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He is still (lying) in bed.
I (will) stand at your side (i. e.
to aid).
I should not like (to have) this

man as a neighbour.
He takes my coat as a pattern.
He has gone quite too far in
this matter.

We have Abraham to (our)

father.

bist? 10. Dieser Mantel steht mir besser, als der meinige. 11. Ein Mantel braucht nicht gut zu stehen, wenn er nur warm hält. 12. Wie steht mir dieser Rock? 13. Die Weste steht Ihnen besser, als der Rock.

14. Ich denke diese Handschuhe passen Ihnen nicht. 15. Diese hier werden mir besser passen, denn sie sind etwas größer. 16. Diese Kleidung paßt dem Knaben sehr gut. 17. Steht mir diese oder jene Kappe besser? 18. Es scheint, deine Pantoffeln passen dir nicht gut. 19. Sie kaufen nur Kleider, welche Ihnen gut stehen. 20. Wem gehört dieses Haus? 21. Es gehört entweder ihr oder ihm. 22. Wem sind jene Handschuhe? Pray, go to my brother. The witnesses of thy grief will 23. Sie gehören dieser Frau. 24. Welchem Mädchen gehört dieser Schleier? 25. Zu welchem Schiffe gehören diese Matrosen? 26. Wessen Maulthiere sind diese? 27. Sie gehören mir. 28. Wessen Hut ist dieser auf dem Tische? 29. Es ist etweder der meinige over der seinige. 1. Whose coat is this on the wall? 2. It is either mine or 4. Can you

rise to heaven.

SECTION LIX.

Stehen, when referring to articles of dress, answers to our words" become" or "suit;" as, Der Hut steht ihm nicht; the hat does not become him; whereas paffen signifies, more properly, "to fit" or "set" as, Diese Stiefeln stehen ihm sehr gut, allein sie passen ihm nicht; sie sind zu klein, these boots become him very well, but they do not fit him; they are too small. Anpassen (as also anprobiren) signifies "to try on;" as, er past (or probirt) den Rock an; he is "trying on 1. Sein is sometimes used instead of gehören, to belong. Wem ist dieses Buch? to whom belongs (is) this book? II. Reihe," when employed to denote the order in which anything is to be obtained or done, answers to our word "turn;' as, an wem ist die Reihe? (on whom is the turn?)

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"the coat.

Ex.:

6. Whose turn is it this 8. The turn falls now

thine. 3. Those gentlemen go every day to bathe.
tell me to whom those pistols belong? 5. So far (Sect. 35 IV.)
as I know, they belong to the doctor.
night to watch? 7. It is my turn.
to me. 9. The St. Mark's square in Venice is so clean and
elegant, that it resembles a large assembly-room 10. The
antelope has a figure and height resembling the goat of the
Alps. 11. The life of a man is like a ship, which goes upon
the rolling sea. 12. To whom belong all those beautiful
pictures. 13. They belong to my friend the painter

SECTION LX.

Wie befinden Sie sich? (literally, how do you find yourself?)

whose turn is it?
III. Tag für Tag: day by day; as, Tag für Tag rühmen wir answer to our phrase, how do you do?
Dich; day by day we praise Thee.

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Sich befinden is also applied to inanimate objects, and is then well rendered by "to be." Ex.: Das Buch befindet sich in meinem Zimmer, the book is in my room.

The adjective befindlich is frequently best translated by a re lative clause. Ex.: Das Haus und die darin befindlichen Leute; the house and the people who were in it (literally, the house and the therein being people.)

I. Statt finden to take place. Ex.: Wann fand die Revolution in Baden Statt? When did the revolution in Baden take (find) place?

II. Schuld sein to be in fault; as, Ich bin Schuld daran; I am to blame for it, it is my fault.

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3. S'accorder, to agree, is said also of clocks, watches, &c.
RESUME OF EXAMPLES.

Votre montre va-t-elle bien ?
Elle retarde d'une demi-heure par
jour.

Elle avance d'un quart d'heure par
semaine.

De combien avance-t-elle ?
Je viens de mettre ma montre à
l'heure.

Si votre montre retarde, pourquoi
Ma pendule avance; je viens de la
ne l'avancez-vous pas ?

retarder.

Does your watch go well.
It loses half an hour a day.
It gains a quarter of an hour a week.
How much has it gained?

I have just set my watch right.

If your watch loses, why do you not set it forward?

My clock gains; I have just set it

back.

Quelle heure est-il à votre montre?
Mon horloge sonne les heures et les
J'ai oublié de la monter (or remon-I have forgotten to wind it up.

What o'clock is it by your watch?
My clock strikes the hour and the half

demies.

ter).

Votre montre est dérangée.
Il faudra la faire nettoyer.

La sonnerie en est dérangée.
Votre pendule et ma montre ne
s'accordent pas.

hour.

Your watch is out of order.

It will be necessary to have it cleaned.
The striking part is out of order.
Your clock and my watch do not
agree.

Les pendules à ressort vont mieux Spring clocks go better than weight
que les pendulesa poids.
L'horloge a sonné deux heures.

Arret-er (s'), 1. ref. to

stop.

Balancier, m. pendu

lum.

1. Das in der Zeitung augekündigte Concert wird heute Abend nicht Statt finden. 2. Wollen Sie meine Vitte Statt finden taffen? 3. Ich werre Sie Statt finten lassen, wenn Sie von nun an versichtiger find. 4. Die Demuth kann nicht ohne Gefühl der Liebe des Schörfers Statt finden. 5. Von nun ar ward tie Gegend immer reizender. 6. Wir wollen von nun an zufrieden sein. 7. Daher kam es, daß so viele Unternehmungen mislangen. 8 Er ergriff daher die Gelegenheit, ihm Vorstellungen zu machen. 9. Ihr seit selbst Schuld daran, könnt euch daher nicht beklagen. 10. Karl lernt fiets fleißig, deßwegen leben ihn seine Schrer. 11. ie brauchen deswegen (Sect. 44. V.) nicht böse zu sein, weil ich ihre Fecer gebraucht habe. 12. Der fleißige Schüler überwintet die Schwierigkeiten welche eine jete fremte Sprache hat. 13 Joseph II. war ein aufgeflärter Fürst und der Vater seines Volkes, deßwegen spricht man nech stets mit vieler Achtung von ihm. 14. Ee stig bis auf (Sect. 58.) die Sriße des | Aiguille, f. hand. Berges. 15. Wollen Sie nicht warten, bis Sie Antwort haben? 16. Nein, ich kann nicht länger warten. 17. Da er nicht tableiben wollte, bis ich meinen Brief geschrieben hatte, so mußte ich also glauben, daß er mir diesen Gefallen nicht thun wolle. 18. Alerander besiegte bei seinem Re, gierungsantriit viele Völker und begann also feine Laufbahn mit kriegerischen Thaten. 19. Nach dieser Nachricht kann er also Hoffnung haben, seinen Vater noch einmal zu sehen. 20. 3ch werte Ihnen Alles pünktlich besorgen, Haben Sie darum feine Eergen. 21. Er war nicht zu Hause, reßhalb kornte ich den Brief nicht selbst an ihn abgeben. 22. Nachtem ter Oberst tie Fahne aufgerflanzt hatte, schaarten sich die Seltaten tarum. 23. Be fintet sich Herr N. wehl? 24. Ja, er befindet sich ausgezeichnet wohl. 1. Is there also a monument to Gutenberg, the inventor of the art of printing? 2. Yes, there are two, one is in Mainz the other in Strassburg. 3. Are there naughty children in your 4. Oh yes, there are many. 5. These hoops belong 6. The interment of the Duke of Wellington took place the 18th of November 1852. 7. In the assembly, which took place yesterday, some public-speakers spoke with great enthusiasm. 8. From that time forth he strove for greater fame. 9. He seized the first occasion to convince his brother of the truth of his assertions. 10. Till to day I had not received any answer from him. 11. The rain has wetted us through to the skin, for that reason we shall postpone our voyage to this evening. 12. In former times more wonders and signs took place than in the present time.

school?

to those casks.

LESSONS IN FRENCH.-No. XL.
By Professor LOUIS FASQUELLE, LL.D.
SECTION XCI.

Boite, f. watch case.
Cass-er, 1. to break.
Cadran, m. Jace, dial.
Doubie, double.

ant.

clocks

The clock has struck two.

EXERCISE 181.
Droit, e, straight.
Félé, e, cracked.
Juste, right, correct.

Matin, m. morning.

Perfection, f. perfection.
Plat, e, flat, thin.
Régler, 1. to regulate.

Ressert (grand), m. main-spring. Secondes (montre A) watch with a second hand.

Timbre, m. bell of a clock.

Répétition (montre à) Vite, quick, quickly. 1. repeater.

1. N'avez-vous pas une montre à répétition? 2. J'ai une montre d'or, à double boite. 3. Va-t-elle mieux que la mienne? 4. Elle ne va pas bien, elle retarde d'une heure par jour. 5. Est-ce une montre à secondes? 6. C'est une montre à secondes et à cadrar. d'or. 7. Votre horloge ne sonne-t-elle pas? 8. Elle ne sonne plus, le timbre en est cassé. 9. Pour. quoi ces pendules ne s'accordent-elles pas? 10. Parceque 11. N'avez vous point cassé le l'une avance et l'autre retarde. grand resort de votre montre? 12. Je l'ai cassé en la remontelle est juste; je viens de la faire régler. 15. La sonnerie de 13. Votre pendule est-elle juste: 14. Oui, Monsieur; cette pendule est-elle dérangée? 16. La sonnerie en est dérangée et le timbre en est felé. 17. La petite aiguille de ma montre plate est cassée. 18. Le balancier de votre horloge n'est pas droit? 19. De combien votre pendule avance-t-elle ? 20. Elle avance de cinq minutes par jour. 21. La perfection d'une pendule n'est pas d'aller vite, mais d'être réglée (DELILLE). 22. Votre montre s arrête-t-elle souvent? 23. Elle s'arrête tous les matins. 24. Votre pendule s'est

arrêtée.

EXERCISE 182.

1. Does your watch gain or lose? 2. It does not lose; it goes very well. 3. It loses twenty-five minutes a day. 4. Does your clock gain much? 5. It gains one hour a week, 6. How much does your son's gold watch lose? 7. It loses much; it loses one hour in (en) twenty-four (heures). 8. I have put it forward one hour. 9. I will put it back half an hour. 10. Does not your clock strike the half hour? 11. No, Sir; it ex-only strikes the hour. 12. Have you forgotten to wind up your repeater? 13. I have forgotten to wind it up, and it has stopped. 14. Is your silver watch out of order? 15. It is out of order, and it will be necessary to have it cleaned, 16. What o'clock is it by your watch? 17. It is three o'clock by my watch; but it gains. 18. How much does it gain a week?

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19. It gains more than five minutes a day. 20. Is your watch | Amérique, vous démettriez-vous de votre place? 4. Je serais right? 21. No, Sir; it is not right; it is out of order. 22. obligé de m'en démettre? 5. Y a-t-il longtemps que votre Does your clock strike right? 23. It does not strike right; cousin s'est démis de la sienne? 6. Il y a un mois qu'il s'en the striking part is out of order. 24. Have you broken the est démis. 7. L'ennemi s'est-il emparé de la ville? 8. Il hands of your clock 25. I have broken the hour hand and s'en est emparé. 9. Votre fils se comportera-t-il mieux à the dial. 26. Has the clock struck three? 27. It has struck l'avenir? 10. Il s'est très bien comporté durant son séjour en twelve. 28. It has stopped. 29. Does it stop every morning? Prusse. 11. Vous attendiez-vous à un pareil traitement de sa 30. It does not stop every morning; it stops every evening. part? 12. Je ne m'y attendais pas. 13. A quoi vous atten31. Your watch does not agree with mine. 32. Have you not diez-vous? 14. Je m'attendais à être traité, comme il faut. broken the main-spring of your brother's watch? 33. He has 15. Pourquoi vous êtes-vous moqué de lui? 16. Parceque je broken it in winding it up. 34. My brother's watch is right; n'ai pu m'en empêcher. 17. Si vous laissiez votre écritoire ici, he has had it cleaned and regulated." le paysan s'en emparerait-il? 18. Il s'en emparerait certainement. 19. Votre associé se comporte-t-il bien envers vous? 20. Il se comporte bien envers tout le monde. 21. Qui a remis le poignet à votre sour? 22. Le Dr. G. le lui a remis. 23. M. votre père ne s'est-il pas démis le bras droit ce matin? 24. Il ne se l'est pas démis; il se l'est cassé ce matin à cinq heures.

SECTION XCII.

1. Se démettre [4. ir.] le bras, le poignet, corresponds to the English expression to dislocate one's arm, wrist, to put one's arm out of joint. In this sense se démettre takes no preposition before its object :—

Je me suis démis l'épaule.

Il s'est démis de sa place.

I have dislocated my shoulder.

He has resigned his place.

EXERCISE 184.

2. Se démettre, used in the sense of to resign, to give up, signed it. 3. He would resign it if he went to Germany. 4. 1. Has not Dr. L. resigned his place? 2. He has not retakes the preposition de before its object:Are you obliged to resign your place. 5. I am not obliged to resign it. 6. Has your cousin dislocated his arm? 7. He has him? 9. Doctor F. set it for him. 10. Has not your mother dislocated her wrist? 11. She has not dislocated her wrist; she has broken her arm. 12. Has the enemy seized the

3. S'emparer, to seize, to lay hold of, takes de before its not dislocated his arm, but his shoulder. 8. Who set it for object:

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Il s'est emparé de ce chapeau.

He seized upon this hat.

4. S'empêcher, to prevent one's self, to forbear, to help, takes town? 13. The enemy has seized the town. 14. Will not

de before another verb :

Je ne puis m'empêcher de rire.
Je ne puis m'en empêcher.

I cannot help laughing.
I cannot help doing so.

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Have you dislocated your shoulder?
I dislocated it.

some one lay hold of your hat, if you leave it here? 15.
Some one will lay hold of it. 16. How has your son behaved
this morning? 17. He behaved very well. 18. He always
behaves properly. 19. Do you not trouble yourself uselessly
Did you expect such treatment from (de la part de) your son?
(inutilement)? 20. I do not trouble myself at all (du tout). 21.
22. I did not expect such treatment from him (de sa part).
23. Does that young lady behave well towards her mother?
25. Will you
24. She behaves well towards every body.
behave better in future? 26. We will behave well. 27.
Have you broken your finger (doigt)? 28. I have broken my
thumb (pouce). 29. Could you help going to sleep (de dormir)?
30. We could not help smiling. 31. My sisters could not help
laughing. 32. Why are you uneasy? 33. Because (parceque)
my son does not behave well. 34. Did your father expect to
be well treated? 35. He expected to be treated properly.
36. We did not expect such an answer.

SECTION XCIII.

1. N'importe, an ellipsis of il n'importe, answers to the That young lady dislocated her wrist. English expression "no matter," it does not matter, never mind :— Donnez-moi un livre, n'importe le Give me a book, no matter which. quel.

Who set it for her?

Dr. L. set my sister's shoulder.

Vous êtes-vous démis de votre Have you resigned your situation?
place?

Je m'en suis démis [§ 135. 7].
Nous ne pouvions nous empêcher

de sourire pendant ce récit.

Vous êtes-vous emparé de ce livre?
Je m'en suis emparé.

De quoi vous inquiétez-vous?
Je ne m'inquiète de rien.
Comment ce jeune homme se com-
porte-t-il ?

Il se comporte comme il faut.
Je ne m'attendais pas à une telle
résponse.

Je ne m'y attendais nullement.

A l'avenir, in future.
Bras, m. arm.
Cass-er, 1, to break.

Droit, e, right.

Durant; during
Ecritoire, f. inkstand.

Ennemi, m. enemy.

I have resigned it.

2. Qu'importe? answers to the English phrase what matter? What does it matter? When that expression is followed by a plural subject the verb importer is put in the plural:

We could not help smiling during Que nous importent leurs mur- What de we care for their murmurs ?

that narration,

Have you seized that book?

I laid hold of it.

Why do you trouble yourself?
I trouble myself about nothing.
How does that young man behave?

He behaves properly.

I did not expect such an answer.

I did not expect it, by any means.
EXERCISE 183.
Gauche, left.
Mieux, better.

Paysan, m. peasant.
Prusse, f. Prussia.

Monde (tout le), every Séjour, m stay.

body.

Obligé, obliged.

Part, f. part.

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4. N'est-ce pas ? frequently precedes the assertion:N'est-ce pas que votre frère est Your brother is come, is he not? arrivé?

5. Regarder, to look at, is used in the sense of to concern:Cela regarde votre frère. That concerns your brother.

6. En voul-oir (3. ir.) à quelqu'un, à quelque chose, means to have a design against or upon; a grudge against any one; to be angry with one on account of something:

Traitement, m. treat
ment

Il en veut à notre vie.

Pareil, le, similar, such, Ville, f. city.

He has a design against our life. RESUME OF EXAMPLES.

1. Ne vous étiez-vous pas dénis le bras 2. Je ne me Pourvu que vous veniez, n'importe | Provided you come, no matter which Y'étais pas démis; je me l'étais cassé. 3. Si vous alliez en

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32 5 N.
14° 7' N.

38° 43′ N.

9° 8' W.

14 44' N.

17° 31′ W.

18 56′ N.

72° 54' E.

52° 14′ N.

21° 2′ E.

15, 55, S.

5 45, W.

118 47, E.

91° 20 W.

4. 36' N.

74° 14' W.

29. 58' N.

90° 6' W.

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1. Que vous apporterai-je de Londres? 2. Apportez-nous ce que vous pourrez, n'importe quoi. 3. Lui avez-vous dit d'apporter du velours? 4. Je lui dit d'en apporter, n'importe de quelle qualité. 5. Pourvu que quelqu'un vienne, n'importe qui. 6. Que m'importe qu'Arnaud m'approuve ou me condamne? (BOILEAU.) 7. Vous accorde-t-il votre demande? 8. Il refuse; qu'importe? 9. Est-il satisfait des efforts que vous avez faits? 10. Il n'en est pas satisfait; qu'importe ? 11. Il n'a pas voulu nous recevoir; peu m'importe. 12. Qu' importent les plaintes et les murmures des auteurs, si le public s'en moque (FERAUD.) 13. Qu'importe qu'au hasard un sang vil soit versé (RACINE.) 14. Cela vous regarde; n'estTo construct a Map of the World, consisting of the Eastern ce-pas? 15. Cela ne me regarde pas. 16. Cela ne regarde and Western Hemispheres, as in page 305, vol. I., on the comque moi. 17. Vous leur avez dit que ces affaires ne les regarmon projection, which is done without any regard to the daient pas; n'est-ce pas? 18. Vous m'en voulez; n'est-ce principles of perspective, or the distance of a point of view, is pas-N'importe. 19. A qui en voulez-vous? 20. Nous the simplest thing in the world to him who knows how to make n'en voulons à personne. 21. Nous ne vous en voulons pas. a circle pass through any three points on a plane, which are not in 22. Vous m'en voudrez; n'est ce pas ? 23. En voulez vous àthe same straight line. Lest any of of our geographical students la vie de votre ami? 24. Je n'en veux pas à sa vie. 25. Il m'en veut; qu'importe? 26. Va, César est bien loin d'en vouloir à sa vie ! (VOLTAIRE.)

EXERCISE 186.

1. Which way will your brother come? 2. Provided he comes to-morrow, it does not matter which way. 3. Will he write to your brother? 4. He will not write to him; but it is no matter. 5. Will you not lend me a book? 6. Which book do you wish to have? 7. No matter which. 8. Shall I bring you some silk from Paris? 9. Bring me what you can; no matter what. 10. Does that concern your brother? 11. That does not concern him, but it concerns me. 12. Does he refuse to write to us? 13. He refuses to (de) write; but what does it matter? 14. Bring me a book, no matter which. 15. Your brother will come, will he not? 16. Has he been willing to receive your brother? 17. He has refused to receive him, but no matter. 18. He is pleased, is he not? 19. He is not pleased, but it is no matter. 20. Is that your business? 21. It is my business. 22. It is my brother's business. 23. I have told you that it is nobody's business. 24. Has that man a design against your father's life? 25. He has no design against his life; but he has a design upon his property. 26. Are you angry with us on that account? 27. I am not angry with you for this. 28. Have you a grudge against my friends? 29. I have no grudge against them. 30. That concerns you, does it not? 31. That concerns me. 32. Is that your business? 33. It is very warm this morning; is it not? 34. My sister will come this afternoon; will she not? 35. If she does not come, it does not matter. 36. What is her coming to us?

Fig. 8..

should not know how to do this problem, we shall first show
them this lesson, and then speak about the Map of the World.
Suppose that the three given points are A, B, and C, fig. 8.
Join A B, and B C; that is, draw straight lines
from the point A to the point B, and from the
point B to the point C. Then bisect the straight
lines A B and B C by the straight lines DE
and F G. This is done by taking the points A
and B as centres, and describing arcs of circles
with the same radius (that is, the same stretch
of the compasses) intersecting each other at D;
and, from the same points, with the same radius, or ONE greater
or less than it, describing arcs of circles intersecting each other
at E; then joining the points D and E, that is, drawing the
straight line DE. Next, by taking the points B and C, as
centres, and describing arcs of circles, with the same radius,
intersecting each other at F; and, from the same points, with
the same radius, or ONE greater or less than it, describing arcs of
circles intersecting each other at G; then joining the points F
and G, that is drawing the straight line FG. These two
straight lines D E and F G, must intersect each other in some
point, (unless the three points A, B, and C, are in the same
straight line, which is contrary to our hypothesis),-see CAS-
SELL'S Euclid, Book III. Prop. I. with corollary and exercises;
also, Prop. XXV. with remark on the same; and, Book IV.
Prop. V. with corollary and and remark on the same. Let the
point of their intersection be O, then from O as a centre with
the distance O A, O B, or O C, as radius, describe the circle
A B C and it will pass through the three points A, B, and C,
as required.

Now, for the Map of the World, (see p. 305. vol. I.) draw

&c., in the world, founded on thousands of observations made by the most eminent Astronomers and Navigators; and this table will enable a true student of Geography to lay down the outline of the coasts of almost all the continents, islands, and peninsulas in the Map of the World, to any scale or size which he chooses to adopt. He may then fill up the interior of these with the positions of the most important places of the world, from the tables of latitudes and longitudes usually attached to the ordinary Atlases used in colleges and schools. We shall give, in the course of our own lessons, as correct and extended a list of this kind as our limits will admit. In the meantime we earnestly recommend our students to endeavour to acquire a perfect knowledge of this subject, the Geographical positions of places, that is, their latitudes and longitudes; for if they fail in this point, their knowledge of the world, with regard to the position of its continents, islands, peninsulas, capes, and promontories, as well as with regard to the position of its oceans, seas, gulfs, bays, and lakes, will always be obscure, indefinite, and incorrect; neither will they be able to form any proper notion of the relative distances of important places from one another, or from a central point, such as London or Paris. The doctrine of the Globe is as plain to the well-instructed inhabitant of 50 years' standing in that city. Were it not so, the safety of our commercial relations with our own colonies, as well as with foreign ports and countries in all parts of the world, would rest on a very insecure basis. But thanks to the progress of knowledge in Mathematical and Astronomical science, and thanks to the spirit of activity and mercantile enterprise, not to speak of the desire to explore unknown regions which has wonderfully manifested itself in the present century, the world is now better known than ever it was in any past age, not excepting even the palmy days of Solomon the Great, whose ships went to Ophir, that is, Africa, for gold, and in whose time silver was made as plentiful even as stones in Jerusalem.

two circles of any convenient, but of the same size, and draw in each two diameters 0, 0, and North Pole and South Pole, at right angles to each other, (Eucl. B. I. Prop. XI.); then divide each quadrant of these two circles and each radius or half of the two diameters into nine equal parts. Mark the divisions of the quadrants between 0 and North Pole, and between 0 and South Pole, with the numbers 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80; then it will be understood that at the point 0, the mark is 0 degrees, and at North or South Pole, the mark is 90 degrees. Next, mark the diameters of the two circles which are drawn across the page from 0 to 0 with the word Equator; the centre of the Eastern Hemisphere with 70; and the centre of the Western Hemisphere with 110; then, in the Eastern Hemisphere, mark to the left of 70, the numbers 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 0, 10, and 20; and, to the right of 70, the numbers 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, and 160; these are to denote the degrees of longitude, the first meridian being that marked 0, and the others at 10 degrees distance from each other; the meridians to the right of that marked 0, being in east longitude, and those to the left being in west longitude. Now, in the Western Hemisphere, mark to the right of 110, the numbers 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, and 20; and to the left, the numbers 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 170, and 160; but here it is neces-mariner or geographer, as the knowledge of London is to the sary to remark, that in this Hemisphere, all the numbers are degrees in west longitude, except the last-mentioned two, 170, and 160, which are in east longitude, because these are the continuation of the degrees in the Eastern Hemisphere, to the right, which stopped at that point, viz., 160. The degrees of longitude whether east or west must be limited by 180, because this number extends over one half of the globe either way, and the meridian marked 180, is the continuation of the meridian of Greenwich, that is, the circle which passes through 0°, 180°, and the two poles, in the meridian of Greenwich; there are some, however, who call the semicircle which extends from pole to pole, through any given place, the meridian of that place; and the opposite semicircle, the antimeridian; but it is better to consider the meridian as a complete circle. Lastly, mark the semidiameters or radii of each circle or hemisphere which are at right angles to the diameters marked equator, with the numbers 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80, from the centre of each to the poles north and south.

Now, draw arcs, or portions of circles through the two points marked 80, on the north quadrants, and the point marked 80 on the north radii of both circles, and this will give the projection of the parallel of north latitude of 80° in the northern Hemisphere; do the same in the south quadrants and south radii of both circles, and this will give the projection of the parallel of south latitude of 80, in the southern hemisphere. Next, draw arcs, or portions of circles through the two points marked 70 on the north quadrants, and the point marked 70 on the north radii of both circles, and this will give the projection of the parallel of north latitude of 70°, in the northern hemisphere; do the same in the south quadrants and south radii of both circles, and this will give the projection of the parallel of 70° in the southern hemisphere. Proceed in the same manner until you have projected on the Map all the parallels of latitude in both hemispheres, from 80 to 10 inclusive.

To draw the meridians in the eastern hemisphere, describe arcs of circles through the north and south poles as two points, and through each of the degrees marked 0, 10, 20, 30, &c., of longitude, whether east or west, as the third or middle point, and this will give the meridian of each point so marked, at every ten degrees from 0° to 180°, east or west; these meridians will serve as a guide to the determination of other meridians, and enable the geographer to approximate to the true position of those places which he may wish to lay down on the Map, of which, e has thus drawn the skeleton. By the combined help of the parallels of latitude and the meridians, he may fill up this skeleton Map from a table of latitudes and longitudes, with the names of all the most important places in the world; he may also draw a pretty correct outline of the coast of each continent, by laying down the latitudes and longitudes of as many coasting points as possible from such a table, and drawing a curve through them, as like other Maps of the world as he can; the accuracy of the Map increasing with the number of points laid down according to their latitudes and longitudes. In Norie's Navigation, Table LVI, are given the latitudes and longitudes of the principal ports, harbours, capes, shoals, rocks,

Before concluding this lesson, it may be proper to remark that there are four small circles on the globe, placed among the parallels of latitude, which serve to divide the earth into five zones (from Gr. zonē, a belt) between the two poles. The two smaller circles, which are of the same size, are called the polar circles; the one, the arctic, or north polar circle; and the other, the antarctic, or south polar circle. The two larger circles, which are also of the same size, are called the tropics; the one, the tropic of Cancer; and the other, the tropic of Capricorn. The polar circles are each 23° 28' distant from the poles, when that distance is measured on a meridian; and, consequently, the one, the arctic circle, is the parallel of latitude at 66° 32′ N.; and the other, the antarctic circle, is the parallel of latitude at 66° 32′ S.; because the poles being 90° distant from the equator, we have 90°. 239 28' = 66° 32'.

The tropics are each 23° 28' distant from the equator when that distance is measured on a meridian; and consequently the one, the tropic of Cancer, is the parallel of latitude at 23° 28' N.; and the other, the tropic of Capricorn, is the parallel of latitude at 23° 28' S.; each being at the distance of 66° 32′ from the poles, because, as before, 90°-66° 32'-23° 28'. The origin of these circles was explained in Lesson XIV., page 89, vol. II., and by referring to the diagram on that page you will see that they arise from the different positions of the earth in her orbit or path which she describes in a year in her motion round the sun. The constant inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of the orbit, or the parallelism of that axis to itself in all positions, occasions all the space around the poles to the extent of 23° 28′ from each, to be alternately illuminated by the oblique rays of the sun for six months of the year, and alternately darkened by the absence of those rays for the same period. It also occasions all the space between the tropics and the equator, to the extent of 23° 28′ on each side of the equator, to receive the direct rays of the sun in succession, that is, to have the sun successively vertical to the inhabitants in every latitude, from 0° to 23o 28' N., and from 0° to 23° 28′ S., for a period of six months alternately.

It is plain, therefore, that the spaces between the tropics and the polar circles, can never have the rays of the sun vertical to them; but these rays will be more or less oblique to them in the course of a year-in the former case constituting winter,

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