Quominus is made up of quo, in order that or so that; and minus, less (least, lest) or not; consequently quominus is equivalent to so that not; a more simple way is to render it by, to prevent. Quominus takes a subjunctive mood. If you use "to prevent" you must in English use also the idiomatic construction of "to prevent," but in putting that construction back into Latin and so employing quominus, you must employ, of course, the proper Latin construction; e. g. :

"Nihil de me tulistis quominus in civium essem numero."-Cicero. Lit. Trans. :-Nothing from me you bore so that not in of the citizens number I should be.

Of four-sided figures, a square is that which has all its sides equal, and all its angles right angles. This definition

Id. Trans. :-You got nothing from me to prevent my being in the number is redundant. If the general definition annexed to the

of the citizens.

VOCABULARY.

Impedio 4, I hinder; repugno 1, I fight against (E. R. repugnant); interpello 1, to question; latus, a, um, broad; lectus, i, m, a bed collum, i, n, the neck; brachium, i, n, the arm; cancelli (can orum, m, limits (E. R. craneel, chancellor, chancery); fautor, óris, ..., a patron, favourer.

EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

Nihil impedit quominus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus; non repugnabo quominus omnia legat; mors non deterret sapientem quominus reipublicae consulat; interpellent me quominus honoratus sim; dum ne interpellent quominus respublica a me commode administrari possit; nemini civi ulia, quominus adesset, satis justa excusatio est visa (no pretext appeared sufficient to excuse any citizen from being present); fossam latam lecto circumdedit; exercitum circumdat hostium castris; circumdat sibi milites; circumdabit brachia collo tuo; circumdedit urbem tumulo; extra hos cancellos egredi conabor quos mihi ipse circumdedi; egregiam famam paci circumdedit (gave to, invested with); fautores illi hanc famam circumdederunt.

ENGLISH-LATIN.

Nothing hinders you from being a good boy; I will surround thee with fame; he will put a garment round me; he has surrounded his sister with honour; surround the city with fire to prevent the citizens from going out; that is no excuse for your absence.

LESSONS IN GEOMETRY.-No. XII.
LECTURES ON EUCLID.
DEFINITIONS. BOOK I. FROM XIX. TO XXXV. INCLUSIVE.
XIX.

[4 segment of a circle is the figure contained by a straight line, and the part of the circumference it cuts off.] This definition is repeated in Book III. Definition VI.

XX.

Rectilineal [or, rectilinear, that is, formed of straight lines] figures are those which are contained [or, bounded] by straight lines.

ΧΧΙ.

34th Prop. of this book be considered, the square is only
a species of parallelogram, viz, that which has one angle

a right angle and the sides which contain it equal to

one another.

ΧΧΧΙ,

Д
A

An oblong is that which has all its angles right angles, but has not all its sides equal. This definition is also redundant; for an oblong [or rectangle, that is a right-angled parallelogram] is that which has one angle a right angle, and the sides which contain it unequal.

XXXII.

A rhombus is that which has all its sides equal, but its angles are not right angles This is also redundant; for a rhombus is that which has one angle oblique, and the sides which contain it unequal.

XXXIII.

A rhomboid is that which has its opposite sides equal to one another, but all its sides are not equal, nor its angles right angles. This definition may be replaced by that of a parallelogram above mentioned.

XXXIV.

All other four-sided figures besides those, are called trapeziums. Quadrilateral figures whose opposite sides are not parallel, are called trapeziums; but if one opposite pair be parallel and the other pair not, the figure is called a trapezoid.

ΧΧΧΥ.

Parallel straight lines are such as are in the same plane, and which being produced ever so far both ways do not meet. The meaning of this definition is, that the space between the lines is always of the same breadth.

Rectilineal figures, as above described, are those that are supposed to be drawn on a plane or flat surface, and are divided into three different kinds: 1st, trilateral or triangular; 2nd, quadri

Trilateral [that is, three-sided] figures, or triangles, [that is, three-angled, lateral or quadrangular; and 3rd, multilateral, multangular (many

are those which are contained] by three straight lines.

XXII.

angled) or polygonal. The first kind, the triangular, are divided into six species, viz., three, according to their sides; and three,

Quadrilateral, [that is, four-sided; or, quadrangles, that is, four-angled, according to their angles. Triangles are divided according to their are those which are contained] by four straight lines.

XXIII.

sides, into equilateral, or such as have three equal sides; isosceles, or such as have two equal sides; and scalene, or such as have no Multilateral [that is, many-sided] figures, or polygons, [that is, many-angled, equal sides; that is, whose sides are all unequal to one another. are those which are contained] by four straight lines.

Triangles are divided according to their angles, into right-angică,

or such as have one right angle; obtuse-angled, or such as have one obtuse augle; and acute-angled, or such as have neither a right angle nor an obtuse angle; that is, which have three acute angles. Quadrilateral figures are divided into five different species: squares, oblongs, rhombuses, rhomboids, and trapeziums. Taking in the definition of parallel straight lines, before the 30th definition, it is better to divide quadilateral figures first into two kinds. 1st, those whose opposite sides are parallel; and 2nd, those whose sides are not parallel; there is also a third species, viz., those which have two opposite sides parallel, and two opposite sides not parallel. Those quadrilateral figures whose opposite sides are parallel, are, according to definition 36, attached to Prop. 34, Book I., called parallelograms, that is, a parallel diagram or drawing; and of these there are two species, those which have one right angle, and those which have one oblique angle; of the former species, those which have the legs of the right angle equal are called squares, and those which have the legs of the right angle unequal are called blongs or rectangles. Of the other species, those which have the egs of the oblique angle equal are called rhombuses or lozenges; and those which have the legs of the oblique angle unequal are called rhomboids. Those quadrilateral figures whose opposite sides not parallel, are called trapeziums, that is, literally, small tables, or tablets, their tops being of this form; but "unluckily," say the authors of the best Greek dictionary extant, "in spite of Horace, we do not know whether the earliest tables had three or four legs.' Certainly the tripod is very ancient, but the tetrapod must have been more so, as human inventions generally become more simple in the progress of improvement. Those quadrilateral figures which have only two sides parallel, are called trapezoids.

In our last Lesson, vol. I., p. 406, we gave some account of the ratio of the diameter of a circle to its circumference, and the endless attempts that have been made,' from the days of Archimedes until now, to find an exact expression for this ratio in ordinary arithmetical terms. We there gave a beautiful expression for this ratio, discovered by Dr. Wallis, which is complete in itself, and which is frequently demonstrated by writers on trigonometry; as it does not, however, approximate very rapidly to the ratios in common use we insert the following ratio, lately discovered, which is one of very great convergency; viz., 1: 16

1

1

+

1 1 1 1 1 1
3 53
555 757

1 1 1

1

+5

+4 {

1 1 99 3 993

proximate answer; that is, the answer nearly; because the ratio of the diameter of a circle to its circumference above assumed is only approximate, as may be seen by consulting the last Lesson in Geometry. But if we take a nearer approximation to the exact ratio, we shall accordingly obtain a nearer approximation to the exact area of the circle. Hence, if we take the numbers obtained from Dr. Wallis's ratio,-viz., 1 to 3.141592653589+, we shall have of 1 multiplied by of the latter number, or 4 of 3.141592653589 785398163397+ as the more correct number to be employed in finding the area of the circle, this being true to the twelfth decimal place of figures; the first six, however,-viz., 785398 are sufficient for ordinary practice, being true to the sixth or millionth decimal place. For those who are content with approximations to the truth in whole numbers, it may be useful to state that the ratio of the square of the diameter of a circle to the area of the circle itself, is nearly as 14 to 11; or than the area of a circle is nearly of the square of its diameter, being more than the truth, by about one twenty-six thousandth part of itself.

LESSONS IN GERMAN.-No. XX.

SECTION XXXV.

Werten is used as an auxiliary in forming the future of all German verbs; and, in this use, is translated by our auxiliary, "shall" or "will" ($ 70. 6.).

I. As an independent verb werden signifies, "to become, to grow, to get," &c. Ex.: Er wird alt; he is growing old. Das Es wird dunkel, Wetter wird kälter; the weather is growing colder. it is getting dark. Der Rabe wird sehr alt; the raven becomes very old (lives or attains to a great age).

II. Werden with the dative often denotes possession. Ex.: Mir wird immer das Meinige; I always obtain my own, (to me comes [becomes] always my own). Meinen armen Unterthanen muß das Ihrige werden; my poor subjects must have their own (property).

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB werden IN THE INDICATIVE

Infinitive.

PRES. Werden, to become;

+ &c. }) — 4 { 2/0 - 31 703 +370-- &c.) +1 (4+ PERF. Geworten fein, to have

1

995

&c.}

}

70

; and we refer our readers to another of an older

become ;

Singular

3ch werte, I become;
Du wirst, thou becomest;
Er wir, he becomes;

Participles

PRES. Werdend, becoming;
PERF. Geworten, become.

PRESENT.

Plural.

wir werden, we become;
ihr werdet, you become;
sie werten, they become.

IMPERFECT

wir wurden, we became;
ihr wurtet, you became;

fie wurten, they became
PERFECT.

&c. date, at p. 28, No. 28, col. 2, line 7 from the bottom, which also converges with great rapidity. Persons who are acquainted with vulgar and decimal fractions, as laid down in Cassell's Arithmetic, will be able to put these expressions into ordinary figures with the greatest ease. Well, after having obtained the ratio of the diameter to the circumference, or what is called in the language of mathematicians the rectification of the circle; that is, the making a straight|| Ich wurde or ward, I became ; line equal to the circumference; the next question which has puzzled Du wurdest or wartst, thou mankind for at least two thousand years, is the quadrature of the becamest; circle; that is, the making of a square equal in area to the circle. Er wurte or wart, he became ; Now Archimedes demonstrated the following simple and important proposition, that the area of a circle is equal to the rectangle contained by the semidiameter of the circle, and a straight line equal to half the circumference. We have shown at p. 173, vol. I., Problem 2, that the area of a rectangle is equal to its length multiplied by its breadth; and in the case of the rectangle which is equal to a circle, the length is half the circumference, and the breadth is the semidiameter or radius; therefore, the area of a circle is found by multiplying half the circumference by half the diameter. In the case where the diameter of the circle is 1, it is plain from the former lesson that the circumference is nearly 3.1416; therefore the area of a circle whose diameter is 1, is of 3.1416 multiplied by of 1; that is, 1.5708 multiplied by, which is 7854, an expression with which many of our readers are familiar, but of which we believe they never understood the origin. This we have now given, we hope to their satisfaction. As Euclid has demonstrated in Book XII., Prop. II. (see Cassell's Euclid, p. 191), that circles are to one another as the squares of their diameters; it is plain that if the area of any circle whose diameter is greater than one be required, we have only to multiply the square of the diameter by the decimal 7854 given above, and we have the answer; for the square of 1, is to the square of the given diameter, as the decimal 7854, is to the answer required. This, of course, will only give the ap.

come;

1. The present we know, the future we know not of, and Er hat mir Aerfel und Birnen ge. He has given me (some) apples honour to that man whe can quietly awaits the future. 2. ge'ben.

ing, lion-planter. Pianteleone was a surname or name of honour, given in the middle ages to a very powerful Venetian, who planted the lion-banner, the symbol of the Venetian republic, on many islands of the Mediterranean. His renown caused Piantaleone to

be brought on the stage. Hence Pantaloon, the lion-hearted, who originally bore a nearer resemblance to his prototype than is found in the impudence and hardihood of the modern degenerated specimen. And hence the peculiar dress of Pantaloon (also trowsers called pantaloons), which, making due abatement for exaggerations, was the attire of distinguished Italians in former days.

Our Punch owes his birth and his name to Italy. Punch is derived from the Italian Pulcinella; and Pulcinella seems to be made up of Puccio d'Aniello; that is, Puccio, an ill made, witty clown of the town Aniello, who gained a livelihood by his antics in the market places and public highways. The character being transferred to the stage, Punch came to be the recognised symbol of fun and frolick. The refined wit of the excellent and very useful weekly periodical which delights in the name of "Punch,' much later growth.

is a

1. Wie alt ist dieser Mann? 2. Er ist nicht sehr alt. 3. Hat er viel Geld? 4. Ja, und er hat auch viele Freunde und viele Feinte. 5. Welcher Knabe hat viel (See II.) Alepfel und Birnen? 6. Einer von den Söhnen des Bauern hat viel Aepfel, der andere viel Birnen. 7. Der eine hat viel Glück, der andere hat nur Gram und Kummer. 8. Wie viel Brod hat der Ing, in Anglo-Saxon, signifies son, as Edgar Atheling; that is, Bäcker? 9. Er hat sehr viel Brød, aber nur wenig Mehl. 10. Dieser Edgar the son of Athel, or Edgar of noble blood. In English, ing Mann hat wenig Geld, aber viel Gelehrsamkeit. 11. Diese Stiefeln find forms the ending of our active participles, as singing, from to sing; mir viel zu groß, und die Schuhe sind meinem Bruter ein wenig zu furz. also a very large class of nouns; thus, singing itself may be em12. Wird Ihr Oheim viel Pulver kaufen? 13. Er wird nur wenig ployed as a noun; e. g., the singing was good. These nouns, as might be expected from the meaning of the Saxon ing, denote exkaufen, denn er hat zu wenig Geld. 14. Wer ist das? 15. Es ist ein istence; thus, to sing is a verb, but singing is the active of the alter Freund des Arztes. 16. Wer hat gutes Wasser? 17. Der Matrose verb in actual being. When these words in ing are used as nouns hat welches. 18. Werte ich morgen Bücher haben? 19. Sie werden schon they should have the government of nouns; thus, the singing of heute welche haben. 20. Hat der Bauer viel Weizen? 21. Er hat benen into a noun by the suffix ing; e. g., to eat, the eating; to diminish, the birds was delightful. Almost every English verb may be made nicht viel. 22. Hat der Schmied viel Stahl? 23. Er hat dessen viel. the diminishing; to run, the running. Observe that the idea of 24. Hat er viel Nägel? 25. Er hat deren viel. 26. Wer hat Milch? activity is connected with nouns ending in ing; as, the seeing; the 27. Der Bauer hat welche. 28. Hat er deren sehr viel? 29. Er hat genug.hearing; the dancing; the reporting; that is, the act, the process

1. We must be cautious in the choise of him, to whom we

confide important concerns?. 2. They, that (who) speak evil
of others are often worse than those, whose failings they lay
open. 3. He professed that religion, whose origin is divine.
4. This boy has too much pride and too little diligence. 5.
That is the man through whose help he was saved. 6. Which
pleased you the most? This or that? Neither. 7. Can those
be loved whose vices are detested by everybody. 8. How
many hats has that boy? 9. He has three of them. 10. Who
will ave good bread? 11. The baker will have some.
1 vorsichtig in der Wahl. 2 wichtige Angelegenheiten anvertrauen. 3 übel.
4 schlimmer. 5 bloßstellen. bekannte. Ursprung göttlich ist. 8 Jedermann

LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-No. XXI.

By JOHN R. Beard, D.D.
SUFFIXES (continued).

LANGUAGE has many a tale to tell respecting national character and
manners. The fact that the English names of animals, when alive,
are of Saxon origin, e. g., bull, sheep, calf; and that the English
names of animals, when dead, are of French origin, e. g., beef,
mutton, veal, in showing that at one period of our history the
Saxon population fed the animals, and the French population ate
them, shows also that the former were in hard servitude to the
latter;
in other words, that our Saxon ancestors were serfs, and the
forefathers of the present French were masters on this soil of Eng-
land.

Such a relation was not likely to be durable. A proof of the assertion is found in the words etiquette and coquette, to which reference was made in the last lesson. Etiquette and coquette are both of French origin. Essentially French are the things which the words stand for. Among the French those things had their birth, and on the soil of France they flourished. Hence you learn that lightness, weakness, and vanity are essential features in the character of Frenchmen. Superficial, if pleasing, a true type of the French character may outshine, or for a moment overcome, an Englishman, but he is utterly unable to hold our countryman in permanent subjection.

Equally illustrative of national character is the fact that Pantaloon and Punch come to us from Italy. Pantaloon is from the Italian Pantalone, written in full the word is Piantaleone, signify

of dancing, reporting, &c.; wherein those nouns differ from other of the act of seeing; report, the result of the act of reporting. nouns which express the result of an action; e. g., sight, the result The former have been called active, the latter class passive nouns, from the analogy they bear to active and passive verbs.

Ion, from the Latin termination io; as, actio, action; quaestio, question; motio, motion; visio, vision. Nouns in ion, like nouns in ing, may be called verbal, seeing they are derived immediately from verbs; as, actio, from Lat. ago, I do; motio, from Lat. moveo (motus), I move, &c. Nouns in ion, again, resemble nouns in ing, in having (for the most part) an active signification; but the ending ion differs from the termination ing, inasmuch as the former can be affixed only to nouns of Latin parentage, thus: we say the communication, or the communicating; but WE CANNOT SAY the runion (running), nor the rision (rising). Nouns in ion are not sc purely active as are nouns ending in ing. For instance, communication may signify either the act of communicating, or the thing communicated, the result of the act of communicating. So devotion may denote the act of devoting, or the object devoted.

Ique, from the Latin iquus, another form of icus; as in antiquus, antique. Antiquus means ancient; but antique does not mean ancient merely or generally, so much as ancient in relation to the immediate past, the age of the Reformation, the middle ages; not seldom has antique the subordinate notion of curious, singular, or odd connected with it; probably because antiques are rare,

Donne.

Name not these living death-heads unto me,
For these not ancient but antique be.”
"And sooner may a gulling weather-spy
By drawing forth heaven's scheme, tell certainly
What fashion'd hats or ruffs, or suits next year,
Our giddy-headed antique South will wear."
The word antic, from antique (formerly spelt antick), takes its
force from this associated notion of singularity.

"We cannot feast your eyes with masks and revels,
Or courtly anticks"

"Within the hollow crown
That rounds the mortal temples of a king
Keeps death his count; and there the antick sits
Scoffing his state."

"A work of rich entail and curious mold
Woven with anticks and wild imagery."

Donne.

Shakspear.

Shakspear.

Spenser.

* Query.- Is not "Punch" so called because the originators of that work settled the matter over a bowl of punch -Printer's Devil.

Ise, formerly ize, of Greek origin, introduced through the New | that which is little, and that which is beloved; e. g., darling (dear Testament; as in the word baptise, from baptidso (I dip frequently). child); gosling (little goose); nestling. Hireling, is properly a From the same Greek euding we have dogmatise, methodise, criti- | child of hire; a person whose services are obtained by hire. "The cise. This termination gives rise to others; as from baptidão idea of contempt" ascribed to it by Latham, does not necessarily, come baptist, baptism, baptistry, baptismal. for it did not originally, belong to the word.

"le (the pope) solicited the favour of England by sending Henry a sacred rose, perfumed with musk, and anointed with chrism.”— Hume.

-anointed; that is, with a consecrated unguent or holy ail.

The suffix ise or ize, added to nouns, gives them the force of verbs, thus: to christianise, is to make Christian; to evangelise, is to bring men to the evangel; that is, the Gospel. In the use of this termination, authority must be followed.

The termination ism is employed to describe religious or social diversities; it is found in Atheism, Deism, Swedenborgianism, Calvinism, Arminianism, Owenism, &c.

While ism describes the sect, ist describes the sectary; as, Atheist, Deist, Methodist, &c.

The adherents to particular modes of faith are also designated by arian; as, Trinitarian, Unitarian; or ian,-e. g., Episcopalian. Sometimes the word man holds a similar post; as in Churchman, used in contrast with Dissenter. Ist, too, performs the same office; as in Nonconformist. Another form is ite; as found in Irvingite, Mormonite, &c. Analogy is a dangerous guide in English, for, while we say Irvingite, we DO NOT say Southcotite, but Southcotia-probably for the sake of euphony. This ite comes, we are aisposed to think, not from the rare Latin ending us (as auritus, with pricked-up ears), but the scriptural ite; as in Jebusite.

Ish, probably from the Saxon ic and the German isch (as in mürrisch, peevish), denotes, as in peevish, quality, and so forms adjectives. Ish has sometimes a diminutive force; as, thinnish, thickish. When forming part of verbs, as in punish, publish, ish has a different origin, and may be a softened form of the Greek

termination ise or ize.

Ite, a patronymic, or father-name, the name that is expressive of a race, like the Greek ides, is very common in the Old Testament; from the language of which it may have come into the English; thus, Israelite is a descendant of Israel; so we have Hittites, Hivites, &c.

Ive, of Latin origin, from ivus, as seen in captivus, a captive; also in fugitive (fugio, Lat. I flee); nativus (natus, Lat. born), a native; votivus (votum, Lat. a vow), votive. This irus in French becomes if, whence we have plaintiff (plaindre, Fr. to complain), the complainant in a suit in opposition to the defendant. Plaintiff and plaintive are the same words differently employed.

"We were here entertained with an echo repeating a whole verse in a softer and more plaintive tone, indeed, but with surprising precision and distinctness."-Eustace, Italy."

Ix, (see or.)

Kin, from the Anglo-Saxon cyn, kin, offspring, son, signifies the son of; as in Wilkin (Wilkins); seen in another form,-namely, Wilson. Kin, from its signification, has also a diminutive force; as in lambkin (a lamb's child), or little lamb. What is little is dear, hence diminutives are terms of endearment. But what is little may be despised. Sometimes, therefore, diminutives imply contempt;

as in mannikin.

Shakspear.

Ly, a termination of Saxon origin, having the force of our like, and so forming an adjective or an adverb; as childlike, childly, in German kindlich; manlike, manly, mannlich. When ly is added to a noun, it forms an adjective, as love, lovely; when it is added to an adjective, it forms au adverb, as wise, wisely. Such a formation as "holily" (1 Thes. ii. 10) is to be avoided for the sake of euphony.

Carefully study the following conversation, and having done so, endeavour to imitate it.

CONVERSATIONS ON ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND
COMPOSITION.-No. I.

"Well, I have failed again; a packer I am, and a packer I must
remain, fond as I am of reading, and desirous as I am of getting an
employment more suitable to my tastes. And yet, if I had fair
play, I could, I am sure, do the counting-house work as well as
some that are there."-" Not quite, William; true you are intel-
ligent and trustworthy; you also write a good hand, and are ready
at accounts, but you are a very poor Grammarian."-" Not so poor
then you have been at college, and ought to know Grammar."-
as you think; though I am, I grant, far behind you, Thomas; but
"Yes, and I am willing to teach you, for I am sure you will never get
forward as you wish, and as I should like to see, until you can write
your mother tongue correctly."-"I know that, and I have studied
English Grammar; but it is very difficult."-"Yes, and you still
write bad English: for instance, your letter of application for the
vacant situation contains not less than three grammatical mistakes,
and is enough of itself to prevent your success. How can you ex-
pect to rise in the world when you cannot speak and write English?
In a counting-house they want their letters written grammatically..
It would be a disgrace to a house to send out letters containing
errors of Grammar like those which you commit."-"I dare say
you are right; and so I must remain a packer."-"That does not
follow; learn the English Grammar."-"A very easy precept, but
a very hard job."-"Not so hard as you think."-"Excuse me, I
have tried, and I have failed."-"Because you tried by yourself."-
"By myself I must still try, or give it up."-" No, I will assist
you, if you will make one more effort. Let us talk over the matter; I
together on English Grammar, and if you will only reflect in the in-
think I can make the study easy to you. Once a-week we will converse
tervals on what I say, and follow my guidance, I have no doubt you
will, in time, understand the subject thoroughly." "I agree, and
am very much obliged to you for the offer."" O, never mind the
obligation; brothers should assist each other, and I am very desirous
to see you in such a position as your character and talents mark
you out for."-"Let us begin this evening."-" Very well, and
you must come to the parsonage every Tuesday evening at eight
o'clock, and we will see what can be done."

"This is a dear mannikin to you, Sir Toby." Le (see el), among the suffixes already given. Les, from the Anglo-Saxon laes (German los, destitute of), has not a comparative but a negative force; as in an laes twentig, one less twenty, or, as we should say, twenty minus one. Hence it appears that the idea of less is privation or negation. Consequently less, the comparative of little, is altogether a different word. And "Now, as a fundamental rule, you must observe that Grammar thus we are also led to understand the true force of less when em- is a science in which authority goes a very long way. At first, you ployed as a suffix; as, motionless, or without motion; deathless, free will do well to consider that everything depends on authority."from death. Two negatives thus make a positive; death, the "What authority?"-"That of the best writers in the lanprivation of life, and less, the negation of death, combine to declare guage. If you study English Grammar, then you take as your the idea of ever-enduring existence, the most positive, the most real, authorities or guides such men as Shakespear, Milton, Dryden, the most permanent of all conceivable things, the very essence of Johnson, Pope, Macaulay. Their practice is your model. As they write so you must write. Grammar then, you see, is, for our purDeity; life itself, pose, imitation. Those who write English Graminar derive the instructions they offer from the usages of the best English authors, or, as they are termed, the English classics."-"Classics!' why I thought the term 'classics' was confined to the Greek and Roman authors, such as Homer and Virgil."-" O no, every literature has its classics.' The word is derived from class,' and denotes those writers who, by common consent, are placed in the first class. The practice of such writers sets the fashion in the language in which

Let, according to Latham, "seems to be double, and to consist of the Gothic diminutive 1, and the French diminutive t."'* It is found in streamlet, tartlet, hamlet (ham, Anglo-Saxon, home; as in bamstede, homestead).

Ling, of Saxon origin, denotes descent, and hence offspring; also
The English Language, p. 285.