60. The following is a list of such subordinate words as n*or require no alphabetic alteration in their contracted writing. They are merely reduced in size-written with all their elements, but without full-sized characters. The list contains a few common adjectives, as well as the inferior classes of words. 61. It is almost unnecessary to illustrate these words, as the attentive student should be able, from his knowledge of the alphabet alone, to supply the symbols for himself with accuracy. But, as fluency in reading the short-hand must depend greatly on certainty with regard to the definite forms of the subordinate words, illustrations are added; while, at the same time, the printed list contains directive marks, to enable the student to exercise himself in constructing the symbols alphabetically. He will thus also the better understand the simplicity of the forms, which might not otherwise be obvious at first sight. 62. Let the learner cover down the marks, and then endeavour to produce them from the directive printing; comparing, afterwards, his own arrangements with the illustrations. This exercise will have the effect of fixing all the characteristic variations upon his memory. 63. LIST OF SUBORDINATE WORDS, WRITTEN ALPHABETICALLY. [An asterisk after s, (s*), signifies the hooks; after r (r*), the "horizontal" r; after m, n, or ng, (the ring letters,) a ring without a tail. This mark (') after a letter signifies that it is to be written upwards; and (b), that the letter preceding it is to be written backwards. Letters with no directive mark are to be written downwards, or if horizontal characters, forwards-in the ordinary way.] on*ly an other So s'am'e soon sin'c e 8*till She shall (shalt) to b'e [connected] tomorrow till each (= eatsh) They (them) this* Do (dost, done) f'or* f'r*om* f'ir s t f'or*m*er* alongb always* latt'er* Me [ring to left] m'ay (may'st) [ring am'ong many [rings to left] off often [=of n*] M*r* 50585960 thes be hose that han* then 64. The great advantage of providing, by a distinctive notation, for all the most common subordinate words, is, that, in reading from the short-hand, the eye recognises them at a glance; and principal words containing the same letters are thus preserved from the possibility of being mistaken for subordinates. The latter may, besides, be joined together as they happen to occur in phrases, at least in such combinations as are of regular grammatical construction. The longest cluster of them can never be mistaken for a principal word. The eye is at once led, by the absence of full-sized characters, to recognise the COMBINATION, and to resolve it into its component words. In this way a considerable amount of additional brevity is gained, and a complete list of regular phrases provided with a highly contracted notation, without requiring the student to learn a single special character as a “ phraseogram." 65. The following are Exercises, consisting of words and phrases which combine subordinate words included in the preceding list. I. Write the following words, referring to the Table of Affixes, Lesson IV., for the syllables in italics. Himself, myself, themselves, therefore, wherefore; froward, forward; hitherward, inward, onward, towards, upwards. II. Write the following derivative words, by adding the letters in italics, (in the mode indicated by the directive printing) to the simple subordinate words from which they are formed. Besides, firstly, formerly, against, greater, greatest', likely, latterly, amongst, amidst, Mrs, Misses, into, nearer (repeater) nearest', nearly, sooner, soonest, its", others' (other's), theirs (there's), within, without, yours*. III. Write the following compound words and phrases, by joining the symbols of the simplesubordinate words of which they are composed. Hereabout, thereabout, whereabout; hitherto, heretofore; thereupon, whereupon; therewith, wherewith, therein, thereon, their own, my own, your own, wherein, whereon: soever, whatever, whatsoever, whenever, whens *oever, wherever, wheresoever, whithersboever, as ever, for ever; all along, all alone, all but, all that, all this, all these, all those, all other, all over, all well, all one, above all, than all; less so, less than, far less, nothing less, still less; must be, shall be, will be; before that, because that, besides that, from that, also that, else that, lest that, only that, namely that, since that, so that, till that, well that, once that, that one; till then, until then, till when, till this, till to-morrow, like enough, like some, like to, like this, like that, like as; so far, so often, so like, so many as, so many that, so so, so well, so well that; or else, somewhat, one other, one another, once again, sooner than; as before, as bad as, as far as, as formerly, as often, as good as, as great, as heretofore, as also, as else, as always, as like as, as many as, as any, as none, as indeed, as nothing, as another, as near as, as soon as, as still as, as this, as thus, as that, as well as, as when, as yon, as yet. 66. THE ARTICLES a and the. The Article a or an is represented by a hyphen, and the, by a dot, written above the word to which they refer. Thus: a man an omen the nun 67. THE CONJUNCTIONS and and but. The Conjunctions and and but are represented by hyphenmarks written from left to right (` and,) or from right to left (but); and NOT GROUPED With any other words, but standing apart in the line of writing. Thus: LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-No. XXXVI. LATIN STEMS. IT is curious to observe what a controlling influence the subject matter has in the metaphors employed and the derivations that are brought into play. We lay down railways; we set up an inn; so we set up a carriage after we have made our fortune in that shop which we set up when we were poor. As we may set up a shop, so may we open a shop; but we must begin business, or we may set up in business. Having built or rented, we may open a warehouse, as we may open a shop. So in professions-parsons occupy a pulpit, and solicitors take to the desk, while barristers hold briefs, and judges fill the bench. We draw with a pencil and paint with a brush. Pictures as well as books are composed, and both must be sketched before they are begun; but the one ends in a painting, the other in a treatise; the one is the canvas, the other is the volume. If we are charitably inclined and abound in wealth, we build a church, or found an hospital; but if we expend our money for our own pleasure or convenience, we erect a mansion and lay out pleasure-grounds. Probably we may begin to travel, and then we make a voyage by sea and take a journey by land. A young man entering one of the universities reads for honour, and studies for the church. If your son is a clergyman, he does duty on a Sunday, but if he is a dissenting minister, he preaches. A methodist minister travels, a minister of the establishment is an incumbent; the latter has a living, the former is on a circuit. Lawyers advise, physicians prescribe, clergymen admonish, and confessors direct. A ship impelled by a steam-engine sails, a train drawn by a steam-engine runs. Handicraftsmen receive their remuneration in wages, clerks in salaries, lawyers in fees, and ministers of religion in stipends. Emolument, a term always applied to the receipts of the higher classes, reminds one of the time when there was in each manor or vicinity one mill, the lord or owner of which received as his pay either a portion of the flour there ground or its equivalent in money. Hence emolument, properly that which comes out of the I went and searched for it, but mill-stone, came to denote gain from office or high employment, without success. 5. 3. 46 96 2} VLTLHT 1. Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life, and I shall dwell in the house of the Lord for ever. 2. It were well it were done quickly, and it was well it was done then. 3. But be careful lest the least [misunder]standing occur. 4. These are undoubtedly very-far better-than those. 5. He will give you neither one-nor-another of them, nor-yet any-other under present circumstances; sooner-than do so, he will destroy them, and thus disappoint you as-well-as gratify his spite. This fact leads to the observation that words to a full mind are singularly suggestive; they are also singularly conservative, keeping and tacitly transmitting from age to age facts and history which relate to their origin, and have something to teach respecting ancient manners and customs. Gray has said "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." It is equally true that the word curfew (couvrefeu, put out the fire, or fire-extinguisher), preserves a recollection of a day long since passed and gone, when the Norman, being sovereign lord of England, published his behest that at a fixed moment the fires of the Saxon peasantry should be extinguished. Stipulation (stipula, L. a straw), preserves an indirect record of the legal custom once prevalent of presenting a straw as a token of the delivery of possession to one who had purchased an estate; and who keeping that straw as a token of his proprietorship, regarded it as the condition on which he held the land. In the phrase "signing a deed," you have a trace of the times when men unable to write their name, made instead the sign of the cross in attestation of the part which they took in the matter. Calculation (calculus, L. a little stone), recalls the old custom of employing pebbles (like the little balls in the Abacus) by which to perform questions of arithmetic (arithmos, G. a number), or the science of number. His library may remind the student of the primitive period when the rind or bark (liber, L.) of trees served instead of the then unknown parchment and paper. abstract word, and presupposes the idea of a certain species or assortment of things, to all of which it is equally applicable." Smith, "Formation of Languages." Sparse is a word not often used but convenient. It is specially applicable when in the thing spoken of the idea of sprinkled or scattered, the notion "here and there," the notion "up and down," the notion "in different parts," "confusedly," "without order" is implied or intended: these are cases in which our term rare does not meet the want: "There are doubtless many such soils sparsedly through the nation." -Evelyn. Contiguous differs from both adjacent and near. Near, conveys the common idea of proximity. But that which is near does not touch, whereas the idea of touching is essential in contiguity. But contiguity implies not merely that A touches B but also that B touches A; but a thing is adjacent when it lies up to another thing, whether it touches that other thing or not. As in many cases the differences here are very much differences of conception, you may conceive and so speak of that which is adjacent as being also contiguous, though things so lying can scarcely be thought of as being near; yet may proximity be predicated of them, inasmuch as proximus means next, that is nearest, the one thing of a series which comes next or nearest to another. It may happen that the next is also contiguous, or actually touching. Two parishes are near each other; two districts of those two parishes are adjacent; two limits of those two districts are actually contiguous. Stems. English words. socius, a companion soci social, society sol (solis), the sun sol solor, I comfort sol solus, alone solvo, I loose sol, soli solv solutus, loosed solu, solut somnus, sleep somn sopor (sopóris), heaviness sopor sorbeo, I suck in sorb sorptus, sucked in sorpt sort sparse, spers Subsequent, properly denotes that which follows immediately. The force of immediately is given by the sub. This word reminds me of a defect in the English language; we have no adjective equivalent to the adverb after, no adjective which denotes the relation of afterwards simply, apart, that is from the question, whether the sequence is near or remote. Commonly, subsequent is so used. Simulation and dissimulation, both from simulo, I feign, or put on a character, differ thus: simulation signifies pretending to be what you are not; and dissimulation concealing what you are. They have both the same purpose, namely, to produce a false impression, to mislead; and so are both wrong. "Hide thee, thou bloody hand, Thou perjured, and thou simular of virtue; The way in which a metaphor may cloak a moral misdemeanour is exemplified in the following quotation, where dissimulation is made to seem almost a virtue by reference to the propriety of keeping your own hand unseen while playing at cards : "Simulation and dissimulation are the chief arts of cunning; the first will be esteemed always by a wise man unworthy of him, and will be therefore avoided by him in every possible case; for to resume my Lord Bacon's comparison, simulation is put on that we may look into the cards of another; whereas dissimulation intends nothing more than to hide our own."-Bolingbroke. Our word sort comes to us from the Latin, sors, through the French, sorte, which means kind or species with special reference to quality, as is exemplified in the phrase "of what sort?" From this idea of quality is derived the application of the word as found in "to sort," "to assort." EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION. Words with their proper Prepositions. Deal in, by, with Debar of, from Decide on, Defend against, from, Deficient in, Defraud of, Demand of, or (a thing), F. R. dask, a blow daelan, to separate barre, a bar caedo, I cut fendo, I cleave facio, I make fraudo, I cheat mando, I consign Denounce against (a person)} nuntius, a messenger Depend on, Deprive of, Derogate from, Derogatory to, Descended from, Deserving of, Desirous of, Desist from, Despair of, Despoil of, Destined to, Destitute of, Detach from, Detract from, pendo, I hang privo, I deprive rogo, I ask scando, I climb servus, a slave desiderium, desire sto, I stand spero, I hope spolio, I strip, rob teneo, I hold destitutus, deprived detacher, to undo traho, I draw. Make an abstract of the narrative which ensues, and then report it by word of mouth to children or friends. If you prefer, give the substance of it in a letter to a correspondent. Take care in any case not to copy or transcribe : CHARLES EDWARD ENTERING HOLYROOD. On the 13th September the little army of Charles crossed the Forth, and, animated by every fear, the terrified men of Edinburgh made a show of standing to their colours. But this parade was not fated to last long. On the 16th, the Prince's advanced guard were at Kirkliston, within a few miles of the city, where the consternation increased every moment, until the volunteers began to bribe with sixpences every soldier they met, to take their arms to the castle. The arrival of the Prince was awaited by the Whigs with doubt and dismay, and by the Jacobites (at the head of whom pains to conceal. Certain commissioners were sent to Gray's Mill, was the Provost) with an exultation which they took very little to treat with the Highland chiefs for delivering the keys of the city on the best terms. Of what passed at the conference nothing is known, but, by a preconcerted arrangement (it is supposed) be tween them and the Prince, the city was surprised next morning at four o'clock. A soldier of the city guard, sentinel at the Netherbow, stopped a hackney coach that approached his post. Open the Port!" cried the driver, "for I behove to get out." "You cannot," replied the sentinel, "without an order from Provost Stuart." "Provost Coutts hath ordered me to be let out," replied the driver, whipping up his horses. The soldier still remonstrated, when James Gillespie, under-keeper of the Port, said-"Let out "Oh, sir, the coach instantly, for I have an order to that effect." 'tis well; you have the keys of the Port and must answer for it," replied the soldier, and pulled back the ponderous gate in the arch between the towers. The moment the coach passed out, a Highlander sprang in, and in the twilight, grasped the sentinel, and wrested his musket from him. It was the chieftain of Lochiel; and immediately the whole Clan Cameron, nine hundred strong, with swords drawn and banners displayed, all clad in their native tartan, marched up the High-street with twelve pipers before them, making the lofty houses ring, and awakening the terrified citizens with the stirring air of "We'll awa to Shirramuir, And haud the Whigs in order." About mid-day, the main body of the Highland army, making a circuit by the ancient Tower of Merchiston, marched west by the Grange Loan, a narrow road, between old walls and aged trees, and thus avoiding the castle guns, arrived in the King's Park, where the young Prince-arrayed in the national garb, which displayed to advantage his tall and handsome figure, and wearing on his left breast the Order of the Thistle-was received with acclamation by the people. Surrounded by his Highland guardall veterans of Sheriffmuir and Glenshiel, men verging on eighty years of age, and distinguished by snow-white beards and Lochaber axes-the Prince approached the great gate of the palace, and there he paused; for, at that moment, a twenty-four pound shot, fired from the castle, struck the front wall of James V.'s Tower, near the window that lights the state apartments of Queen Mary. It dislodged several stones, and they fell together into the court. In this incident there was something so peculiarly insulting to the descendant of the Stuarts when standing on the very threshold of their desolate palace, that a simultaneous groan burst from the spectators; a shout of acclamation followed, and the Prince again approached the gate, but again paused, and looked round him irresolutely, for there was no Lord Keeper, no Earl Marischal, no Great Chamberlain, no Master of the Household, to usher him into ancient Holyrood, till a gentleman sprang from the crowd, raised his hat, and drawing his dress-sword, led the way to the state apartments, while another shout of applause burst from the people. In absence of his father, the Prince was proclaimed Regent of Britain by the heralds, at the cross, around which Lochiel, with his Camerons, and several ladies on horseback with drawn swords, acted as guard; the first for safety, the last for honour and enthusiasm. The Highlanders stayed within their camp, or, when in the city behaved themselves with the utmost order and decorum; no outrages were committed, and no brawls of any kind ensued.-Memorials of the Castle of Edinburgh, Pp. 225-228. LESSONS IN FRENCH.-No. XLVI. By Professor LOUIS FASQUELLE, LL.D. 9.-PLURAL OF COMPOUND NOUNS. § 10.-NOUNS WHICH HAVE NO PLURAL. (1.) The nouns of metals considered in themselves: as, or, gold; argent, silver; plomb, lead; étain, pewter; fer, iron; cuivre, copper; vif argent, quicksilver, &c. (2.) Aromas: such as baume, balsam; encens, incense, &c. (3.) The names of virtues and vices, and some names relating to physical and moral man: as, la jeunesse, youth; la beauté, beauty; la bonté, goodness; le courage, courage. (4.) Adjectives used substantively: as, le beau, the beautiful; l'utile, the useful, &c. § 11.-NOUNS WHICH HAVE NO SINGULAR IN THE SENSE (1.) When two nouns form a compound substantive, both Alentours, take the plural ending :— assizes. brushwood. catacombs. scissors. confines. provisions. Entraves, Fiançailles, Funérailles, Frais, Gages, Gens, Lunettes, Mœurs, difficulties. betrothing. funeral. expenses, costs. wages. people. spectacles. manners. snuffers. jewels, diamonds. Mouchettes, Pierreries, } Pincettes, tongs. Pleurs, tears. (1.) Proper names, when not used figuratively, are invariable, even when preceded by the plural article, les (*). L'Espagne s'honore d'avoir produit | Spain prides herself on having given les deux Senéque. birth to the two Senecas. (3.) When a noun and an adjective form a compound noun, the form of the plural. both are varied in the plural: 13. THE ARTICLE. (1.) The article is a word prefixed to a noun, or to a word used substantively, to determine the extent of its signification. (2.) Modern French grammarians recognise only one article, le. (3.) This article, contracted with the preposition de, is often used before a word in a partitive sense. [$78.] (4.) The words un, masc., une, fem., answering to the indefinite article a or an in English, are now very properly classed with the numeral adjectives. We shall, however, for the sake of convenience, devote a few lines to them under this head. (5.) The article le, the, is la for the feminine, and les for the plural. (6.) The article is subject to two kinds of changes: elision [146] and contraction. (7.) Elision is the suppression of the letters e, a, which are replaced by an apostrophe ['] before a vowel, or an h mute [see L. 3 (11)]: thus, or understood: du pain, m. des livres, m. § 14-1.-THE ADJECTIVE. (1.) The adjective serves to denote the quality or manner of being of the noun. (2.) Adjectives are of two sorts: qualifying adjectives and determining adjectives. (3.) We call qualifying adjectives those which add to the idea of the object, that of a quality proper to it; as bon, good; noble, noble; courageux, courageous. (4.) Determining adjectives are those which add to the idea of the object, that of a particular limitation or determination; as quelque, some; tout, all; autre, other; mon, my; nul, ne; un, one; deux, two. LESSONS IN LATIN.-No. XLII. THOSE verbs are called impersonal, that is, without persons, some bread, or of the bread (a part of) money, some money, of the money (a part of) meat, some meat, of the meat silver-plate, some silver plate, of the silver-plate (a part of (a part of) books, some books, of the books (a part of) (11.) The English indefinite article, a or an, is rendered in French by un for the masculine, and une for the feminine; when those words are connected with the preposition de, the enamely, the third. They may therefore be called uni-personal of the preposition is elided: les, for the plural, in all cases. du, before a masculine word, de la, before a feminine word, de l' before a word of either gender, des, for the plural, in all cases. au, before a masculine word, à la, before a feminine word, à l', before a word of either gen- aux, for the plural, in all cases, Scommencing with a consonant, commencing with a vowel or h mute, commencing with a consonant, commencing with a vowel or h mute, commencing with a consonant, commencing with avowel or h mute, of or from a woman verbs. Uni-personal is a less inaccurate designation for these verbs than impersonal. From these remarks, we may define impersonal verbs as those which express an action without reference to any defined subject. Such are Impersonal Verbs relating to Atmospheric Phenomena. Fulgurat, it lightens. the Fulminat, it strikes with Pluit, it rains. Ningit, it snows. of the, at or to the. a, an, one. Noctescit, the night approaches. Connexions are rare in which these verbs have a definite subject, e. g., Jupiter tonat, Jupiter fulgurat; dies vesperascit, coelum vesperascit; lapides pluunt; we find, however, lapidibus pluit, and sanguinem fluit. Besides vesperascit, there is the form advesperascit, and the perfect vesperavit. In a wider sense, grammarians class among impersonal verbs some that denote States of Mind, Duty, or Necessity. Miseret, it occasions pity; misertum, and miseritum est of or from a, rarely miseruit, miserere. an, one. *No difference can be made in rendering English into French, between a and one, so that in French un homme means a man, or one man, The other numeral adjectives might with as much propriety have been called articles as this word un Piget, it occasions grief; piguit, or pigitum est, pigere. very rare, pertaesum est; taedēre. Oportet, it behoves, it is proper; oportuit, oportere. |