through the Latin course as far as the 18th number; but as you have advised, on the production of your Key, that we had better go back again, I have done so; and I am working as hard as my weak head sir, that the system you adopt, and the advice you give, are most excellent, and I hope the youth of my country will appreciate both; and though you and I may not live to see it, your efforts will not, yea, cannot be lost. I am, sir, yours, A JOURNEYMAN GLASSCUTTER. 27th September, 1832. run, and stop, and shout."-"Enough, enough. Now study and strive to apply these instructions."-"Cannot you give me some instances to correct?"-"I do not think the proper way to teach you good English is to put before you instances of bad English; as, how-will let me, throwing forty-three years into the bargain. I do believe, ever, you are accustomed to these blunders, you can hardly be misled by them; probably you may, in my instances of bad English, recognise some old friends, from whose company I advise you to separate yourself now and for ever. Here, however, are some examples of first bad, and secondly good English; correct the former, and parse the latter."-"Parse, what is that?"-"Give the person and number of each instance." Bad English to be corrected and avoided. I gives; they gives; you gives; thou gives; he give; we gives; they runs; he run; William cough; William and Mary coughs; why does they laugh? They does not laugh; I does very well; they does badly; Henry ride well; de Henry ride well? Sarah sing sweetly; the Sunday scholars goes to church; the curate read (present) the lessons impressively? do the clerk pronounce distinctly; you eats like a sloven; they drinks too much. Good English to be parsed and imitated. The girl sings charmingly; the dogs bark; the hen clucks; the wind whistles; the storm rages; the tempest hurries on; you love reading; my father and mother go to church every Sabbath; how will the choristers sing? do the boys sing well? the girls have a beautiful voice; thou singest out of tune; he keeps time very well; I praise diligent scholars; I entreat you to remain here; do you wish me to learn Latin? good boys love learning; here, father is coming; he runs after the hare; hares have swift feet; does he love money? he who loves money is not wise; he learns English; does he learn Latin? they learn German, and you, I hear, learn Italian. CORRESPONDENCE. AUTOBIOGRAPHY. I I am a working man; I received my education at an old-fashioned dame-school, so far as to be able to read, and finished at a master'sschool, where I learned to write. At twelve years of age, I went into the world to assist to get my living; at fourteen, I was apprenticed, and served my time; at twenty-five, I entered the social relationship of marriage, and became a parent; thus, I arrived at thirty-three, without knowing a nouu from an adjective; and having no arithmetic but what my little affairs obliged me to know, and all of the mental kind. thirsted after knowledge,-but how was I to obtain it? I had long desired to know, at least, what chemistry was, even if it was only the meaning of the word. I purchased, at an old book-stall, Pinnock's Catechism, and learned it by heart. I commenced making experiments, and obtained a respectable elementary knowledge, so far as my small means went, making nearly all the apparatus myself; for, as "Opifex" says of the price of globes, so I say of the price of chemical apparatus, it is extortionate. I next learned arithmetic, as far as the commencement of fractions. I also learned so much of English grammar as gave me a knowledge of the different parts of speech; and a slight knowledge of geometry, which I have found most useful in assisting me properly to mark my work. I had always thought it to be the duty of every man calling himself a Christian, to endeavour to learn the originals of his Bible. I began with Latin, learned the Eton grammar, and commenced with the New Testament. Having made some little way with it (as I was given to understand that the Greek must be learned through the Latin), I commenced the Greek. See how crude all this was! I was labouring hard, both physically and mentally, all to little or no purpose, for the want of a proper guide; for there was no POPULAR EDUCATOR then! If I had had that valuable guide, I could have systematized my studies so as to have made them profitable. But I plodded on, making but little progress, when domestic affliction overtook me; my health failed, and I was under medical treatment for twelve months, being strictly forbid even to study; thus was my educational course put to an end. Not liking, however, to forget what I had learned, I purchased a Greek and Latin Testament, in whose company I spend an occasional hour or two. I wish to know your opinion of my copy; it is an Amsterdam edition, by "Johannes Leusden," with the Latin version of " Arias Montanus." In reading it, I find the Latin differs from the Greek very often in the cases; the Latin nouns being sometimes in the ablative case, while the Greek noun is in the dative case. I am aware that, in the Greek, the dative and ablative are mostly alike; but in the Latin, the ablative is put, where it is evident that it is the dative in the Greek. I have also found the ablative in the Latin put for the genitive in the Greek. On Sunday, I was reading the 11th chapter of Matthew, and found, in the 2nd verse, to desmoteris, rendered in carcere; in the 11th verse, Ioannou tou Baptistou, rendered Joanne Baptista; and in the same verse, autou,rendered illo; but in the 12th verse, John Baptist in the Latin, agrees in case with the Greek; why not in the preceding verse? I have taken in the POPULAR EDUCATOR, and have gone [The edition of the New Testament, mentioned by our correspondent, is a very good one, and better than many which have been published since. The discrepancies in syntax which he mentions, are due to the difference in the idioms of the two languages. The Greek noun is generally considered by scholars to have no ablative, the dative being always used instead. There are some learned men, however, who still consider that the Greek has an ablative, and that it is the same with the dative; this we believe is the case with the authors of the Port-Royal Greek Grammar, a French work translated into English by Nugent, and now rather scarce. At all events, as one of our correspondents justly remarks, the addition of the ablative to the cases of a Greek noun would greatly simplify the syntax of that language in many cases, especially such as those above mentioned. It is a rule in Latin that "the cause, manner, and instrument are put in the ablative," and the same rule might be admitted into the Greek. As to the use of the genitive in the Greek for the ablative in Latin, as above exemplified, this is easily ac counted for; the ablative is used with comparatives in the Latin, but with the genitive in Greek. Now, in the 11th verse of the 11th chapter of Matthew above mentioned, the phrase is, a greater than John the Baptist. In the 12th verse of the same chapter, the Greek and Latin construction agree, because the rule in both languages is that "one noun governs another in the genitive;" the expressiou being, " From the days of John the Baptist."] SOCRATIC METHOD. SIR, I observe a letter from a James Adamson, in a late number of the EDUCATOR, wherein he gives an unfavourable opinion of the Socratic method of disputation. Now, I also have happened to read said treatise on Grammar, in which said example and rules of disputation are given, and they seemed to me MOST ADMIRABLY suited for their professed purpose, viz., to confute or SILENCE an adversary, and find out the truth; and in proof of this assertion, I now cite those rules. As I have not the book in my possession at present, I cannot give the exact words, and for the same reason, I cannot give the example, but what will be given will suffice. 1st. To make yourself appear as the scholar-your opponent as the master-put not yourself forward as equal to him, but the reverse. Appear as though you were wishing to learn something from him. Remark-the value of this rule is obvious-by your appearing as the scholar, your opponent cannot challenge anything that you say; he can ask you for no proofs, &c.; for, by setting himself up as a master, he must be prepared to give those, not to demand them. 2nd. If he uses any word or words of doubtful meaning, or which you do not understand, insist upon his giving a complete explanation of said word or words. This is a most important rule. Let not one word escape to which there is the least chance of a wrong meaning being attached; for a great many men have accustomed themselves to use words which they do not perfectly understand, or if they have an idea in their mind of its meaning, are not able to express that meaning in words, which makes the matter no better. By this plan of insisting on a clear definition of every word as aforesaid, you will soon silence your opponent, or expose him as an ignoramus, who uses language he understands not. When I say silence, I mean that he will get so confused by the numberless explanations required, and questions asked, that he will be obliged to give it up. 3rd. To examine into the several parts of the proposition he advances-and require him to give you an explanation of the foresaid parts-and for a clearer view of the subject, you should use metaphors and similes, and ask him whether he means this or that? Lastly, ask him what arguments he has to give in support; then if there are any words in said arguments, insist upon their meaning; and in short, examine the arguments in the self and same manner as the proposition. I have thus given a rough sketch of the Socratic method of disputation, and can any one deny that it is most admirably suited for the purpose of confuting or silencing an opponent? Can any one wonder that Franklin was so much enamoured of it? I hope you can find room in your periodical for this letter, as I would wish all the readers of the EDUCATOR to be acquainted with it; it is so efficient and so simple. I am sorry you have no expressed intention of giving a course of Logic. It is a most important art. If working men were well acquainted with it, they would not be so easily led astray by political sophists as they are. I am, sir, your obedient servant, JOHN SCOTT. Glasgow, 30th September, 1852. 120 ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. STUDIOSUS (Greenwich): The absurdity in the algebraical question or puzzle arises from supposing and y equal at one time, and unequal at another time. By mu tip ying your equation by the cube of you may prove that this cube is equal to nothing; and a thousand other absurdities may be proved in the same way. Dr. Galle was the first man who saw Neptune. I suppose this is discovery!-EDAX SCIENTIAE (Carlisle): Thanks for his intelligent letter. As to Ex. 3, Prop. XX., Cassell's Euclid, draw a perpendicular from one of the given points to the given straight line, and produce it beyond the given straight line until the part produced be equal to the part between the point and the straight line; then join the extremity of this produced part to the other given point, and it will cut the given straight The key will be supplied in the Lectures line in the point required. on Euclid in the P. E.-G. F. A. SPILLER (Canterbury): Received.-F. MILLER (Wandsworth): We strongly advise him to study the Lessons in English and in Penmanship, in the P. E., for a long time before he attempts to study bookkeeping,-and we ought to add the Lessons in Arithmetic.-W. J. C. F. S. (Aberdeen) ought decidedly to continue the Lessons in Penmanship. As to pens, he must find out which are the best by trial; this is all we can do ourselves. His French is at fault both in spelling and meaning. As to removing blots of ink out of paper, we believe some of our correspon. dents will send us a well-tried recipe.-EUCLID (Warrington) is informed that salient is a term applied to the angles of any polygon when they jut out from the two points in the figure from which their legs are drawn, and thereby enlarge the space within the figure; and re-entrant is a term applied to the angles of any polygon when they jut in from the two points in the figure from which their legs are drawn, and thereby diminish the space within the figure. SELF-TAUGHT (Duke-street) should make 9 mos. the 2nd term, because 5 mos., being a longer time, it requires less principal to produce the same interest in this time than it would require to produce it in the former time.-W. C. (Weston-super-Mare): We are not lawyers, and therefore we don't know.-JEUNES HOMMES (North Shields): The Royal Astronomical Society of London.-D. H. (Driffield): Try the Art of Thinking," by Lord Kames, or the "Improvement of the Mind," by Dr. Watts, and then try Whateley's or Watt's Logic, as preparatory to the works you mention. JOHN SHARPE (Halifax): That the understanding and the affections do not always go together on many subjects is a very trite truism; and this is all that is meant by the quotation from Hudibras.-G. W. R.: Spiers or Boniface.-J. WALKER (East Bourne) has not come up to all the requirements of the question.-JOHN LILLE (Salop): See Young's "Introduction to Algebra," p. 75.-MINISTER (Charleston): Merely an introductory one.VEXED: Geometry would be a good study with English. We shall endeavour to meet his wishes as soon as possible.-J. O. (Hampstead-road): The "French Manual" is not at all like the Lessons in the P. E. In negative sentences pas is sometimes emitted; this omission implies a feeble negation. -M. J. (Belfast) has thoroughly misunderstood us.-A PAISLEY YOUTH should study Arithmetic, Geometry, Architecture, and subjects connected with them.-J. J. R., and MARTIN PUZZLEDWIT (Burghead): Received.-J.G. THORNLEY (Ballyclare) shall be answered.-F. G. B: See page 16, col. 1, last sentence.-11. 1. (Manchester): In his solution of R. C. Typo's problem we do not see the origin of the point m.-IGNORAMUS: See the "Popular Educator Almanack," article headed "Arts and Sciences."-DISCIPULUS (Bywell): We know of no such tu d. JOSEPH MAINE (Wells) is right as to the inaccuracy of the passage in the Lesson in Physiology, but wrong as to the little word "number" but really we cannot dispute the matter without taking up more space and time than it is worth. He is quite welcome to have his own opinion.-M. H. (Birmingham): The different parts of maps may be coloured in any manner that produces the greatest contrast in the colours of adjacent countries, as the colouring is used merely for the sake of distinctness.-STUDIOSUS (Cork): His case, alas, is too common; we wish we could meet it; perhaps the articles on the Philosophy of Study may go a great way in the required direction; what is wanting when they are finished we shall endeavour to supply. -HENRY PARTRIDGE (Aldersgate-street): Analysing what?-T. T. RHODES (Aldersgate-street): The velocity of light is about two hundred thousand miles per second, and of sound about eleven hundred feet per second. If a penny were dropt from a tower 400 feet high, it would reach the ground in about five seconds.-E. K. and J. S. (Huddersfield): Proper names only require to begin with capital letters, in general; but the names of particular subjects are often written in the same way in order to attract attention; there is, however, no particular rule to be observed, but the intention of the writer.-A KNOWLEDGE SEEKER (Mid-Lothian): It cannot be true that 5 grains of calomel would have the same effect as 10 grains; unless it were a case in which such small quantities of calomel would have no effect at all. But beware of calomel!-J. MCLARTY (Greenock): Right.-JAMES JOHN (Lambeth): Wrong.-W. HICKS (Lambeth) should apply to some Mechanics' Institution, say the London, near Chancery-lane.-A SUBSCRIBER (Broughton Astley) will oblige us by sending his private address, and a distinct account of what he wishes us to recommend.-ISAAC LOWTHIAN (Brompton) wishes a simple solution to the question, "At what time between 7 and 8 o'clock are the hour and minute hands exactly in opposition and in the same straight line?"-AN ENQUIRER (Newcastle-on-Tyne) shall be answered when he sends us an account of the system he has adopted. J. OSBORNE (Wolverhampton): We regret that we cannot approve of the lines he has sent us.-T. C. LATHBRIDGE (Fitzroy-square) must be in joke; we cannot see the slightest connexion between popular education and curly hair!!-J. H. (Hull) must make himself master of Cassell's Arithmetic, and of Dr. Beard's Lessons in English in the P. E. Perseverantia vincit omnia, i. ., Perseverance overcomes all things.-J. A. (Edgware-road): Uncle Tom's Cabin (shilling edition) may be had to any address by sending 18 penny stumps to this office.-W. A. (South Molton): Logic and Rhetoric as But study Whateley in the mean time.-J. C. T. (Newbridge): Tenns vary. As to education, English, Mathematics.-R. BROOKS (Massloy): "Geologie par M. Huot," 2 vols., about 1,500 pages, with an atlas of 21 plates, 19 francs; or a small work by the same in 1 vol., 24 francs. A. (Leeds) should study the definitions Book III., Cassell's Euclid. Arithmetic may or may not be studied with Geometry. A case of instruments is pot necessary to the study of theoretical geometry, such as Euclid's Elements. Boon as we can. This study is a great strengthener of the reasoning powers. Mechanics The term W. S. M.: The words area, superficies, superficial contents (or rather content), are all synonymous as applied to the surface of a plane figu e measured according to some standard unit of surface. quantity may be applied to such a surface, but only in a very general manner; that is, in the very same way in which it may be applied to anything weighed or measured, and not without reference to one of the preceding words in the context. The term equal is used in mathematics in several senses. Thus in geometry, it is applied to two figures which are equal in all respects, both as to their sides, their angles, and their areas; sec Cassell's Euclid, Prop. IV., Book I. It is next applied to two figures which are equal only in one respect, viz., in their areas; see Prop. XXXV., Book I. It is also applied to solid figures which are equal as to capacity or volume, but are not symmetrical; that is, which have not all their parts similar and similarly situated with respect to each other. The term diagram is applied to any drawing or simple outline of any figure whatever; thus the mere drawing of a straight line is called a diagram.-THOMAS R. (Glasgow): The nominative us, 4th declension, is short, and the genitive us is long, being a contraction of uis; accordingly, emphasis should be put upon the genitive termination.-CYMRO: Be content; rules will be given for the arrangement afterwards. Several dicti naries have already been recommended in the Notices to Correspondents; see the back numbers. The P. E. is put in cloth binding for 18.-TRUTH SEEKER (Bishop Auckland): We don't know. PHONOGRAPHIC REPORTER (London): Thanks.-B. S. (London): We don't know.-PUBLICO (Farnby): The 2 rem." in the 15th question of Inv. Prop. Walkinghame, is of I nail, because it is 2 nails to be divided by 3. This inquiry shows the propriety of teaching fractions before proportion as in Cassell's Arithmetic.-AGRICOLA (Belfast): A second Lesson on the Philosophy of Study will appear. There is not the slightest reason for discouragement, because the order of the words in your Latin translation differs from that in the key; to us the order of the Latin in the best writers appears exceedingly arbitrary. Dr. Beard will no doubt clear this matter up roon. We are always disposed to remove every serious difficulty, in the way of any of our students; but we do not see the force of your objection to Prop. VII., Book 1. Your demonstration of Cor. 2, Prop. XXXVIII., Book I., is quite correct. LITERARY NOTICES. ALL NOW READY. Price 1s., beautifully printed, super-royal 8vo., THE UNCLE TOM'S CABIN ALMANACK; or, THE ABOLITIONIST MEMENTO FOR 1853.-The most complete work on the question of slavery that has hitherto been published. Everybody who has read" Uncle Tom's Cabin" should possess themselves of a copy of this book, which more than verifies all the statements in Mrs. Stowe's thrilling narrative. This work is splendidly Illustrated by George Cruikshank, Esq.; J. Gilbert, Esq.; W. Harvey, Esq.; H. K. Browne, Esq. ("Phiz"); and other eminent artists; and contains upwards of 70 pages super-royal 8vo., replete with the most stirring incidents-Lives of Escaped Negroes; the Workings of the Fugitive Slave Law; Annecdotes, Narratives, and Historical and Descriptive Accounts of American Slavery. The sale already is very large, nearly 20,000 copica having been disposed of in a fortnight. ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR ALMANACK, Thirty splendid Engravings, 61. POPULAR EDUCATOR ALMANACK, Notices and Essays on Education, 2d. TEMPERANCE ALMANACK, Tale by the Authoress of Uncle Tom, &c., 21. PROTESTANT DISSENTERS' ALMANACK, with new Historical Notices, &c. 6d. CASSELL'S ELEMENTS OF ARITHMETIC, 1s. paper cover; 1s. 6d. neatly bound in cloth. Printed and Published by JOHN CASSELL, La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgata hill, London.-November 20, 1852. LESSONS IN ARCHITECTURE. - No. XI. PRIVATE HOUSES. not appear that this construction always answered the purpose; and in Seneca, mention is made of the annoyance to which the neighbours were subject from the disorderly conduct of those persons who changed night into day by indulging in the false refinement and late hours of the age in which he lived. In the Roman houses, also, there appears to have been, after the Eastern fashion, a remote or inner court for the apartments of the females, accessible only by an outer court for those of the males, and of the servants. The information conveyed to us in the works of Vitruvius has received singular illustration and confirmation within a period less than a century, from the excavations at Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabia, cities which were overwhelmed by a tremendous eruption of Vesuvius, in A. D. 79, and which contained houses built and inhabited by Romans belonging to the age of Vitruvius. These excavations exhibit curiously paved streets, having the tracks of carriagewheels marked on them; and houses built of brick and rubblework put together with mortar, all the materials being of very inferior quality, except the interior coating of plaster, to which Fig. 39. Fig. 38. extraordinary cases, no less than four hundred slaves under a single roof. The height of private houses at Rome was restricted by the Emperor Augustus to seventy feet; but the irregularity of the city became so great, that, in one sense, its conflagration by Nero turned out a public good. For, being passionately fond of building, this made way for his architectural plans, and rendered Rome afterwards a regular and splendid city. Notwithstanding these improvements, there was a great want of conveniences in the private architecture of the Romans. There was a general absence of chimneys and of windows; and the only light received in the rooms was through an aperture formed in or over the door. In these respects, therefore, they were little removed from the rude cottages of the poor, still to be seen in the remote parts of our own country. One reason for the neglect of comfort in their private dwellings was, that they were not a domesticated people; they lived in public, and for the public; and House of the Renaissance period. their society was to be found in the Forum and public porticoes. A military people are sure to be thus circumstanced; and France, at least in Paris, since the first revolution, has presented a similar spectacle to the observer. Her inhabitants live in cafés, and in clubs or societies, but not at home. House of Francis I. they appear to have been chiefly indebted for their durability. This plaster was composed of lime and pounded marble, a substitute for stucco, and by its use a perfectly smooth and polished surface was obtained, nearly as hard as marble. With this kind of stucco, the smallest apartments at Pompeii are found to be lined; and this lining is painted with various and brilliant colours, and embellished with subjects either in the I centre, or at equal distances, like panels. Painted imitations of variegated marbles, forming, perhaps, a species of scagliola, also decorate the walls of their houses. Few blocks of real marble are found, except in monuments and public buildings; though, in imitation of the wealthy Romans, the Pompeians inserted pieces or slabs of this material in their walls, and employed art to give them higher tints than those they possessed by nature. They also discovered a method of veining slabs with gold; and leaves of this metal covering the beams, walls, and even roofs of the houses, were introduced in great profusion. They covered their floors with cement, in which small pieces of marble or coloured stones were regularly imbedded in geometrical forms; and in their best rooms they used mosaic (inlaid work) with ornamented margins and a device in the centre. 'The doors of their houses, being formed of wood, have been reduced to 35 charcoal by the burning lava, and of course are found in an incomplete state; they turned on pivots, and were fastened by bolts which hung upon chains. Bedsteads are found, made both of wood and iron; but their beds were made generally of carpets and vests, spread upon the ground. The articles of household furniture and convenience found in these remarkable ruins, are utensils of every kind in silver, brass, stone, and earthenware, with vases of every size and adapted to every use; trumpets, bells, gridirons, colanders, saucepans, some lined with silver, kettles, ladles, moulds for jelly or pastry, urns for keeping water hot on the principle of the modern tea-urn, horn-lanterns, spits, and, in fact, every article of kitchen or other furniture used by us, except forks; chains, bolts, scourges, dice (some said to be loaded); a complete toilet, with combs, thimbles, rings, paint, pins, earrings, pearls, &c. But for more enlarged details, we must refer to the work of Sir William Gell and J. P. Gandy, entitled "Pompeiana." In fig. 36 there is given representation of one of the excavated houses of Pompeii. The excavated towns above mentioned being small, furnished specimens chiefly of houses inhabited by Romans of the middle and lower classes. At Rome itself, the excavations of the villa Negroni have made us acquainted with the nature of purely Roman houses, and of the higher class. To this may be added the following description, by himself, of the winter residence of Pliny the younger, &t Laurentinum, situated at the distance of seventeen miles from Rome, which gives us a more distinct conception of the villa of a wealthy nobleman of that city : that which looks towards the sea they are double the number of those next the garden. Before this portico lies a terrace, perfumed with violets. On the upper end of the terrace and portico stands a detached building in the garden, which I call my favourite; and, indeed, it is particularly so, having been erected by myself. 1: the terrace, the other has a view of the sea, and both lie exposed contains a very warm winter room, one side of which looks upon to the sun. Through the folding-doors you see the opposite chamber, and from the window is a prospect of the enclosed portico. On that side next the sea, and opposite the middle wall, stands a little elegant recess, which, by means of glass doors and a curtain, is either laid open to the adjoining room, or separated from it. Adjoining to this is a bed-chamber, which neither the voice of the servants, nor the murmuring of the sea, nor even the roaring of a tempest can reach. This profound tranquillity is occasioned by a passage which separates the wall of the chamber from the garden; nexed to this is a small stove-room, which, by opening a little win and thus by that intervening space every noise is excluded. Andow, warms the bed-chamber to the degree of heat required Beyond this lie a chamber and antichamber, which enjoy the sun, though obliquely, from the time it rises till the afternoon." The houses of princes, and the palaces of emperors, occupied a great extent; and besides baths, gymnasiums, and gardens, they had sometimes attached to them a basilica, a theatre, or a circus. Before the establishment of the Roman dominion in Gaul, the inhabitants, according to Vitruvius, lived in huts of a cylindrical form, covered with shingle or thatch; and, in Normandy, many vestiges of these are still to be found. The Romans gave to those people whom they conquered their religion, laws, and customs; and the Gauls then built their "My villa is large enough to afford all desirable accommodation houses like those of Rome. Numerous villas, or countrywithout being extensive. The porch before it is plain, but not houses, and rural engineering residences, were to be seen in Gaul; mean, through which you enter a portico in the form of the letter many of these houses, as well as those built in towns, were D, which includes a small but agreeable area. This affords a very constructed of wood placed on foundations of stone. Erected commodious retreat in bad weather, not only as it is enclosed with in a climate different from that of Italy, the Gallo-Roman windows, but particularly as it is sheltered by an extraordinary pro- houses, especially in the northern parts, were warmed by subjection of roof. From the middle of this portico you pass into an terranean flues, called hypocausts. During the first ages of inward court, extremely pleasant, and thence into a handsome hall, the monarchy, houses in Gaul or France were made of wood, which runs out towards the sea. On every side of this hall there exactly similar to those of the Roman period. In a description are either folding doors, or windows equally large, by which means of the palace of Attila, given by the Byzantine historians, you have a view from the front and the two sides, as it were, of some valuable information is to be found on this subject. Some three different seas; from the back you see the middle of the houses in stone, erected during the Roman period, are still to court, the portico, and area; and by another view you look through be found in France, with façades very similar to those of the portico into the porch, whence the prospect is terminated by the woods and mountains which are seen at a distance. On the left- modern erection. In the towns of the south, and of the centre hand side of this hall, somewhat farther from the sea, lies a large of France, such as Nismes, Perigueux, Metz, and Cluny, there drawing room, and beyond that a second of a smaller size, which remain some ancient specimens of this kind of architecture; has one window to the rising and another to the setting sun. The and there are some also in Germany and Italy. In the 13th angle which the projection forms with this drawing-room retains century the Gothic style was used as much in private as in and increases the warmth of the sun; and hither my family retreat monumental or public architecture. In the town of St. Yrieix, in winter to perform their exercises. Contiguous to this is a room there is a very fine house built in this style; and others are forming the segment of a circle, the windows of which are so found at Montpazier, in the department of the Dordogne. placed as to receive the sun the whole day; in the walls are con- Rural constructions, farms, and granges, are found at Meslay tained a set of cases, which hold a collection of such authors whose in Touraine, and near Coulommiers. Both in the 14th and works can never be read too often. Thence you pass into a bed- 15th centuries, wooden houses were common all over Europe. chamber through a passage, which, being boarded, and suspended over a stove which runs underneath, tempers the heat, which it Fig. 37 is a representation of one of these, of which many receives and conveys to all parts of this room. The remainder of specimens may be seen in England. The stories of these this side of the house is appropriated to the use of my slaves and houses were executed in corbel, that is, projecting one over freedmen; but most of the apartments are neat enough to receive the other, an arrangement by which the upper rooms were any of my friends. In the opposite wing is a room ornamented in enlarged, but which rendered the lower stories unwholesome, a very elegant taste; next to which lies another room, which, the light and the air being prevented from entering freely into though large for a parlour, makes but a moderate dining-room. the rooms they contained. This system of projecting stories Beyond is a bed-chamber, together with its antichamber, the is proved to be of Oriental origin, from the circumstance that height of which renders it cool in summer, as its being sheltered it did not make its appearance in Europe until after the time on all sides from the winds makes it warm in winter. To this apartment another of the same sort is joined by a common wall. of the Crusades. This system, which was proper in the East, From thence you enter into the grand and spacious cooling room for defending the lower part of the house from the light and belonging to the bath, from the opposite walls of which two round heat of the sun, was absurd in climates where these were basins project, sufficiently large to swim in. Contiguous to this is always welcomed as delightful visitors. After the 13th centhe perfuming room, then the sweating room, and next to that the tury, houses were constructed so that the gable-end of the roof furnace which conveys the heat to the baths. Adjoining are the fronted the street; and in the middle ages, "to have the gable two little bathing rooms, fitted up in an elegant rather than a costly to the street" indicated the right of citizenship. Built withmanner. At the other end is a second turret, in which is a room out a regular plan, these houses were, owing to the arrangethat receives the rising and setting sun. Behind this is a large repository, near to which is a gallery of curiosities, and underneath stairs were constructed outside, and in front of the building; ment of the windows, both dark and inconvenient within; the is a spacious dining-room. It looks upon the garden and the ride and in the recesses thus formed, turrets were built, which in which surrounds the garden. Between the garden and this ride is a banquetting room. Two apartments run round the back of it, the 15th century were greatly multiplied, and added to their the windows of which look upon the entrance to the villa, and into decoration. Wooden façades were generally more decorated a pleasant kitchen-garden. From hence an enclosed portico ex- than those constructed of stone; the posts, the beams, and tends, which, by its great length, you might suppose erected for the the panels, were covered with a profusion of sculpture in wood; use of the public. It has a range of windows on each side, but on the roofs were decorated with elegant crests and graceful spires, surmounted with whimsical weather-vanes. During duration, durability; viritim, man for man, among he men; Numa, as, the Renaissance the outward appearance of houses, as well as m Numa, the Roman king of that name; Janus, i, m. Janus (Dianus), their internal accommodations, were greatly improved; the a Roman divinity. façades became more regular, and wood more rare; and when EXERCISES. LATIN-ENGLISH, used, it was mixed with brick and stone. From this period, Templum Jani bis post Numae regnum clausum est; si ridére sculptures were spread over the fronts of houses with less concessum sit, vituperatur tamen cachinatio; si concesseris esse profusion, and with more taste. There are many specimens Deum, confitendum tibi est, ejus consilio mundum administrari; of houses built in the Renaissance style, in France, Germany, in omnium animis Dei notionem impressit Deus ipse; magna vis and Italy, as well as in England. The ancient towns of est conscientiae, ut qui peccarint, poenam simper ante oculos verRouen and Moret, in France, furnish some of the finest sari putent; virtutes ita copulatae, connexaeque sunt, ut omnes examples; and in fig 35, there is a representation of a house modios ac totidem olei libras, trecenos quoque nummos viritim omnium participes sint; Caesar populo praeter frumenti denos of this kind at Rheims. Since that time to the present day, divisit; qui diffidit perpetuitati bonorum suorum, ci timendum est, private architecture has extensively improved; the outward ne aliquando, amissis illis, sit miser; Plato duas partes animi, appearance of our houses has become less fantastical, and the iram et cupiditatem, locis disclusit; iram in pectore, cupiditatem interior arrangements more convenient. Within the present subter praecordia locavit; omnis Gallia in tres partes divisa est; si century the improvements in private edifices have partaken of quis imprudens (without intending it) te laeserit, non decct ei the progress of the arts, and are as great in their decoration irasci; si vitae molli et effeminatae te dederis, brevi tempore omnes as in their adaptation to the comfort of human life. To the nervi virtutis elisi erunt; cur me elusistis? nescisne a perfido amico illustrations of this article, we have added (in fig. 39) a me delusum esse? histrionibus qui heri praeclare partes suas sugrepresentation of the house in Paris, occupied as a resi- tinuerunt, omnes spectatores applauserunt; Epicuri de vitâ beatâ dence by Francis I., King of France, who ascended the throne multi qui in pecuniâ corrasâ vitae filicitatem collocatam esse putent. sententia ab omnibus acutioribus philosophis explosa est; sunt in 1515. LESSONS IN LATIN.-No. XXXIII. DEVIATIONS IN THE THIRD CONJUGATION. a. The stem ends in d or t; e. g., claud, mit. i. Claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum, I shut. The compounds have clūdo, clūsi, clūsum; as includo, I shut up. ii. Divido, dividere, divisi, divisum, I divide. iii. Laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum, I injure. The compounds have līdo; as, illīdo, illīdere, illise, illisum, I strike against. iv. Lūdo, ludere, lusi, lusum, I play. V. Plaudo, plaudere, plausi, plausum, I clap my hands. So applaudo, I signify approbation by clapping; the other compounds have ōdo, osi, osum; as explodo, I drive out by clapping hands. 1 ENGLISH-LATIN. My house was shut yesterday; I will shut thy house; the temple is being shut; the temple will have been shut; the boy has been shut out of the school; they concede that there is a God; they must confess that there is a God; God has impressed an idea of himself on all minds; I will divide a hundred bushels of wheat (among them), man for man (100 bushels to each man); are not the virtues united together? he who distrusts in God, must fear that he may sometime be miserable; dost thou distrust in God? good men yield to the will of God; the mouse gnaws the meshes of the net; spectators will applaud good actors; the ships get away out of the enemy's hands; are you ignorant that Gaul is divided into three parts VOCABULARY. abroad; defigere, to fasten (in aliquâ re); transfigere, to pierce, stab Concludere, to enclose; confluere, to flow together; difluère, to flow deflectere, to bend down, turn on one side; demergere, to sink, to let down; emergere, to come up (out of the water), emerge; detrudere, to push down; extrudere, to push out; discutere, to scatter, frustrate; dispergere, to scatter abroad; dispicio, spexi, spectum, to open the eyes; exagitare, to torture; exanimare, to kill, pass., to lose one's life, die; exsibilare, to hiss off; fugare, to put to flight; ut primum, as soon Both as; hasta, ae, f. a spear; nebula, ae, f. a cloud; clypeus, i. m. a shield; stimulus, i. m. a goad; caligo, inis, f. darkness; salvus, safe, saved; mobilis, e, moveable; quondam, formerly; dissipo 1, I spread abroad; apud Mantinéam, at the battle of Mantineam. vi. Rado, radere, rasi, rasum, I graze, shave (E. R. razor). vii. Rodo, rodere, rosi, rosum, I gnaw, slander. viii. Trūdo, trudere, trusi, trusum, I thrust. ix. Vado, vadere (no perfect, no supine), I go. perfect and supine are in the compounds; as, evado, evadere, evasi, evasum, I go out, get away. X. xi. xii. Cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, I yield. Quatio, quatere (no perfect), quassum, I shake. The compounds have cutio, cussi; as, decutio, decutere, decussi, decussum, I shake down. b. The stem ends in g, c, or ct.. xiii. Mergo, mergere, mersi, mersum, I dip. xiv. Spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsum, I scatter, sow. Compounds, spergo, spergere, spersi, spersum; e. g., conspergo, I sprinkle. XV. Tergo, tergere, tersi, tersum, I wipe. Another form of tergeo, tergere. xvi. Figo, figere, fixi (ficsi), fixum, Ifix, fasten. xvii. Flecto, flectere, flexi, flexum, I bend. xviii. Necto, nectere, nexui, nexum, I tie, knit. xix. Pecto, pectere, pexi, pexum, I comb. xx. Plecto, plectere, plexi (rare), plexum, I weave. may be placed, also, these two : Here xxi. Premo, premere, pressi, pressum, I press. Compounds, primo; as, comprimo, comprimere, compressi, compressum, I press together. xxii. Fluo, (stem, fluvo; noun, fluvius, a river), fluere, fluxi (fluxus as an adjective), I flow. VOCABULARY. EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Te in tantum luctum et laborem detrusum esse graviter doleo; cur aedibus istum extrusisti? spero amicum aegrotum c morbo evasurum esse; si animus e corpore evasérit, tum demum vivet et vigebit; sole orto, caligo discussa est; omnia pericula, quae urbi impendebant, ducis fortitudo et consilium discussit; Marius senile corpus paludibus demersum occultavit; animus coelestis ex altissimo domicilio depressus, et in terram quasi demersus est; leges perlongum tempus hostium vi dimersae, tandem emerserunt; Deus immortalís sparsit animos in corpora humana; omnia quae nunc artibus conclusa sunt, quondam dispersa et dissipata fuerunt; Epaminondas apud Mantinéam gravi vulncre cecidit; Epaminondas Lacedaemonios superavit; Epaminondas salvus ne esset clypeus interrogavit; Epaminondas quum superasset Lacedaemonios apud Mantineam, atque ipse gravi vulnere exanimari vidéret, ut primum dispexit, interrogavit salvus ne esset clypeus; quum salvum esse a flentibus suis audisset, rogavit, essent ne fugáti hostes; quum id quoque audivisset, evelli jussit eam, quâ erat transfixus, hastam ; alia omnia incerta sunt, cadúca, mobilia; virtus est una altissimis defixa radicibus; Cicero omnes curas cogitationesque in reipublicae salute defixit; qui semel a veritate deflexit, ei ne verum quidem dicenti fides haberi solet; non credo te unquam de virtutis suas via deflexurum esse; dic cui hanc coronam nexueris; ingens hominum multitudo in uibem confluxit, ludos publicos spectatum. ENGLISH-LATIN. Where will Marius hide himself? Marius has hidden himself in the marsh; will the soldiers hide their bodies in the marsh; the minds of men have been let down from heaven to the earth; the men who were sunk have come up; the soldier loses his life by that spears; the dying soldier opened his eyes and asked if the enemy were scattered; all other things but God are perishing, God remains, and ever will remain, fixed in the deep (altus) roots of his own life; the young man has turned aside from the way of virtue; dest thou Committere, to commit, do; concedere, to concede, grant; connectere, to connect, put together; conradère, to scrape together; deludere, to delude, 'deceive; eludere, to insult, scoff at; discludere, to shut apart, separate; elicere, to dash against; imprimere, to print, impress; copu-heavy wound; I saw two men die in battle, being pierced with lare, to bind in couples, to bind together; locare (in. and abl.), to place; libra, ae, f. a pound; modius, i, m. a bushel; regnum, i, n. a reign; praecordia, orum, n. the diaphragm; cachinnatio, onis, f. a loud laugh; histrio, ónis, m. a player; perpetuitas, átis, f. perpetuity, |