LESSONS IN PHONETIC SHORT-HAND.-No. I. By ALEX. MELVILLE BELL, F.R.S.S.A., Professor of Elocution and Vocal Physiology, Member of the British Phonetic Council, Author of the" Principles of Speech and 1. All the articulations (consonants) are represented by straight or curved lines, written—either upwards or downwards, backwards or forwards, as may be most convenient-in one of other of the following directions : In the present day, arts that economise time are of the first | articulations, namely, p-r-t, and can only be distinguished importance; and especially to be esteemed are those that do so one from another either by the insertion of the appropriate vowel in connexion with intellectual pursuits. Of this nature is the marks, or by some clear indication of the relative positions of art of stenography, or short-hand writing. This study has the vowels and the articulations. By a novel principle of always possessed strong attractions for the youthful student; writing the articulations so as to show the vowel positions, and the comparatively few persons whose perseverance has without inserting vowel marks or adopting a single arbitrary given them facility in its use have ever been loudest in praise character, we are enabled to furnish a means of perfectly disof its advantages. It is emphatically an art of which may be tinguishing all such words in their "articulate skeleton." said, that "the more you know it, the better you will like it." Its fascinations are less felt at the outset than on a more thorough acquaintance; its difficulties are chiefly rudimental, giving way before industry with a most encouraging rapidity. The benefits of short-hand writing are by no means limited to the professional reporter: all classes of the community, literary, commercial, or mechanical, may share in the many advantages of this economiser of time and labour, this sharpener of the faculties, this hand-maid of taste and ingenuity. To none is this art of more consequence than to the working man, enabling him, as it does, to jot his fleeting thoughts, or to treasure up knowledge for future reference, on scraps of paper, and in scraps of time. The following system is simple in its theory, very brief even in its full alphabetical writing, easily written, and easily read. It is called phonetic (from the Greek phone, a sound) because it is founded not upon letters but upon sounds; words being spelt for writing by analyzing their pronunciation. Thus in the words debt, psalm, wright, &c., the ear recognises no b in the first, nop or l in the second, no w, g, or h in the third, but simply d—t, s—m, and r―t. These letters, then, form what is called the "articulate skeleton" of the word, requiring but the filling in of a sign for the different vowels to complete a perfect representation of the spoken word. The elements of speech are vowels,-open throat-sounds,and articulations (from the Latin articulus, a joint)—close conjunctions of the various parts of the mouth. These latter are more commonly called consonants (from the Latin con and sonans, sounding together) from their presumed incapacity of being sounded without the aid of a vowel. In this work we shall use the term articulation in preference to consonant, the latter being associated with a faulty definition, and one especially at variance with the art of reading from our short-hand characters, which very often requires the "consonants" to be "sounded alone." Of these elements of speech, articulations are the more various in kind, the more fired in use, and the more characteristic in the representation of words; and vowels are the more fluctuating in dialects, and the less distinctive, either as sounds or as etymological signs. In short-hand writing, therefore, more attention is paid to the former than to the latter class of elements. Indeed, to one who writes or reads a language with the phraseology of which he is familiar, the insertion of vowels may be, to a very great degree, dispensed with, if care be taken merely to indicate where vowels do, and where they do not, occur. This has been attained, hitherto, in short-hand, only by the use of vowel points or dots, the omission of which was fatal to perspicuity, often rendering the MS. altogether unintelligible even to the writer himself. The reason of this will be evident when it is considered that such words as part, prate, parrot, apart, upright, and operate, all contain the very same VOL. II. Slanting from left to right. Up and down 10) Slanting from right to left. 10) Across the page or horizontal. the direction slanting from right to left; those which are formed 2. Those letters which are formed by the lips are written in by the middle or back of the tongue, are written in the direction slanting from left to right; those which are formed by the point of the tongue raised, are written in the direction up and down the page, or perpendicularly; and those which are formed with the tongue flat (the sibilant, S and Th) are written across the pages or horizontally. 3. Straight lines are appropriated to those letters-called “ obstructives”—that shut the mouth and obstruct the breath in their formation, thus: k. P, 4. Curved lines denote those letters-called "continuous"— that are formed by near approach only, or by partial contact of the organs, and do not obstruct the breath in their formation, f, &c. thus: 'th, sh, 5. The letters of the alphabet are of two kinds, phonetically considered, that is, with regard to their mode of utterance, as formed of whispered breath or of sonorous voice; the "breath" letters consisting of simple puffs or hisses of breath from the mouth, as p. f, s, &c.; and the "voice" letters, of the same oral breathings, accompanied by a murmuring effort of voice from the throat, as b, v, z, &c. The following are all the simple forms of articulation divided into these two classes : Breath Letters: F, S, Sh, Th (as in thin). Wh, Yh, P, T, K. Voice Letters: V, Z, Zh, Th (as in then), W, Y, B, D, G ; L, R, M, N, ng.. 6. The breath letters are represented by thin hair-stroke lines; and the voice letters by the same forms written comparatively thick and heavy, thus: Z; T, D; K, G (hard); S, F, V; &c P, B; the mouth in the same obstructive positions as for B, D, G, while 7. The letters M, N, ng (called "nasals"), are formed with the voice from the throat issues freely through the nose. 8. The nasal passage of the breath is indicated by a small ring, which aptly represents a nostril; and to this a very short straight line is added to denote the obstructive position of the mouth, thus: M, (formed as B) P N, (formed as D) P ng, (formed as G hard) 40 13. When no vowel precedes the articulations, the characters are written only half size, or as small as possible. They are then to be named, or pronounced without any vowel sound, and simply thus: "p," "t," "k" (a puff of breath from the lips, the point of the tongue, or the back of the tongue): "b," "d," "g" (the same puffs from the mouth, preceded by a murmur of the voice from the throat): "m," "n," "ng" (a vocal sound through the nose, while the mouth is in the position for b, d, or g), &c. &c. 14. S, without preceding vowel, is contracted to a mere kook written in any direction, upwards or downwards, backwards, or forwards, thus : 17. The ring letters, when no vowel precedes them, are represented by the ring alone. 18. The ring is placed on the convex side of curve lines for m, and on the concave side for n, without preceding vowel, thus: Analysis. Key. Analysis. Key. m-us mess m-ul-t melt heathen 22. The reason that a loop rather than a ring is necessary with straight lines is to be found in the fact before explained, that the nasals" (m, n, ng), are of the same oral formation as the “obstructives" (b, d, g), and consequently are represented in full by a short straight line after the nasal ring; so that a ring before a full-sized straight line would signify a full-sized nasal, followed by a half-sized obstructive, thus: 8. Inchoatives. THOSE verbs are called inchoatives (from the Latin inchoo, I begin) which denote a commencement, or a transition from one state into another, with special reference to the idea conveyed by the roots from which they are severally formed; e. g., vetus is old; accordingly the inchoative veterasco means, I grow or become old. Inchoatives are of the third conjugation, and follow the perfect and the supine of their radical verb. i. Inveterasco (Radical, invetěrare), inveterascere, inveteravi, inveteratum, to grow old. ii. Exardesco (R. ardere), exardescère, exarsi, exarsum, to burst into a flame, to burst into anger, break out. iii. Indolesco (R. dolere), indolescère, indolui, indolitum, to feel pain. iv. Revivisco (R. vivěre), reviviscère, revixi, revictum, to live again, to revive. v. Concupisco (R. cupère), concupiscere, concupivi, concupitum, to desire, (E. R. concupiscence). vi. Obdormisco (R. dormire), obdormiscere, obdormivi, obdormitum, to fall asleep. The inchoatives of the obsolete oleo, olěre, olui, to grow, are formed thus: adolesco, adolescère, adolēvi (adultus, as an adjective, grown up, adult), to grow up; exolesco, exolescère, exolēvi (exoletus, as an adj., grown old, worn out, antiquated), to grow out, grow old, become obsolete; inolesco, inolescère, inolevi (no supine), to grow upon, to add to one's growth; obsolesco, obsolescere, obsolēvi, obsoletum, to grow down, become obsolete. Very many inchoatives want the perfect and the supine, as augesco, to increase, from augeo, augere, auxi, auctum. Here may be placed the inchoatives which are derived from substantives or adjectives, as repueras cère, to become a boy again (puer, a boy) only a small part of them form a perfect in ui, as maturesco, maturescere, maturui, to become ripe (matúrus). VOCABULARY. Coalesco, coalescere, coalui, coalitum, to grow together, unite, coalesce; consanesco, ui, to become sound (sanus) or healthy; convalesco, ui, to grow well or strong (validus); defervesco, bui, to cense fermenting, to cool down (fervidus); illucesco, illuxi, to become bright, to shine forth (as the day); recrudesco, dui, to grow raw (or sore) again, to break out again (intransitive); condemnare, to condemn, with capitis, to condemn to death; permanare, to flow through; advertere, to turn to; auditor, oris, m. a hearer; viscus, ĕris, n. (commonly in the plural, viscera), the bowels; adulterīnus, a, um, false, adulterate; omnis, e, every; rescisco, to come to know find out; imprudens, entis, without knowing it; aborigines (ab and origo), the original natives. EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Crede omnem diem tibi illuxisse supremum; Socratis responso sic judices exarserunt ut capitis hominem innocentissimum condemnarent; ratio, quum adolevit a que perfecta est, nominatur rite sapientia; quaeritur si sapiens adulterinos nummos acceperit, imprudens pro bonis, quumid rescierit, soluturusne sit eos pro bonis; incredibile memoratu est quam facile Romani et Aborigines coaluesanet eam cupiditatem, permauat in venas et inhaeret in visceri rint; quum est concupita pecunia, nec adbibi a continuo ratio, quae bus illud malum; Endymio, nescio quand, in Latmo, Cariae monte, obdormívit, necdum est experrectus; oratori abstinendum ese verbis quae propter vetustatem obsoleverunt; convaluistine tandem ex morbo, quo tamdiu laborasti? illíus orator s ardor animi, qui prius omnium auditorum animos ad se advertebat rapiebatque, jam plane deferbuit; vulnus meum quod jam consanuisse videbatur, nunc recruduit. ENGLISH-LATIN. The last day has shone on thee; has the last day shone on my brother? my father broke into anger at my foolish words; judges should not break into anger; between the Romans and the Carthaginians a terrible war broke out; all things have grown old with our enemies; did you take that bad money for good? I took it without knowing it; I have now found it out, and shall not pay it for good; the Romans and the aboriginal inhabitants soon coalesced; Edymion will fall asleep on the mountain; I have fallen asleep on the pillow; many words have grown old, many words will grow old; your ardour has cooled down (defervesco); my ardour will not cool down; the wound has broken out afresh; my wounds have not healed; I do not know whether my father's wounds have healed. DEVIATIONS IN THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. 1. Perfect in ivi and ui; Supine in tum. i. Sepelio, sepelire, sepelevi, sepultum, bury, inter (E. R. sepulture). ii. Salio, salire, salui (no supine), to leap (E. R. salient). Compounds: silio, silire, silui, sultum; as, assilio, assilire, assilui, assultum, to spring at. i. 3. Perfect in si; Supine in tum. Amicio, amicire (amixi and amicui, both rare), amictum, to clothe. ii. fercio, fersi, fertum, as refercire, to stuff quite fully. Farcio, farcire, farsi, fartum, to stuff. Compounds in iii. Fulcio, fulcíre, fulsi, fultum, to prop, to support. Haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum, to draw up, drink. sanctus, a, um, as an adj., holy), to consecrate, confirm. Sancio, sancíre, sanxi, sancítum (more seldom sanctum; vi. iv. V. Sarcio, sarcíre, sarsi, sartum, to repair, make good, replace. vii. Sepio, sepíre, sepsi, septum, to hedge in. viii. Vincio, vincíre, vinxi, vinctum, to bind, put into chains. 4. Perfect in si; Supine in sum. i. Sentio, sentíre, sensi, sensum, to feel, to be of opinion. VOCABULARY. Consentire, to agree with, consent; dissentire, to disagree; desilíre, to leap apart, to open; transilíre, to jump over; exhaurire, to exhaust indagare, to investigate; dispellere, to drive out, dispel; catena, ae, f. a chain; munificentia, ae, f. liberality; documentum, i. a proof; dumentum, i, n. a place full of bushes; ludibrium, i, n. scoffing, sport; parricidium, i, n. killing of a father, parricide; curatio, ónis, f. healing; explorator, óris, m. an explorer, spy; rector, óris, m. a ruler, director; coetus, ûs, m. an assembly; affluenter, richly; undique, on all sides; desidero 1, to require; vepres, is, m. a briar; probe, well. EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Regis sepulchro haec verba inscripta sunt; probe vixit, improbos vinxit, hostes vicit; hostes victi et catenis vincti in servitutem abducti sunt; imperium justis legibus fultum esse debet; rex, pace compositâ, rempublicam labefactam suâ virtute fulsit; virtus difficilis inventu est, rectorem ducemque desiderat; artes innumerabiles repertae sunt, docente naturâ; vita, si undique referta bonis est, beata dicitur; homines urbes moenibus sepserunt; occultae inimicitiae magis timendae sunt quam apertae; quis est tam miser ut non Dei munificentiam sensĕrit? Dei, induti specie humanâ, fabulas poetis suppeditaverunt, hominum autem vitam superstitione omni referserunt; continuis bellis reipublicae spes exhaustae sunt; quo quis affluentius voluptates undique hauserit, eo gravius ardentiusque sitiet; spero te mecum consensurum esse; Cicero Archimedis se pulchrum septum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis indagavit; fama est ludibrio fratris Remum novos urbis muros transiluisse; Lycurgus nihil lege ullâ in alios sanxit, cujus non ipse primus in se documenta daret; Hippias gloriatus est, pallium quo amictus esset, se manu suâ confecisse; speramus pacem omnia belli damna brevi sarturam esse; unâ victoriâ omnia prius accepta detrimenta sarsit; Caesar ubi per exploratores comperit hostes adventare, protinus milites e castris eduxit; nebula, horâ quartâ sole dispulsa, aperuit diem; Plato Athenis (at Athens) in Academia sepultus est. ENGLISH-LATIN. The king, dying, said I have lived well; I have bound bad men; I have conquered enemies; the soldier being conquered was put into chains; they will be led away into slavery; he props the falling republic; he will prop the falling house; the art of writing has been discovered; they have opened the book; my life has been with the good; I fear hidden enemies; peace being arranged, I shall return home; happiness is difficult to be found; the husbandmen have surrounded the meadow with hedges; the plain is full of brambles and briars; the spies are aproaching; Caesar has learnt from the spies that the enemy are approaching; the rising sun opens the day; they have felt the goodness of God; didst thou make thy cloak with thine own hand? I made with my own hand the cloak with which I am clothed; the healing of the sick man Aspelled my fears; the captive came hither in chains; he was condemned of parricide; bad men are the sport of fortune (in Lat, are for sport to fortune); the house of the ruler of England is richly filled with good things; a good king will repair the injuries of war; the queen drank up (haurio) the cup; they bound the captive; they will come into the city; will they come into thy house? Í hope they will come into my house; they have found by experience that spies are bad men; the senate has confirmed the law; the laws have been confirmed by the senate. CONSTRUCTION AND USAGES OF AGO. Ago is a verb used in a great variety of applications. So various are these applications that they may serve to throw light on the nature of language. Ago must be well understood by those who wish to be familiar with Latin. 7. To hunt: "Ut cervum ardentes agerent canes."-Virgil. "Navim agere ignarus navis timet."-Horace. 11. To levy a tax or tribute (with vectigal) :- "Et spumas aget ore cruentas."-Virgil. 13. To die (with animam) : "Nam et agere animam et efflare dicimus."-Cicero. objects spoken of. Another series of meanings arises from the "Agricola in gloriam praeceps agebatur."-Tacitus. Agunt eum praecipitem poenae."-Cicero. 17. To pursue, persecute : Acerba fata Romanos agunt."-Horace. 18. To plead (with causam):— "Hanc egit causam apud judices."-Cicero. 19. To take an augury (with augurium) :— "Augures agere augurium dicuntur."—Varro. 20. To play (with fabulam); that is, personate a character. Hence, a distinction between facere and agere : "Potest aliquid facere et non agere; ut poeta facit fabulam et non agit: contra, actor agit et non facit; et sic a poetâ fabula fit non 21. To do, to be active, to be engaged generally : agitur; ab actore agitur, non fit."-Varro. "Scipio Africanus solitus est dicere nunquam se plus agere quam quum nihil ageret."-Cicero. This is explained by another version of the anecdote :"Nunquam se minus otiosum esse quam quum esset otiosus."-Cicero. "Aliud est agendi tempus, aliud quiescendi."-Cicero. 22. To effect: "Nihil agis, dolor, quamvis sis molestus, nunquam te esse malum confitebor."-Cicero. "Metu nobis extorquere conantur; sed nihil agunt."-Cicero. 23. To carry on, perform: "Delibera utrum colloqui malis, an per litteras agere, quas cogitas." Ago, agere, egi, actum, of the third conjugation, has for its radical or root-meaning the idea of setting in motion. Hence it is commonly given as denoting to lead, drive, act. But this is-Corn. Nepos. a very rough way of treating the subject. I will give the significations of the verb in the order in which they seem to have arisen. 1. To lead, as a shepherd : "Agit, ut pastor, per devia rura capellas.”—Ovid. 2. To lead, as a poem leads the mind : "Poemata dulcia sunto et quocunque volent animum auditoris agunto."-Horace. 3. To drive, as men are driven out of a country :"Multis millibus armatorum actis ex eâ regione in quam missus erat." -Livy. "Adulteram expellit domo maritus, ac per omnem vicum verbere agit."-Tacitus. 4. With the reflective pronoun to betake yourself, in poetic diction: : "Quo agis te ?"—Plautus. 5. To march (in the passive voice) :— "Si citius agi vellet agmen."-Livy. 6. To plunder, lay waste (with praedas) :— "Quâ pergebat urbes, agros vestare, predas agere."-Sallust. 24. To have in mind, consider :— "Nescio quid mens mea majus agit."—Ovid. 25. To acknowledge a favour (with gratias): "Renunciate gratias regi me agere."—Livy. -: 26. To spend time, pass one's life, &c. :"Pater cum esset infirmâ valetudine, hîc fere aetatem egit in litteris." -Cicero. So, agere custodias, to watch; agere triumphum, to triumph; res agere, to attend to business; agere poenitentiam, to repent, &c. "Quartum annum ago et octogesimum."-Cicero. 27. To make war (with bellum):— 'Qui longe aliâ ratione ac reliqui Galli bellum agere instituerunt." Caesar. "Cum populo agere est rogare quid populus suffragiis suis aut jubeat word; tenir compagnie à quelqu'un, to stay or remain with some sut vetet."- Gellius. "De quo praesens tecum egi diligenter."-Cicero. or any one. 2. Tenir un langage singulier, tenir des propos..., des dis30. To accuse of anything (with accusative of the person, and cours..., would be rendered in English by to make use of singular genitive of the thing): Agitur populi Romani gloria, agitur salus sociorum."-Cicero. 31. To deliver, used of orators : language, to use peculiar expressions, to advance things, &c : Ce jeune homme tient des propos That young man says foolish things. insensés. 3. Tenir is also used in the sense of being attached to, to be tenacious of :I value (i. e. hold to) .my money, my life. Je tiens à mon argent, à la vie. Je tiens à mon opinion. I am tenacious of my opinion. 4. Tenir is also used of a colour which is fast or not: Quae sic ab illo acta esse constabat, oculis, voce, gestu, inimici ut Cette couleur tiendra ou ne tiendra 32. To conduct yourself, to act (with se, as, se agere): "Quanto ferocius ante se egerint, tanto cupidius insolitas voluptates hausisse."-Tacitus. Observe that Agere gratias differs from referre gratias; the former signifies "Semper agis causas et res agis, Attale, semper. One or two conversational and idiomatic usages may be added: Well, be it so ! The instances given show that ago, like our own do, has the widest signification, and may be applied to almost any state or action, whether internal or external, whether of the mind or of the body. Herein it differs from facere, as our make differs from do; for facere is used in the particular sense of giving existence, form, or shape to some outward object. After the same manner it differs from gerere, which is applied to the conducting of anything, as the administration of a government. VOCABULARY. Devius, a, um (de and via), out of the way, by-paths; capella, ae, f. a she-goat; vicus, i, m. a street, tillage; adultera, ae, f. an adulteress: verber, ĕris, m. a scourge, a blow; cito, quickly; agmen, agminis, n. a band, an army (from ago); vineae, arum, f. a cover of hurdles, &c., under which soldiers went up to the breach in a siege; vectigal, vectigális, n. a tax; puma, ae, f. foam, froth; robur, roboris, n. an oak; rima, f. a rift, cleft, chink; taberna, ae, f. (E. R. tavern), a booth, a house made of boards, a shop ; praeceps, precipitis, headlong (prae and caput, "head foremost"); fit from fio, the passive of facio, fio, fieri, factus sum, to be made, to become; otiosus (otium), unoccupied, idle; conor, conari, conatus sum, dep. to endeavour; alius ac, different from; recordo 1, to call to mind; furtum, i, n. a theft; mula, ae, a she ae, mule. LESSONS IN FRENCH.-No. XXXIX. This colour is fast (i. e. holds) or not. 5. Faire tenir is used in the sense of to forward, to send ::Faites-lui tenir cet argent, cette Forward him this money, this letter. lettre. 6. Se tenir, or s'en tenir, conjugated reflectively, may often be rendered by to remain, to abide by, to be satisfied with: 1. Quel hôtel votre frère tient-il? 2. Il tient l'hôtel de l'Europe, rue de... 3. Votre petit garçon se tient-il bien propre. 4. Il se tient bien propre. 5. A quoi vous en tiendrez-vous ? 6. Je m'en tiendrai à ce que je vous ai dit. 7. Ne savez-vous pas à quoi vous en tenir? 8. Je sais parfaitement à quoi m'en tenir. 9. Pourquoi vous tenez-vous debout? 10. Parceque nous n'avons pas le temps de nous asseoir. 11. N'avez-vous point défendu à ces jeunes gens de tenir de tels propos? 12. Je le leur ai défendu. 13. Votre cocher n'a-t-il pas tenu un langage bien insolent? 14. N'avez-vous pas peur de vous enrhumer, en tenant les portes ouvertes? 15. Nous préférerions les tenir fermées. 16. Votre maître vous recommande-t-il de tenir la tête droite? 17. Il me recommande de tenir le pieds en dehors. 1. The verb tenir [2. ir.], to hold, often corresponds in sig-18. Pourquoi votre ami ne vous tient-il pas compagnie? 19. nification to the English verb to keep; tenir un hôtel, to keep a Sa sœur est indisposée; il est obligé de rester avec elle. 20. hotel; tenir table ouverte, to keep open table; tenir sa chambre Votre oncle ne vous a-t-il pas tenu lieu de père? 21. Il m'a propre, &c, to keep one's room clean; tenir la porte, les fenêtres tenu lieu de père et de mère. 22. Regarderez-vous de plus ouvertes, to keep the door, the windows open; tenir les yeux près à cette affaire ? 23. Non, Monsieur; je m'en tiendrai à ce verts, fermés, to keep one's eyes opened, shut; tenir la tête que j'en sais. 24. Ce médecin ne tient-il pas à son opinion? droite, &c., to keep one's head upright; tenir sa parole, to keep one's | 25. Il y tient plus qu'il ne tient à la vie de ses malades. SECTION LXXXIX. |