LESSONS IN LATIN.-No. XLI. By JOHN R. BEARD, D. D. THE DEFECTIVE VERBS. DEFECTIVE verbs are those which are deficient in, or want, certain parts which belong to the model verbs. Already we have met with verbs, as queo, which had not all the usual parts. But there are some which, being very or specially defective, are called "the defective verbs." The distinction may not be very rigid, but in grammar you must not expect the exactitude of geometry. 1. Aio, I say "aye" or "yes," I affirm, maintain :IND. PRES. aio, ais, ait, and aiunt. SUB, PRES. aias, aiat, and aiant. IND. IMP. siebam, bas, bat, bamus, batis, bant (no subj.) These four forms are perfect tenses. Thus, novi is the perfect tense of nosco. In signification the perfect may denote the result of the act spoken of in the present, and that result may in English be expressed by another verb. Thus, as the result of inquiry is knowledge, so novi the perfect of nosco, I inquire into, I became acquainted with, signifies I know. These four perfects, together with the parts derived from them, are regular. Observe that the meaning of the perfect form being in English present, the meaning of the pluperfect will be imperfect, and so on. coepi, I begin novi, I know coeperim, I may noverim, I may odisse, to coepisse, to to be about to be about to to hate osus, hated begin coepturus,about to begin coeptus, begun while (provided that, with subj.); dimidium, i, n, a half; desiderium, i, n, a desire for, feeling of the loss of ; occupo 1, Iseize, take possession of, EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Cato mirari se aiebat quod non ridéret haruspex haruspicem Contraria ea sunt quorum alterum ait quid, alterum negat; quum vidisset; sus, ut aiunt, docet Minervam; tu ais, ego nego; negat Epicurus quenquam qui honeste non vivat, jucunde posse vivere; quasi ego id curem quid ille aiat aut neget ; illul quaero quid ei qui in voluptate summum bonum putat, consentaneum sit dicere; sive tu hoc ais, sive negas, ego tuebor sententiam meum; negantia contraria sunt aientibus; aio, (for aisne) tu? quum res occultissimas aperueris in lucemque protuleris; negabis esse rem ullam quae cog nosci possit? aisne? aio; negas ne? nego; Agricola serit arbores quae alteri seculo prosint, ut ait ille in Menandri Comoediâ; non credimus,inquitis, vera esse quae dicimus; tu vero, inquisti, mihi molestus nunquam eris; amicus meus, inquies, nonne est homo bellus? Praeclare Plato, beatum, inquit, cui etiam in senectute contigerit ut sapientium verasque opiniones assèqui possit; Meminerimus etiam adversus infimos justitiam esse servandam; animus meminit praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura providet; beneficia meminisse debet is, in quem collata sunt, non commemorare qui contulit; illud semper memento; qui ipse sibi sapiens prodesse nequit, nequicquam sapit; quod tu mihi dixisti pulcbre meminero; qui patriae beneficia meminerint, semper pro ejus salute arma capessere parati erunt; memento mori! omnes oderunt eum qui immemor est beneficii; libertatis inimicos effici non potest quin (ut non) oderim; invidi virtutem et bonum alienum oderunt; virtus necesse est res sibi contrarias aspernetur atque oderit; probos amamus, improbos odĭmus; non dubito quin mali me oderint; vox dira et abominanda, oderint dum metuant; Cicero penitus oderat Clodium; judicem neque studere cuiquam decet, neque odisse neque irasci; non ita amare debemus ut si aliquando osuri simus; Romani regum nomen perosi sunt; dimidium facti, qui bene coepit, habet; oracula evanuerunt, postquam homines minus creduli esse coeperunt; postquam divitiae honori esse coeperunt, et eas gloria imperium, potentia sequebatur, hebescere virtus, paupertas probro esse coepit; turpe est rem bene coeptam male finire; undique in murum lapides conjici coepti sunt; urbs obsideri coepta est; Deum colit qui no it; nihil mihi stultius videtur quam existimare eum studiosum tui quem non noris (noveris); qui se ipse norit (noverit) aliquid sentiet se habere divinum, tantoque munere Dei semper dignum aliquid et faciet et sentiet; quam quisque norit artem in hac se exerceat. ENGLISH-LATIN. I deny what thou affirmest; when I say "yes" he says "yes;" when I say "no" he says "no;" thou hast, they say, left the city: I do not know whether thou affirmest or deniest the thing; affirmative opinions (aientia) are contrary to negative (ones); thy father, they say, will travel to Rome (acc); sweet and comely it is, says Horace, to die for one's country; never, you say, is a friend troublesome to me; forget benefits conferred, remember benefits received; I will remember thee when absent (simply the participle); if we remember the benefits conferred on us by our parents, we shall never be unthankful towards them; as often as I remember the good teaching of my teachers, a desire for those excellent men takes possession of me; we hate men who are unmindful of benenovisse (nosse), fits; who is there but (quin) hates the enemies of freedom? we know not why they hate us; men love the brave and hate cowards (ignavi); I do not doubt but bad men hate me; a friend is not acceptable (gratus) to me who loves, as if he may some time hate; it is known that the name of kings was very hateful to the Romans; unhappy is he whom all good men hate; thou began the thing well but hast ended it ill; scarcely had the soldiers began to fortify the camp when the enemy was seen; already had the enemies begun to storm the city when suddenly our soldiers came to the assistance of the citizens; I know not if (an appended to the verb) thou knowest my friend or not; if thou knewest my friend thou wouldst love him. to know uone none Osus passes into the compounds exosus and perosus, greatly hated. Instead of coepi, coeperam, and so on, cocptus sum, coeptus eram was used when the connected infinitive was of the passive voice, as urbs aedificari coepta est, the city began to be built, that is, they began to build the city. The same takes place with desino, I cease, as urbs aedificari desita est, they have discontinued the building of the city. VOCABULARY. Abominari, to deprecate as ominous, to curse: commemorare 1, to make mention of, remind; evanesco 3, to disappear, vanish; hebesco (no perf., no sup.) 3, to grow dull, stupid; proferre 3, to bring forward: sapio, ui, (no sup.) 3, to taste, be wise; probrum, i, a crime, disgrace; haruspex, icis, one who foretells events by looking into the entrails of sacrificed animals, a diviner; bellus, a, um, beautiful (hence the French beau, bel, belle); consentaneus, a, um, correspondent, suitable; invidus, a, um, envious; sive (seu)—sive (seu), whether-or; dum, Aesopii Fabulae. VULPES ET UVA. Vulpes uvam in vite conspicata, ad illam subsiliit omnium virium suarum contentione, si eam forte attingere posset. Tandem defatigata inani labore, discedens dixit; "At nunc etiam acerbae sunt, nec eas in via repertas tollerem." Haec fabula docet multos ea contemnere quae se assiqui posse desperent. VULPES ET LEABNA. Vulpes leaenae exprobrabat quod non nisi unum catulum pareret, Huic dicitur respondisse, "Unum sed leonem."-Haec fabula, non copiam sed bonitatem rerum aestimandam esse docet, MURES. Mures aliquando habuerunt consilium quomodo a fele caverent. Multis aliis propositis, omnibus placuit ut ei tintinnabulum annecteretur; sic enim ipsos, sonitu admonitos, eam fugere posse. Sed quum jam inter mures quaereretur qui feli tintinnabulum annecteret, nemo repertus est.-Fabula docet in suadendo plurimos esse audaces, sed in ipso periculo timidos. VOCABULARY. Vitis, is, f. a vine; contentio, ónis, f. a stretching or straining; catulus, i, m. a whelp; felis, is, f. a cat; omnibus placuit, & pleased all, that is, it was resolved; tintinnabulum, i, n. a bell. LESSONS IN GERMAN.-No. XXXIV. The word eigen, (own) is often used with an article, as also with a pronoun preceding. Ex.: Er hat ein eigenes Pferd; he has (an own horse) a horse of his own. Gigen has also the kindred signification, peculiar, singular." Ex.: Er ist ein eigener Mensch, he is a "peculiar man, &c. I. Finden, (to find) often answer to our verbs "to think" or "consider." Ex.: Ich finde den Wein sehr gut; I (find) think the wine very good. Ich finde es unrecht, daß er das gethan hat; I think or consider it wrong, that he has done that. II. Halten (to hold) with its proper case, followed by für, has, like finden, the sense "to think" or "consider;" as, er hält mich für seinen Feinb; he thinks me (literally, holds me for) his enemy. Followed by auf, halten also means, "to esteem, regard;" as, ich halte viel auf ihn; I think much of him. For Aufhalten, to hinder, See Sect. 38. Eben, so eben, even, Die meisten Menschen sind von Em. pfin'dung ihres eignen Werths auf geblasen, weil sie nicht wissen, was der wahre Werth des Men. schen ist. Wer hat je den herben Trank des Der Graf kommt so eben mit seinem Gott, den Lenker deines Schicksals. Wir beurtheilen die Menschen in vielen Fällen nur nach dem Schein, und halten manche für flug weil sie anʼmaßend, und andere für un'wissend, weil sie bescheiden sind. Nothing is so much our own, as our thoughts; all else is ex- Most men are puffed up by a Who has ever cheerfully and The count is just coming, with his retinue, from the chase. modest. 2. nach der ich handle. 9. Dieser alte Kaufmann ist ein sehr eigener Mensch. 2. Have you ever travelled over such a beautiful country as none. as his own. SECTION LXX. Wer, as a relative, stands at the head of its clause; the word which it represents always coming after. Ex.: Wer zufrieden ist, ber" ist glücklich; he who is contented, is happy, Sometimes, however, wer, like in English, is employed as a double relative. Ex.: Wer auf dem Wege der Tugend wandelt, ist glücklich; who (or he who) walks in the path of virtue, is happy. Wer tich genau kennt, muß dich verlassen; who knows thee well, must quit thee. (Byron.) I. Was, is employed like the corresponding English word. also be bad. Ex.: Was schön ist, kann auch schlecht sein; what is beautiful, can Er ist was ich sein möchte; he is what I would (wish to) be. II. After an antecedent used in a general and indefinite sense, was is often employed as a simple relative. Ex.: Gr glaubt Alles, was er hört; he believes all that he hears. Ich thue Alles, was ich kann; I do all that I can. Er glaubt nur daf, was er steht; he believes only that which he sees. When, however, the antecedent is particularly specified, welches, (not was) is to be employed; as, das Buch welches Sie mir gelichen haben; the book which you have lent me. Ex.: Was lachen Sie? Why (warum) do you laugh? or, what are you laughing at? III. Was is, likewise, sometimes used instead of warum. 1. Sagen (Sect. 88. I.) Sie mir, ob das Ihr eigenes Pferd ist? Haben diese Kinder viel eigenes Vermögen? 3. Ihre Eltern waren sehr reich. 4. Ich finde es sehr eigen, daß er nicht seine eigenen Verde benußt, sondern mit andern fährt. 5. Ich habe kein eigenes Haus. IV. Gebürtig, and geboren, correspond commonly to our words 6. Sft bies"native" and "born." Ex.: Grift ein geborner Deutscher; he fein eigener Wagon, oder hat er ihn nur gemiethet? 7. Diese Frage finde is a native German. Wo sind Sie gebürtig; Where were you ich sehr eigen. 8. Es ist dies (Sect. 36. III.) meine eigene Ueberzeugung, born? Ich bin aus Berlin gebürtig; I was born in Berlin. Fr LESSONS IN PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 279 ein geborner Fürft; he is a prince by birth. Frau N. war eine ladies natives of Germany? 11. No, they are natives of France. geborne G.; Mrs. N. was a Miss G. EXERCISE 73. Amerikanerin, f. (See Gebürtig, native (See Spiegel, m. looking- $ 14. 1.); tinction; Hochverrath, m. high- Stemmen, to resist, oppose, stem; Beistand, m. assist- treason; Eintritt, m. entrance; Nart, m. fool; fight, conquer; Erleiden, to suffer; Finster, dark; Gebo'ren, born; fiture, defeat ; Nordamerika, n. North America; Schlüssel, m. key; Wer das Gute liebt, der liebt auch Gott und verach'tet Alles, was ihn nicht zur Vollkommenheit beför❜dert. „Was quälen Sie mich mit Ihrer Gelehrsamkeit?" (Gellert.) Der Mensch glaubt leicht, was er hofft, und sieht leicht, was er sehen will. Das große Haus, welches (not was) Sie dort sehen, ist (Sect. 59. I.) unser. Gi'nige meiner Freunde sind aus Unflug, imprudently; Unterbrücken, to op press; Verzweiflen, to despair, He that loves goodness, also hopes, and sees easily what he wishes to see. The large house, that you see yonder, belongs to us. Some of my friends are natives of Dresden. This man is a native American. 12. Our music-master is a native of Italy, and was born in Florence. 13. I will do what I have promised. 14. Show me what you have found. 15. What enhances the glory of this hero, is his modesty. 16. Let us grant him what we at first refused. 17. Thou hast never told us what they have trusted you with. 18. Why do you make yourself merry at the misery of the oppressed? 19 The fruits, which we saw in the garden of our neighbour, were not so good as those which grow in yours. LESSONS IN PHONETIC SHORT-HAND.-No. IV. (adjective, or [2nd person] verbal.) able, ible 1. Wer sich das Göttliche will, und das Höchste im Leben erfechten, scheue nicht Arbeit und Kampf. (Körner.) 2. Wer gewinnen will, muß wagen. 3. Dieses Buch ist mir lieb, wer es stiehlt, der ist ein Dieb. 4. Wer nichts lieben will als sein Ebenbild, hat außer sich nichts zu lieben. 5. Wer zweifelt, verzweifelt. 6. Wer gegen das Vaterland streitet, ist ein Verräther. 7. Wer sich in Gefahr begiebt, kommt darin um. 8. Wer dem Unterdrückten nicht beisteht, verdient auch keinen Beistand. 9. Wer fich gegen das Schicksal stemmen will, ist ein Thor. 10. Sind Sie ein geborner Engländer oder Amerikaner? 11. Ich bin keins von beiden, (Sect. 33. II.) ich bin ein geborner Deutscher. 12. Wer ist ihre Freundin? 13. Sie ist eine Amerikanerin, gebürtig aus New-York. 14. Wo ist Ihr Freund gebürtig? 15. Er ist aus England gebürtig. 16. In welchem Lande wurden Sie geboren? 17. Ich bin in den Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika geboren. 18. Ich mache mich über diesen Mann lustig. 19. Sie sollten sich nicht über ihn lustig machen. 20. Er macht sich über Jedermann luftig. 21. Es giebt auch Narren, welche sich über Andere lustig machen. 22. Dieser Mensch hält sich über jede Kleinigkeit | full auf (Sect. 31.). 23. Es ist unklug, sich über eine unbedeutende Sache aufzuhalten oder luftig zu machen. 24. Wer zu viel anfängt, vollendet wenig. 25. Ich freue mich über meinen artigen Neffen. 26. Der rö mische Kaiser Augustus kränkte sich (Sect. 38.) über die Niederlage, welche Varus von den Deutschen erlitten hatte. 27. Er hat mich über diesen Gegenstand gesprochen. 28. Wer aus Liebe zu Gott der Menschheit Pflich, | ibility ten entfagt-sigt im Finstern und hält immer den Spiegel vor sich. ical less AFFIXES OR TERMINATIONS. A hook. The s or es being only pronounced as a syllable after hissing sounds, this causes no confusion. The advantages of the contraction are great. It preserves a correspondence to the eye between the singular and plural of nouns, and the different persons of verbs; while it, at the same time, furnishes a means of distinguishing such words as 66 sees and " " "chews "seize," and choose," 66 caws and cause, "prays and "praise," &c., which would otherwise present the same "articulate skeleton.' The illustrations are, I see, sees, seize,"-" chew, chews, choose," and "pray, prays, praise." icality, &c. 1. He who assists the poor will receive divine assistance. 2. He who would have entrance everywhere, must have golden keys. 3. He who fights for his country, deserves distinction. 4. He who wishes to learn German, must give himself some fore trouble 5. He who dies for his king, dies with glory. 6. He who commits high treason dies mostly upon the scaffold. 7. self They are born under a happy star. 8. In which country were those ladies born? 9. They were born in Italy, in the year 1795; but their mother was born in England. 10. Are these tangibility" and dot and tv l ward-s, &c. "gorgeously." mentative mentatively ness nesses tial, cial, &c. ential, incial, &c. tiality antiality sion, tion, &c. A w crossing the middle of the last character. For "wards" add a hook; for "warded," add d; for "warder, add r; for "wardly," add 7; for "warding,' add a ring, &c. The illus trations are "inwards,' "outwardly," "rewarded," "forwarding,” and “forwardness." 44. The following is a Recapitulation of the rudimental Prefixes and Affixes. There are but thirteen of each. Let these be committed to memory. All the others being derivatives from these, and formed by simple alphabetic additions, the learner can have no trouble in remembering them. end, convexly cal inter curve crossing end, concavely A small curve (sh) crossing con- The negative in or un before any of these prefixes, expressed ical full contracted less Written, like the preceding, at any angle across the end 45. In arranging our abbreviations, two principles have been of the last character. constantly before us, viz., simplicity and distinctiveness, that The illustrations are the contractions might be easily remembered, and that they 'conditional," "ex-might be in no danger of being confounded with fully written tortionate," affec- words. Merely arbitrary marks have been almost altogether tionately," excep- excluded, and an alphabetic basis has been maintained, in all but tionable,' and "con- a few cases where a more simple and distinctive form was sugfectioner." For "tion-gested by association or analogy; as in a "ring" for “cirability add to cum ;"—a curve crossing convexly, or externally, for “exter;"— "tionable." and crossing concavely, or internally, for "inter;"_two_dets for the two ring letters in "ment," &c., &c. Simplicity has also been " preserved by a uniform extension of the contractions to all their "ment." 46. The same principles will be found to be carried out through all the abbreviations that follow, so that a thorough knowledge of the alphabet will enable the student to master the majority of them at a glance. We cannot too strongly impress upon the learner the necessity of a perfect acquaintance with the fundamental principles of notation as explained in the first lesson. Simple alphabetic writing should be practised until the characters come to the hand as readily as the ordinary forms of the "long-hand" letters do. The eye, too, will, by practice, become accustomed to the outlines of syllables and words, so as to decipher them as wholes, with progressively increasing facility. It will very speedily learn to recognise letters, and the reader will spell his words, that is, by sound; next, it will combine the elements of syllables at sight, and he will read syllabically; and, by degrees, it will recognise the forms of entire words at a glance, and he will decipher verbally, and attain to fluent reading with facility exactly proportioned to the amount and regularity of his practice. 47. This process is an exact counterpart of the child's progress in learning to read. He first spells;-then syllables ;then reads verbally, or pictorially, as his eye becomes accustomed to the outlines of frequently-recurring words. Ordinary fluent reading depends greatly on the pictorial principle, as may be proved by the general tendency of readers to confound such words as "commendation" and "condemnation," tion" and "conservation," pronouncing the more familiar term instead of that to which the eye is less accustomed. 66 conversa LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-No. XXXIV. LATIN STEMS. 48. If our learners, then, would make rapid progress, and make stenography really a short-hand to them, in a short time, they must MASTER THE FIRST LESSON, and, by steady application, acquire expertness in FULL SYLLABIC WRITING. We recommend them not to write sentences at this stage, as the next lesson will introduce a new principle of notation for all subordinate words; and alphabetic exercise in the writing of these would therefore be only labour thrown away. Unconnected words will form the most useful exercise in the meantime. Let the learner select the nouns, verbs, and important adjectives and adverbs from any book, and gain as much facility as possible in the accurate writing of these, and leave the inferior classes of words to be subsequently dealt with. To the ungrammatical learner this direction may be translated-temper and distemper were the results of the due or undue ming"write the big words and pass over the little ones." KEY TO THE EXERCISES IN LESSON II., par. 33. 1. First line. Page, chapter, paragraph, knowledge, ignorance, hundred, thousand, million, breakfast. Second line.-Dinner, supper, sleep, labour, study, cricketer, character, handkerchief, phlegmatic. Third line-Unintelligible, uproarious, improbability, parallelogram, reprehensible, intermeddle, hallelujah, phonetic short-hand writing. errors. LANGUAGE, in one point of view, is a silent record of human that the sun rises and sets; that upwards and downwards denote If we believed language, we should have still to believe fixed relations, and that heaven is upwards alike at midnight and mid-day; that good humour and bad humour are the offspring of certain liquids (humr Lat., moisture) in the material frame; that ling of these diverse liquids; that a jovial man was born under the planet Jupiter (Jovis), the emblem of a jolly god; that a man of saturnine disposition owed his dull moroseness to his evil genius, Saturn; and that a mercurial fellow jumped about and frisked away, because he had in him too much of the pagan god Mercury, the swift-footed messenger of Olympus. However, men suffer disasters (dis, not, bad; astron, astar) without imputing the blame to their stars; though many are still under the vulgar delusions that our lot here depends on good luck and bad luck. Portents and prodigies in the skies and on the earth are words which show how men were once alarmed by any unusual phenomenon. Even so late as the reign of Charles II., Englishmen had faith in portents. NOTE. The general error of beginners is to make the dif- During the plague, the vision of a flaming sword, reaching from ference too little manifest between letters with vowels preceding Westminster to the Tower of London, seemed nightly to be (full-size) and those that have none (contracted). To secure present to the excited fancy of many of the residents in the easy and certain legibility, observe the following proportions:-metropolis, like the meteor-sword that hung over Jerusalem during When a word contains any full-sized character (any consonant the siege. The appearance of a comet, some months before, had with a vowel before it), its contracted letters cannot be made caused superstitious feelings of alarm in the weak-minded, by too small; they should never exceed one-fourth of the full size: whom it was regarded with scarcely less terror than that with when a word contains no full-sized character, its consonant which the Anglo-Saxons had beheld the comet which visited our may extend to, but must never exceed, half-size. hemisphere in the year 1066, on the eve of the Norman invasion. II.-1. Days of the week : 1141771. The hook-s of "sleep" has been omitted in the engraving; the b of labour is cut thin instead of thick; and the first letter of "chapter" (t) and of "labour" (1) are too long. However, these false fears and vulgar errors are rapidly disappearing. Lunacy is preserved amongst us in the close embrace of Westminster-hall, but we hence cease to believe that mental alienation is caused by the moon (luna, Lat. moon), and if we still in good Saxon speak of the moon-stricken, we do so as we speak of star-gazers, without ascribing any influence to the heavenly bodies. Even Lancashire-witches, though they charm and enchant us,* can no longer affect our reason or shorten our lives. This is a wicked pun! The Dr. means bewitchers.-ED |