English is indebted. Hence it becomes both interesting and important to see how they are related one to another; and that the rather, because with comparison much may be learnt of the origin and propagation of languages. I therefore place before you a tabular view of an indurated beach composed of comminuted shells and coral. our in The third instance that I shall give you of the reconstructive agency of the ocean is the silting up of estuaries. The action art of waves on coasts is exhibited both by piling up detritus in the direction of their greatest force on the shore, by which the mouths of rivers are deflected on one side, and also by heaping up bars, even at their mouths, by which navigation is rendered not only dangerous, but in some instances utterly impracticable. Very frequently rivers are deflected from their course to the sea by beaches which, as we have seen in the Baltic, extend from one side, and which have been produced entirely by winds and tides. An instance of this may be seen at Shoreham, near Brighton. In some cases rivers, which have been thus deflected, find a way of escape into the sea by the sides of cliffs, which seem to aid their current in effecting a free channel for their waters. On our eastern coast the mouths of rivers are generally deflected towards the south. The marine current, which sweeps from the north along that coast, is charged with the pebbles and gravel derived from wasting cliffs. The materials held in suspension by such a current are ready to form a bar at any spot where its course is interrupted by an opposing stream. Thus, at Yarmouth, the mouth of the Yare has been, within the last five centuries, diverted about five miles to the south of its ancient embouchure. be name thy come thy will be on earth as it in give father pater реге Italiun. nostro padre who qai qui che es es sei Spanish. nuestro padre que estas in au ne heaven coelo ciel tuum nomen In our own country, one of the most remarkable instances of this silting agency of the sea is found on one side of the Isle of Thanet, in Kent. This portion of Kent was, in the time of the Romans, separated from the mainland by a navigable channel, through which the fleets of Cæsar sailed on their way to London. Bede says that in the eighth century this small estuary was three furlongs, or nearly half a mile, wide. It is supposed that this channel began to grow shallow about the time of the Norman Conquest. In 1485 it was so much silted forgive up that an act was obtained to build a bridge across it. Since that period it has become marsh land abounding with small streams, and now the Isle of Thanet is no longer insulated. Egypt furnishes an extraordinary instance of the gain of land from the sea. At the head of the Red Sea the Isthmus of Suez has been doubled in breadth since the age in which Herodotus described it. The town of Heroopolis was then, and down to the time of Arrian, on the coast of the Red Sea, but now it is midway between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. The opposite land, called Tehama, in Arabia, has increased from three to six miles since the Christian era, by sand contributions from the Red Sea. This reconstructive agency of the ocean has led some to think that by its action in throwing up shingles, in forming sand-banks and dures, and in silting up estuaries, it makes a full compensation for the waste which its destructive agency produces on different coasts. It has been conjectured that on our eastern coasts the loss is more than compensated by the gain of land. In all estimates of this kind the amount of the The amount of the loss has not been accurately calculated. acquisition is manifest and palpable, but the coasts furnish no true index to the extent of land that has been destroyed. Hence, it appears that the compensation of the reconstructive agency of the ocean is scarcely equal to the waste of its destructive petion. as we Our us not into e nosse el pan quotidianum quotidien pain pardonne offenses nous pardonnons à ceux qui nous ont offensé et indui il nostro remettici i nostri noi rimattiamo a nostri nuestro y perdona nos nuestras deudas como nosotros perdonamos a nuestros deudores come Now to study this tabular view properly, take each English word in turn, and compare it with the same word, first in Latin, then in French, then in Italian, and then in Spanish. You will gain instruction if you also alter the order, taking the Italian before the French, or the Spanish immediately after the Latin, Now look at these words father, pater, padre, padre, père. They are, you see, the same term under small modifications. The same is the case with several other words. And if you omit the English, as belonging to a different family of tongues, and compare the rest together, you will find with a few exceptions an almost identity. In the comparison you must make some allowance for idiom; for instance, the article appears in French where it is not placed in Italian, and so you have LA terre, THE earth, for terrâ, earth, of the Latin, and terra of the Italian. The Spanish carries the article so far as to place it before possessive pronouns, thus, el tu nombre, the thy name. The inferiority too, of the French is seen in that it is unable to render word for word "forgive our debtors," and is obliged to employ a circumlocution as "pardon those who have offended us." I offer these remarks merely as suggestions relative. to the manner in which the table may be studied. I subjoin a few instances of words in our tongue borrowed from the Italian and the Spanish: The word cabal has two origins. In one sense, and generally, cabala, is Hebrew, and denotes the science (falsely so called) of the Jewish rabbis. In another, it designates a political intrigue, and owes its existence to the initials of the names of Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale-C. A. B. A. L., the five celebrated cabinet ministers of Charles II. We have in English words the names of natural objects, taken from the names of the places where the objects were produced; e. g., peach, Fr. pêche, that is Persh, or Persian; Bergamotte (Bergamum), Indigo, Mocha, Champagne, Burgundy, Madeira, Port, and other names of wine. We have names of the products of art taken from the places where they were fabricated e. g., bayonet, invented at Bayonne, in France; cachemir (shawls), from Cachemir, in India; cambric, from Cambria, in France; cordovan, leather prepared at Cordova, in Spain; damask, from Damascus, in Syria; muslin, from Mossul, in Asiatic Turkey; nankeen, from Nankin, in China; pistol, from Pistoia, in Tuscany; morocco (leather), from Morocco, in Barbary. Having shown the connexion of the English with the Romance languages, I subjoin another table, showing its connexion with the Teutonic languages. The latter is the more needful, because the latter are our cousin-germans. THE LORD'S PRAYER IN TEUTONIC LANGUAGES. thy Strikingly and painfully does the Italian language by certain heaven words betray the character of the Italian people. What shall we hallowed say of a nation with which a lover of art (virtuoso) is the virtuous be man; which makes the opera (work) the work of their lives; which finds in a loquacious and ignorant guide (cicerone) their representative of Cicero; and which identifies a cut-throat with a brave man (bravo)? ENGLISH WORDS FROM THE SPANISH. a principal card thy kingdom kyngdom come name name thy come to will wille mulatio, one of mixed breed airthai siesta, an after-dinner nap as swe jah is guitar, a stringed instrument of music fandango, a lively dance hidalgo, one of noble birth den hymm-himile bimina cortes, gala, gif us to us una this this himma From very various sources words have come into our English. Razzia is a very recent term. It came into existence within the last few years, to describe the sweeping destruction with which the French laid waste whole districts of northern Africa, in order to bring the country under their usurpation. According to Fuller, the term plunder is of German origin, and was brought hither by the not soldiers who returned from the campaigns of Gustavus Adolphus. Frightful crimes may lead to the prevalence of a word, as in the term to burk, derived from the name of the first criminal; cannibals, as designating man-devouring savages, came into use with the us great discoveries in the western world made in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. From the Arabic we have divan, vizier, cipher, zero, arabesque; from the Hebrew we have, besides very many proper names, Jehovah, amen, Jeremiad, lazaretto, lazaar-house, cherub, seraph, hallelujah. irds called canaries have brought their name with them pic, an invective, comes to us from the title of the orations ed by Demosthenes against Philip king of Macedon, of a designs against the liberty of Greece he was aware, into schuldigern schuldeners skuldikem skulau enleyde firletti briggais temptation temptacioun versuchung bekoringe khorunka fraistubbjai deliver uns not in to uicht unsih uns ni in but sondern delyver erlöse sonder lose uns uzz erlosi ak but This table is full of instruction. Go through it carefully word for word, making due allowance for diversity of spelling; for instance our word come re-appears in come to, comme, to comme, chweme, and quimai. In the "bist" of the Lower Saxon I recognise an old mood common in the South of England in my boyish days, where and when the present tense of the verb to be was thus conju. gated, I be, thou bist, he bees, we be, you be, they be. The Gothic of Ulphilas offers the most striking points of comparison. I will go through it and point out the words which still form a part of the English tongue; unsar, our; thu, who; in, in; himinsm, day breed and forgeve brot brod oblaz broath hlaif jah aflet uns thatei skulano sijaimo wy 80 swaswe jah weis afletam unsaraim harpsi Klavier, n. ness; heaven; weihnai, vowed; thein, thy; namo, name; quimai, | Flöte, f. flute; These facts will enforce the advice I have given to the effect that you should let the Saxon come in for its full share in your phraseology. But here, as in all cases, moderation is necessary. And doubtless some usages connected with the Saxon are to be avoided. How freely and how loosely is the verb to get employed in ordinary life. I am not fond of giving specimens of bad English as a means of teaching persons to speak and write good English, for I think such a practice subversive of its object, and, therefore, I abstain from supplying you according to the usual practice with exercises in bad English for correction; but I may, and from time to time I shall, explain and enforce my meaning by examples of what is wrong, particularly when the examples given are so gross as to be beyond imitation. Here is a specimen of the hard labour which get is made to undergo. Harfe, f. harp; ment; mated; Der Gesand'te trug Beten'ken, allen Dieser Buchhändler hat Göthe's Ich habe meine Schlüssel verlegt'. Mein Bruder spielt das Fortepia'no, Spielt Ihre Fräulein Schwester ir. jezt aber spielt sie nicht mehr Dieser Herr bläst das Waldhorn On getting home, I got my dinner; and, getting the bad news you sent, got on horseback within ten minutes after I got your letter. When I got to Canterbury, I got a chaise for town, but I got wet through in getting to the inn; and I have in consequence got such a cold as I shall not be able to get rid of in a hurry; happy shall I be if I get hither by the time you get back. Being, how-Sie spielte einmal auf der Guitarʼre, ever, compelled to see the minister, I got shaved and dressed as soon as I arrived in London, and getting some refreshment, got to the Treasury. I soon got into the great man's favour, and got out of him the secret of getting a memorial before the board, but I could not get an answer then; however a few days ago I got intelligence that I shall get an answer shortly. On my way back I got a beefsteak, and while trying to get the newspaper, I got my foot under a chair and got thrown down. I got up as well as I could and getting back to my own inn, got my supper, and got to bed. It was not long before I got to sleep. When I 2. got up in the morning, I first got my breakfast, then getting a walk, I got a bath. After that, I got dressed, got a morning paper, and, ordering the waiter to get me a cab, got into it forthwith that I might get in time to get an answer to my memorial. got the answer, and without delay got pen, ink, and paper to write to you; and this is all I have got to say. LESSONS IN GERMAN.-No. XL. SECTION LXXXIV. I Bedenken tragen (to bear or have hesitation) may be rendered, "to hesitate, to doubt." Ex.: 3ch trage Bedenken, es zu thun; I hesitate to do it. Er trug Bedenken, es mir anzuvertrauen; he Ich errieth' ten Au’genblick, was ihn Stimmung, f. disposi- The ambassador hesitated to This bookseller has published I have mislaid my keys. Does your sister play any in- She played upon the guitar once, but now she plays upon it no more. I This gentleman blows the buglehorn very finely. divined in an instant what had brought him thus out of (his) self-possession. 1. Er trug Bedenken, dem Fremden die goldene Uhr anzuvertrauen? Der Vater trug Bedenken, Alles zu glauben, was ihm sein Sohn erbite. 3. Wer zu viel Bedenken trägt, gewinnt wenig. 4. Sie hielten ihn für einen ordentlichen Menschen. 5. Ich hielt ihn für den Bürgermeister tiefer Stadt. 6. Wir hielten ihn für etwas ganz Anteres. 7 Der junge Buchhändler hat ein neues Werk verlegt. 8. Ist die neue Grammatik des Herrn N. schon verlegt worden? 9. Sie ist so eben in der Verlags, buchhandlung des Herrn N. erschienen. 10. Ich bin sehr in Verlegenheit, was ich in dieser Sache thun soll. 11. Die Mutter ist in Verlegenheit, wo ihr kleines Söhnchen sein möchte. 12. Er ist in Verlegenheit, woher er die ihm fehlenden zwanzig Thaler bekömmen möchte. 13. Sie ist in Verlegenheit über das plöhliche Erscheinen eines Unbekannten. 14. Wollen wir eine Partie Schach oder Billard spielen? 15. Ich nehme lieber eine Partie Schach an, da bei diesem Spiele mehr der Verstand, als die Geschicklichkeit in Anspruch genommen wird. 16. Spielen Sie Schach gern (Sect. I. Ver compounded with verbs commonly expresses the idea 44. I.)? 17. D, ja; nur habe ich zu wenig Gelegenheit es zu spielen, of, away, a loss, wrong, &c., ($ 97. 3. 4.); as, treiben, to drive; weßwegen ich bei geschickten Männern sehr oft schachmatt werde. vertreiben, to drive away. Spielen, to play; verspielen, to lose at play. Leiten, to guide, verleiten, to misguide, (to guide wrong). Spielen Sie ein Instrument? 19. Ja, ich spiele Klavier und habe seit Ex: Wie schnell verfließt eine frohe glückliche Stunde; how quickly einigen Tagen angefangen Geige zu spielen. 20. Spielen Sie Geige lieber a joyful happy hour passes away. Ich habe mich verhört; I have als Klavier? 21. Nein, ich spiele das eine Instrument so gern, wie das heard wrong (misunderstood), &c. Certain uses however, of andere. 22. Blasen Sie Flöte? 23. Nein, aber ich habe vor das Hoin this and many others of the same class ($ 95., &c.) are best blasen zu lernen. 24 Wie lange blasen Sie Flöte? 25. Seit ungefähr illustrated by examples; thus, sehen signifies to see, and versehen, to provide. Legen, to lay, and verlegen, to mislay: also figura- einem Monate. 26. Ich habe jene Papiere verlegt, ich weiß nicht, wo sie tively, to furnish, and hence to publish (a book) that is, to zu finden sind. 27. Die Schwester hat ihre Handschuhe und ihr Buch verfurnish the necessary means for producing the book, &c. legt. 28. Den sonst so ruhigen Mann brachte ein solches Vetragen ganz II. Vor frequently answers to our "on." Ex.: Was geht hier außer Fassung, und seine kurzen Antworten und die Röthe seiner Wangen ver? What is going on here? hesitated to entrust it to me. 18. ließen errathen, was in seinem Innern vorging. 29. Ich errieth augen blicklich die Ursache, die diese Stimmung in dem Gemüthe meines Freundes hervorgerufen hatte und ließ es auch jenen errathen, damit er vorsichtiger in seinen Aeußerungen sein möchte. trouble. 5. The child deceived its teacher, and, he therefore, he- 60. 11.) an diesem Unglücke? 11. Unser Nachbar ist Schuld daran. sitated to believe him again. 6. He played at billiards, and lost 12. Der Schüler ist Schuld daran, daß er bestraft wirt. 13. Wir selbst all his money. 7. Will you play a game at chess with me? sind Schuld taran gewesen. 14. Morgen über acht Tage fommt ein 8. No, I prefer a game at billiards, for I do not know much Dampfschiff von New York an. 15. Morgen über vierzehn Tagen wirt about chess 9. Do you play any instrument? 10. Yes, I play the harpsichord, and I think of learning the violin. 10. Is es ein Jahr, daß ich ihn gesehen habe. 16. Gestern vor acht Tagen ist your sister skillful at the piano. 11. No, but she is excellent fein Vater gestorben. 16. Das junge Märchen begleitete ihren Gejang at the harp. 12. By that question he lost all self-command, mit einer Guitarre. 18. Der Freund begleitete mit dem Forteriane das and knew not how to answer. 13. Mr. C. in London will publish the history of the kings of England shortly. SECTION LXXXV. Necht (right) and link (left) are often used with 3ur;" as, zur Rechten, zur Linken, for zu der rechten Hand; to the right hand; zu der linken Hand; to the left hand. I. Gefallen, literally, to fall, or happen (acceptably,) i. e. to be pleasing, or agreeable. Ex.: Dieses Buch gefällt mir; this book pleases me. Gefallen lassen to submit to, "to put up with." Ex.: Ich kann mir diese Behandlung nicht gefallen lassen;. cannot submit to this treatment, i. e. cannot let this treatment please me. Gr begleitete seinen Gefang' mit ter Harfe. Die Begleitung dieses Stückes ist von dem berühm'ten Karl Mari'a von Weber. Unter solchen Umständen wurte das Versprech'en natürlich gebro chen. I It is (a) pity that with many It is (a) pity that he was not That just suits me (is just as To the devout Tobias, all was A calumniator must submit to men. In the little room of this poor at the left. At the right are seen the sheep The accompaniment of this 1 Es ist Schate, taß Sie nicht eine Stunde früher gekommen find. 2. Macht es wie ihr wollt, mir ist Alles recht. 3. Mir ist Alles recht, was die Versammlung beschlossen hat. 4. Er mußte sich diese Veleidigung stillschweigend gefallen lassen. 5. Er mußte sich Vieles gefallen lassen, zas er sich unter andern Verhältnissen nicht hätte gefallen lassen. 6. Sie mußte es sich gefallen lassen, verlemntet worden zu sein. 7. 3ur Rechten hatten wir das Gebirge und zur Linken den Fluß. 9. Rechts und links waren feindliche Truppen aufgestellt. 9. Ihr dürft weder zur Rechten nech zur Linken von diesem Wege abweichen. 10. Wer ist Schuld (Sect. eigenspiel des Italieners. 19. Die Begleitung dieser Lierer ist von Mozart. 20. Vieles würde uns natürlich erscheiner, wenn wir es einer gehöhrigen Untersuchung unterwerfen würten. 21. Wir fanten es schr natürlich, daß er gestern niche kam. 22. Ein natürliches Greigniß errezt teine Verwunterung 23. Haben Sie heute Morgen die Feuergleden ge, hört? 24. Natürlich, (Sect. 83.) tenn ich war selbst bei dem Feuce. 25. Es ist natürlich, daß wir sterben müssen. 26. Ich begleite meine jungen Freunde nach Hause. earlier. 2. I must submit to whatever my father resolves 1. It is a pity that your friend did not arrive half an hour on. 3. John's new book pleases me much. 4. One must submit in this life to many things. 5. I would not submit to it, if I were in your place. 6. To the right hand we hail the river and to the left hand the mountainous forest. 7. Right and left we saw nothing but enemies' troops. 8. This day-week we go to Berlin. 9. To-morrow fortnight my brother will arrive here. 10. A week ago yesterday, a ship sailed for Australia. 11. Three days ago we had unexpectedly great pleasu e. 12. It is a pity that the talents of this young artist are not better developed. 13. Your sister accompanied me with the harp, and sang to the piano of my friend. 14. It is quite natural that everybody must die. 15. The accompaniment of this piece is by Handel. LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY-No. XX. MAP OF ASIA. ASIA, the cradle of the human race, and the original seat of deserts, destitute both of useful vegetation and human popu- The seas and gulfs of Asia, on the West and the South, form an important feature of its natural divisions. The Red Sea and the Persian Gulf may be called inland seas. The Red Sea, so famous in sacred history, otherwise called the Arabian Gulf, with its two arms, the Aelanitic and Heroopolitan gulfs, over the latter of which the Israelites crossed on dry ground, is about 1,400 miles long, its breadth varying from one to two hundred miles, and its surface being about 200,000 square miles. The two arms above mentioned are also called the gulfs of Akabah and Suez, from the names of the towns at their northern extremities; and these inclose between them the desert region called the peninsula of Sinai, in which the forty years wanderings of the tribes of Israel were performed fit emblem of the wanderings of human life in this lower world. The entrance to the Red Sea is by the strait of Bab-elMandeb, about seventeen miles wide. This sea opens out at this strait into the Arabian Sea, which washes the western shores of India, the southern shores of Arabia, and terminates in the entrance to the Persian Gulf, at the strait of Ormuz, through the Gulf of Omaun. The Persian Gulf contains about 95,000 square miles. The Bay of Bengal, whose waters wash the eastern shores of Hindostan, and the western shores of the Eastern Peninsula or Chin-India, is an arm of the Indian Ocean. The part of this bay which washes the shores of British Chin-India is called the Gulf of Martaban. To the east of the Indian Ocean lies the Oriental Archipelago, studded with the East India Islands. To the north of this lies the Chinese Sea, with the gulfs of Siam and Tonquin. Between the Peninsula of Malaya and the Island of Sumatra, is situated the Strait of Malacca. Between the islands of Sumatra and Java, is the Strait of Sunda, these islands being called the Sunda Isles. From the Chinese Sea to the East Sea, the passage is through the Strait of Formosa; north of the latter sea, lies the Yellow Sea, whose waters wash the eastern shores of China proper; the north-west part of the Yellow Sea being called the Gulf of Pechelee. Between the peninsula of Corea and the islands of Japan, lies the Sea of Japan, the north part of which is called the Gulf of Tartary. North of this gulf lies the Sea of Ochotsk or Kurile Sea, which washes the western shores of the peninsula of Kamchatka. On the other side of this peninsula, is the Sea of Kamchatka, or Behring's Sea, bounded on the south by the Aleu ian Isles. All these seas and gulfs, from the Strait of Malacca to Behring's Strait between Asia and America, are branches or arms of the North Pacific Ocean. Behring's Strait, which is reckoned by some writers to be only 52 miles broad at the narrowest part, separates the Arctic Ocean from the Pacific. In the former, there are some gulfs which run into the northern parts of Siberia, namely, those of Kara, Obi, and Yenisei. The islands which lie around Asia are of the highest importance both to that continent and to the continent of Europe, to which they principally belong, as possessions in the East. The East Indies, otherwise called the islands of the Oriental Archi. pelago, have been long famous for their produce, and situated under the burning line, or within the torrid zone, they yield such as cannot be found in more temperate climes. The Sunda Isles, Sumatra and Java, with others, lie to the south of the Eastern Peninsula (which, with Hindostan, is often included under the general name of the East Indies); the length of Sumatra is about 1,000 miles, and its breadth about 160 miles, it contains a surface of about 150,000 square miles: the length of Java is about 600 miles, and its breadth 100 miles, it contains a surface of about 45,000 square miles. The island of Borneo which lies to the east of Sumatra and to the north of Java, is about 850 miles long, and about 700 miles broad, and contains about 270,000 square miles. The island of Celebes is about 500 miles long and about 150 miles broad, and contains about 72,000 square miles. The equator crosses each of these three islands nearly at the middle of each. Next follow the islands called par excellence, |