remains of tions which subsisted between Italy and the triumphal arches, and in the piazza all parts of Europe, and of the continued of Nerva. In the arch of Constantine, existence in that country of the printhe columns are surmounted with peciples and specimens of ancient archidestals, as high as the base of the attic, tecture led to a return to the estaupon which are placed isolated statues. blished rules of the Greeks and the There are various other ancient ruins Romans. This return produced a change which exhibit these attics, but they apin the appearance of architectual monupear to be of different proportions, ments in Europe; this epoch, which some being nearly one-half of the height was called the Renaissance period, of the order. The moderns make the brought back the different orders to reaheight of the attics equal to that of the sonable and true proportions, and archientablature. tecture has continued in this state, with more or less variation, to the present day. In our first page are represented some modern edifices built after the most ornamental of the Greek styles of architecture; namely, fig. 16, the Pantheon or Church of St. Genevieve; fig. 17, the Church of the Magdalen; fig. 18, the Bourse, or Exchange: all in Paris. The church of St. Paul's, London, which we pass every day, unites the Corinthian and Composite orders. Tuscan Order. A series of columns, separate or connected, used in the support of an entablature, is called a colonnade; it receives a specific name, from the number of columns employed; as, tetrastyle, when there are four; hexastyle, when there are six; octostyle, when eight; and decastyle, when ten. The space between the columns, is called the intercolumniation. There are five kinds of intercolumniation,-namely, the areostyle, or thinly set, where the columns are at the distance of four diameters of the column; the diastyle, when they are at the distance of three diameters; the custyle, when at the distance of two and a quarter; the systyle, when at two; and the pycnostyle, or thickly set, when at one diameter and a half. Of these, the eustyle was most generally used by the ancient architects. Other names have been given to the intercolumniation of the Doric order, according to the number of the triglyphs placed over them; as, monotriComposite Order. giyph, when there was one; ditriglyph, when there were two, &c. Coupled, grouped, or clustered columns, appear not to have been used by the ancients, with some apparent exceptions at Rome. It is now time to give an explanation of the terms used in speaking of the different orders of architecture. Among the Greeks an order was composed of columns and an entablature; the Romans added pedestals under the columns of various orders to increase their height. The column is generally a round pillar constructed either to support or to adorn an edifice. Besides columns the Greeks employed human figures to support the entablature. Vitruvius informs us that when male figures were employed they were called Persians, to indicate the contempt in which that nation was held; and they represented these figures accordingly in the most suffering posture, and loading them as it were with the heaviest entablature, that of the Doric order; and when female figures were used, they were called Cariatides, to signify their contempt for the Carians, whose wives had been taken away captive in their Every column, except the Doric, to which the Romans give wars with the Athenians. Some critics doubt the truth of no base, is composed of a base, a shaft, and a capital. The these stories of Vitruvius, and endeavour to account for the base is that part of the column, which is beneath the shaft and origin of the figures and their names in a different manner. upon the pedestal, when a pedestal is used; it has a plinth, a Whether the Greeks invented this mode of supporting entab-member of a flat and square form like a brick, called in Greek latures, or copied it from the ancient Egyptian edifices or from plinthos, with mouldings that represent rings, with which the the tombs and temples of India and Persia, it is needless to bottoms of pillars were bound, to prevent their cleaving. These inquire. Fragments of male figures apparently employed for rings, when large, are called tori, and when small, astragals. the same purposes, have been found among the ancient Roman The tori have generally hollow spaces cut round between monumental remains. each torus, called rundels, scotia, or trochilus. The pilaster is a square pillar used for the same purpose as the column; instead of standing isolated like the column, it is generally inserted in the wall of an edifice showing only a The shaft of the column is the round and even part extending from the base to the capital; this part of the column is narrower at the top than at the bottom. Some architects would give the column a greater breadth at the third part of its height, than at the bottom of the shaft; there is no instance of this being practised among the ancients. Others make the shaft a cylinder from the bottom to the third part of its height, and thus lessen it from this to the top. And some consider that it should begin to lessen from the bottom. The capital is the upper part of the column immediately above the shaft. The entablature is the part of the order above the columns, and is composed of three parts: 1. The architrave* or lower part; 2. The frieze or middle part; and 3. the cornice or upper part. The architrave represents a beam, and lies immediately above the capitals of the columns: the Greeks called it epistylion. The frieze is the space between the architrave and the cornice; it represents the ceiling of the building. The cornice is that which surmounts the whole order; it is composed of several mouldings, which, projecting over each other, are employed to shelter the order from the rain upon the roof. The pedestal is the lowest part of an order. It is of a cubical or prismatic form, and consists of three parts: 1. the base or foot which stands on the area or pavement; 2. the die or middle part which rests upon the base; and 3. the cornice or wave, upon which the column is placed. The use of pedestals appears to have been introduced into architecture subsequent to the loss of political independence in Greece. In the original examples of Greek architecture the columns are generally formed standing on the uppermost of three steps; the temple of Theseus has but two steps. When the Romans elevated the floors of their temples and other edifices, they were obliged to discontinue the erection of front stairs, on account of their inconvenience in occupying so much ground around the building, and to adopt the pedestal or podium raised to a level with the top of the stairs, and projecting to the front of the steps which profiled it on all sides. Vitruvius makes no mention of pedestals, in treating of the Doric, Tuscan, and Corinthian orders; and in treating of the Ionic, speaks of the pedestal as a part of the construction, but not of the order. EXERCISES.-According to this model, form habeor, 1 am possessed; ; terieor, I am frightened; exerccor, I am exercised, VOCABULARY. Despéro 1, despair; augeo, augere auxi, auctum, I increase (E. R. augment); deterreo 2, I frighten from, deter; oppleo, opplere opplevi, oppletum 2, I fill up; jungo, jungere, junxi, junctum 3, Ijoin; vivo, vivere, vixi, victum 3, I live; cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctum 3, I surround; propositum, i, n. a proposition, design; ónis, f. blockade; cognitio, ónis, f. knowledge; subitus, a, um, fossa, ae, f. a ditch, moat; difficultas, atis, f. difficulty; obsidio, sudden; naturális, e, natural; castra, orum, a camp; extemplo, ad. forthwith; strenuè, earnestly, strenuously; postquam, afterwards. EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH Exerceor; exerceris; exercetur; exercebar; exercebaris; exercebatur; exercebor; exercebere; exercebitur; pater curat ut ego, bene exercear; oppletur fossa; curo ut bene exercearis; curo curabam ut bene exercereris; curabam ut filia tua bene exerceretur; ut puer bene exerceatur; pater curabat ut filius bene exerceretur; quis nescit quam praeclaris fructibus animi nostri in literarum studiis augeantur; timemus ne exercitus noster ab hostibus vincatur; omnes cives metuebant ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cingeretur; quum in literis exercemur, animi nostri multarum rerum utilium cognitione augentur; quum subito periculo terremur, non debemus extemplo de salute desperare; virtutis honos nulla oblivione delebitur; pueri in literarum studiis strenue exerciti sunt; metuebamus ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cincta esset; metuo ne milites subito periculo territi sint; strenue exercetor puer; ne rerum difficultatibus a proposito deterretor; boni discipuli student exerceri in literarum studiis; puer bene educatus omnibus placet; hostes territi in castris manent; pueri strenue exercendi sunt. ENGLISH-LATIN. The boys are earnestly exercised; let boys be earnestly exercised; Participle. the boys must be strenuously exercised; the boys will be strenu ously exercised; the boys are streneously exercised; the boys were being strenuously exercised; the boys have been strenuously exercised; the boys will have been strenuously exercised; I take care that the boys are (may be, in Latin) strenuously exercised; I took care the boys were (might be) strenuously exercised; my sisters have been strenuously exercised; the girl will have been strenuously exercised; I fear the city will be surrounded with blockade (blockaded). monendus monitum monitus [esse PERFECT. Plural. monébimur monebimini monebuntur monitus sum monitus sim monitus es monitus sis monitus est monitus sit moniti sumus moniti simus moniti estis moniti sitis moniti sunt moniti sint Architrave is a morgrel term, derived from arche, Gr. beginning or -foundation, and trabs, Lat. a beam. Indicative. Subjunctive. legam leges leget egimus legétis legent Slegi II. FUTURE. Plural. Sing. Sing. I. FUTURE. Plural. Sing. Legit (légĭmus légitis legerim legisti legeris legeril legėrimus legérunt (ére) legérint GERUNDS, legissémus INSTANCES.-After this model write out fundo, fundère, fudi, fusum, I pour; tribuo, tribuere, tribui, tribútum, I bestow; and scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum, I write. VOCABULARY. Duco, ducere, duxi, ductum 3, I lead; pingo, pingere, pinxi, pinctum 3, I paint (E.R. picture); instruo, instruere, instruxi instructum 3, I draw up, form (E.R. instruct); acies, ei, f. a line of battle; vivo, vivere, vixi, victum 3, I live; quoad, as long as; gero, gerere, gessi, gestum 3, I carry on; simulatque, as soon as; excolo, excolere, excolui, excultum 3, I cultivate; corrigo, corrigere, correxi, correctum 3, I correct; comburo, comburere, combussi, combustum 3. I burn; disco, discere, didici, I learn; libenter, willingly; defendo, lefendere, defendi, defensum 3, I defend; coerceo, coercere, coercui, coercitum 2, I restrain, dico, dicere, dixi, dictum 3, I say. LESSONS IN MUSIC.-No. IX. WHILE Our pupils are advancing in their own practical study 2. “What I want," says one of our correspondents, "is to be able to measure to the eye the exact interval the voice is taking." It is just for this purpose that the modulator is provided. The ordinary staff of five lines and four spaces does not measure to the eye the exact interval the voice is taking, because it fails to show pictorially the places of the "semitones" (tonules) of the scale, and, indeed, makes, pictorially, no difference between tone and "semitone." This is, however, a point of vital importance to the learner, and one which should be kept constantly before his eyes. Hence the necessity of some such scale as the modulator offers. The modulator also possesses the advantage of showing not only lines or marks for the notes, but the names of the notes themselves. Our pupils have to use only the middle column at present. In order thus to measure to the eye the interval the voice is taking, our pupil must not be constantly looking from the book to the modulator and from the modulator to the book. He must first learn a few notes on his tune "by heart" and then sing them from the modulator alune, and so on till he can point the whole tune from memory, and without the book. Thus, if he i learning exercise five, let him just read and repeat to himself "DOH, SOH, ME, DOH" several times over. Then let him, laying aside his book, turn to the modulator and sing those notes while he points to them. Next let him learn to point and sing," without book, the phrase "ME, ME, DOH" in the same manner, and after that the whole exercise. Very extensive experience in teaching has made us feel increasingly the importance of requiring the pupils thus to "see," and themselves point out, the intervals they sing on a perfect scale like the modulator. It is only by the pupil will begin at the beginning and faithfully pursue this this painstaking that a real knowledge of interval is gained. If plan, we can promise him that long before he has reached this ninth lesson he will have attained such a facility in "pointing from memory on the modulator" as will make the exercise quite a delightful one to him. "Oh," said a little girl to her mamma, as they were travelling in a railway-train, and a stranger opened a number of the POPULAR Educator, “Oh, mamma, there's a modulator!" "What do you know of the modulator?" said the stranger. "Oh! I know something," was the answer, and the happy child soon convinced the stranger that she knew something" by singing and "pointing" as she sang several of the tunes she had learnt at school. Upwards of a hundred and fifty adult pupils from various classes in London last season took "certificates of proficiency," implying the I defended the city; the soldiers defended the city; they will de- ability to sing plain music at first sight, and every one of them fend the city; they have defended the city; they were writing; he has written a letter; no one doubts that you will write a good sing and point on this scale from memory a large number of was required to bring proofs to the examiners of his ability to letter; take care to write a letter; the teacher takes care that his scholars write good letters; I have written a letter to-day; the ene-behind the others in this vital exercise of self-discipline. tunes. Let not our pupils of the POPULAR EDUCATOR be mies will draw up (their) line of battle; the soldiers have burnt the city, I have read the letter which thou wrotest; I fear that the ene- 3. Many of our correspondents want to know "whether they mies will blockade the city; correct that boy; the master will take can learn the Music Lessons without the aid of a friend to set re to correct his scholars; tell (narro) me what thou saidst to thy the pattern." A large number of cur pupils are, no doubt, "; restrain thy desires; we ought to restrain our desires; a like one of them who says, "I have naturally a good ear for ) restraining his desires is loved; strenuously cultivate thy music, and am able to sing almost any song after hearing it ny son! two or three times." To such persons, very little patterning EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Duximus; duxisti; ducis; ducebam; ducet; ducat; dum ego pingebam, tu scribebas, et frater legebat; hostes aciem instruebant; quoad vives bene vives; si virtutem coletis, boni te diligent hostes aciem instruxerunt; hostes aciem instruent; multas literas hodie scripsimus; bellum atrocissimum gesserunt hostes; Caesar aciem instruxerat; simulatque literas scripserimus ambulabimus; curo ut puerorum animos excolam; curabam ut filii mei preceptor animum exco eret; nemo dubitat quin ego puerum semper diligenter correxerim; metuimus ne hostes urbem combusserint; nemo dubitat quin hostes urbem obsidione cincturi sint; narrate nobis quid parentes scripserint; scribito; disce, puer; boni pueri libenter discunt; miles se fortiter contra hostes defendens, laudatur; cupi ditates coercere debemus. ENGLISH-LATIN. |