two of its ancient princes; 2812 be- PAINT. Women, especially har longing to Pahath-moab, returned lots, painted their faces, 2 Kings ix. from Babylon with Zerubbabel, and 30. The Jews painting of their eyes, 200 more with Ezra, chap. ii. 6. and and rending their faces, may denote viii. 4. Some would have Pahath-their setting off themselves to their moab to be the name of a man; and neighbouring nations in all the shows it is certain, one of that name sealed of idolatry and false grandeur they Nehemiah's covenant of reformation, could, Ezek. xxiii. 40. Jer. iv. 30. Neh. x. 14.

PALACE, (1.) A royal dwelling PAIN, or PANG, denotes great or mansion-house, fit for kings or uneasiness of body or mind. princes to dwell in, Isa. xxxix. 7. When it is very violent, it is called (2.) The temple of God at JerusaTORMENT, Job xxxiii. 19. Psal. xxv. lem, 1 Chron. xxix. 1, 17. It was 18. and lv. 4. Ezek. xxx. 4. Jer. extremely magnificent and grand; xxii. 23. Matt. iv. 24. To travel in and there the Lord as King of Israel pain all one's days, is to live in sore dwelt in the symbols of his presence. trouble, inward disquiet, and terror (3.) The high priest's house, Matt. of mind, Job xv. 20. The wicked xxvi. 58. (4.) The church of God, man's flesh upon him hath pain; in Psal. xlviii. 13. (5.) Heaven is the his dying moments, he is in sore palace of God; how glorious its trouble; in the grave, the worms structure! how rich its furniture! feed on him; in hell, he will be for and there the Lord, angels, and reever tormented, Job xiv. 22. Be in deemed men, will for ever reside, pain, and labour to bring forth; bear Psal. xlv. 15. thy troubles with patience, hoping for PALE. Jacob's face waxing pale, a merciful and joyful deliverance; or, imports the shame, contempt, and Thou shalt be in sore trouble before ruin, of his posterity, Isa. xxix. 22. the deliverance from Babylon, or the The paleness of John's visionary greater deliverance by the Messiah, horse, may denote the great destrucMic. iv. 10. Pains of death, or hell, tion of men, by pestilence, famine, are such violent torments as cut off and other calamities, between A. D. life, or render a person truly miserable, 235 and 286, which, it is thought, Acts ii. 24. Psal. cxvi. 3. The ter- was the fruit of spiritual deadness of rible calamities of Antichrist, when ministers and others in the church. ruined, and the inconceivable mise- PALESTINE. See PHILISTIA. ries of the damned, are called tor- The PALM-TREE is found in a ment, Rev. xviii. 7, 10. and xx. 10. variety of the warm countries in the Christ's witnesses torment the Anti-north of Africa, and in the south of christians; they preach the truths Asia, &c. Many palms grew on the which the other detest; and practise banks of Jordan; but the best were the good works which they abhor; those about Jericho and Engedi, and are the innocent occasions of hence Jericho is sometimes called the God's executing his fearful judgments city of palm-trees, Deut. xxxiv. 3. on them, Rev. xi. 10. The tormentors Palms grow very tall and upright; to which God delivers the wicked, and their leaves retain their greenare the lashes of his wrath, the tor-ness through the whole year. The tures of an awakened conscience, more they bask in the sun, their and malicious and enraged devils growth is the better; nor are they and men, Matt. xviii. 34.-PAIN- injured by burdens being hung on FUL, what is very hard and difficult, them. They produce little fruit till and cannot without great fatigue and they be about thirty years old; after pain be effected or endured, Psal. which, while their juice continues, Ixxii. 16. PAINFULNESS, denotes the older they become, the more labour joined with great care and fruitful they are, and will bear three grief, 2 Cor. xi. 27. or four hundred pounds of dates every

year; but it is said the female bears dangerous. If the face be affected, the no fruit except it be planted along case is bad, as it shows that the diswith the male. This tree produces ease proceeds from the brain. When dates, a most sweet and luscious kind the part affected feels cold, is inof fruit. They also extract from it sensible, or wastes away, or when a kind of wine, which is much used in the judgment and memory begin to the eastern countries, and is proba- fail, there is but little hope of a cure; bly what the scripture calls strong unless in answer to prayer the Lord drink. It likewise yields a kind be pleased to effect one, such as was of honey. As its sap is chiefly in effected by Christ or his apostles, the top, when they intended to ex- Matt. viii. 6. Acts ix. 33. tract a liquor from it, they cut off PAMPHYLIA, a nation made up the top, where there is always a tuft of different people or tribes, a province of spiring leaves about four feet long, of Lesser Asia, having the Mediterand scoop the trunk into the shape of ranean Sea on the south, Lycia on the a bason. Here the sap ascending, west, Pisidia on the north, and Cilicia lodges itself, at the rate of three or on the east. Attalia and Perga were four English pints a day for the first the principal cities of it. A number of week or fortnight; after which, it the Jewish inhabitants of this place gradually decreases; and in six heard Peter's sermon at Pentecost, and weeks, or two months, the whole perhaps first carried the gospel thither. juice will be extracted. As palm- Paul and Barnabas afterward preachtrees were accounted symbols of vic-ed the gospel here, since which, tory, branches of palm were carried Christianity has never been wholly before conquerors in their triumphs: extinct, though since the ravages of and, in allusion to this, the saints are the Saracens, it has made but a poor said to have palm in their hand, to appearance, Acts ii. 10. The coundenote their victory over sin, Satan, try is at present under the Turks, the world, &c. Rev. vii. 9. To mark and is of little or no importance. their heavenly and upright disposi- PANT, to gasp for breath, as one tion, their fellowship with Christ, dying or over-burdened. It is extheir spiritual comeliness, and fruit-pressive of killing grief, Isa. xxi. 4. fulness in good works, and their vic- Psal. xxxviii. 10. or eager desire, tory over all enemies, they are com- ib. xlii. 1. and cxix. 131. Amos pared to palm-trees, Psal. xcii. 12. ii. 7. To represent them in their connexion PANNAG. Whether this signiwith angels and ministers, there were fies Phenicia, or a place near Minfigures of palm-trees and cherubim nith, or whether it signifies oil or alternately mingled in Ezekiel's vi- balsam, is not determined; but eisionary temple, Ezek. xl. 16. Idols ther in Pannag, or in fine wheat of were upright as the palm-tree; they Pannag, the Jews traded with the could make no motion, but merely Tyrians, Ezek. xxvii. 17. stood like so many erect logs of wood, Jer. x. 5.

PAPER-REEDS, a kind of bulrushes that grow in Egypt, along the PALSY, a privation of motion or banks of the Nile, Isa. xix. 7. feeling, or both, in one or more these the Egyptians made baskets, parts of the body. Of all the affec- shoes, clothes, and small boats for tions called nervous, this is the most sailing on the Nile, Exod. ii. 3. Isa. suddenly fatal. It is more or less xviii. 2. To make paper of this buldangerous according to the import- rush, they peeled off the different ance of the part which is affected. skins or films of it, one after anoA palsy of the heart, or lungs, or ther; these they stretched on a taany part necessary to life, is mortal. ble, to the intended length or breadth When it affects the stomach, the in- of the paper, and overlaid them with testines, or the bladder, it is highly a kind of thin paste, or the muddy

water of the Nile a little warmed: Ezek. iv. v. and xii. A number of above which they spread a cross lay- their visions were also a kind of pa er of other films or leaves, and theh rables; as Jeremiah's boiling pot, dried it in the sun. The films near-baskets of figs, &c. Jer. i. and xxiv. est the heart of the plant made the In our Saviour's time the manner of finest paper. For above 570 years instruction by parables was quite back, paper of linen rags hath been common. He carried it to the height in use, and now also of straw. of excellency and usefulness. As paPAPHOS, which boils, or which is |rables very often represent truth, as if very hot. There were two cities of by a kind of short history; so in this name, about 7 miles distant the them, especially those of our Savione from the other, on the west end our, there may be often an allusion of the isle of Cyprus; in each of to real facts, which adds no small which, Venus the goddess of lust, had decorum to the parable. His paraa temple. The old Paphos was built ble of the travels of the unclean spiby Agapenor, soon after the destruc- rit, and of the sower, the tares, the tion of Troy. At Paphos, Paul growth of corn, the mustard-seed, preached the gospel, converted Ser-the leaven, the hid treasure, the gius, the Roman governor of the pearl, the net, the two debtors, the island, and struck Elymas the sor- Samaritan, the rich fool, the servants cerer blind, Acts xiii. 16. The idol-[waiting for their Lord, the barren atry of Venus continued about 400 fig-tree, the lost sheep, the lost piece years after. Nevertheless, we find of silver, the prodigal son, the dishere, a christian church about the honest steward, Lazarus and the rich same time; and Paphos still conti- man, the unjust judge, the Pharisee nues a seat of one of the bishops of and publican, the two servants that the Greek church. were debtors, the labourers, the

PARABLE, a figurative repre- pounds, the two sons, the vineyard sentation of truth. It was anciently let out to husbandmen, the marriagecommon for the men of wisdom to feast, the ten virgins, the talents, the utter their sentiments in parables; sheep and goats, are drawn from but it was reckoned very inconsist- obvious and common things; and yet ent for fools to utter parables, Prov. how exalted the instruction they xxvi. 7. By a parable of the trees convey!-To understand parables, choosing a king, Jotham showed the it is proper to observe, (1.) It is not Shechemites their folly in choosing necessary that the representation of his bastard brother Abimelech. By natural things in a parable should be a kind of parables or riddles, Samson strictly matter of fact, because the entertained his companions during design is not to inform concerning his marriage-feast, Judg. ix. and xiv. these, but concerning some more By a parable, Nathan introduced his momentous truth: nor is it necesreproof of David for his adultery and sary that all the actions in a parable murder, and the widow of Tekoah be strictly just, 2 Sam. xiv. Luke persuaded him to recall Absalom, 2 xvi. 1-8. (2.) We must chiefly atSam. xii. and xiv. Not only did the tend to the scope of the parable, prophets often use parabolic lan- which is to be gathered from the guage, representing idolaters and inspired explication thereof; from adulterers, &c, but sometimes added the introduction to it, or the concluparabolic actions: as when Isaiah sion of it. (3.) Hence it follows, walked almost naked and barefoot that we are not to expect that for three years; Jeremiah hid his every circumstance in the parable girdle by the Euphrates; Ezekiel lay should be answered by something in before his iron pan, shaved and di- the explication; for, several cirumvided his hair, carried out his house-stances may be added for the sake of hold stuff, &c. Isa. xx. Jer. xiii. decorum, or mere allusion to that VOL. II.

2 K

whence the figure of the parable is who place it in Syria, near the head taken. (4.) Yet a parable may in- of the Jordan, or rather farther form us of several truths, besides the south, and theirs that place it in Arscope of it.

menia, whence run the rivers of EuIt has been made a question whether phrates and Hiddekel, which run our Saviour's parables were intended south, and of Araxes, which runs east, to render his doctrines clear to the hath no proof on its side. The first vulgar, or to conceal them from their of these hath no marks of the Mosaic eyes; because it is said in Luke viii. Euphrates at all; no four rivers; no 10." That seeing they might not see, river parted into four heads. Nor and hearing they might not under- indeed is that in Armenia much betstand." Yet the former opinion seems ter founded; the springs of the Euto be more agreeable to reason; not phrates, Tigris, and Araxes, are too only because all who have written distant to be said to proceed out of upon the nature of a parable, do the same garden; and the Phasis, agree, that it is a plain, simple way of which they call Pison, has its head speaking, proportioned to the under-much more distant in the mountain standing of the meanest capacity; Caucasus. We suppose that parabut also, because our Saviour himself dise stood in Eden in Chaldea, at the says, Matt. xiii. 13. "He spake to conflux of the Tigris, or Hiddekek them in parables, because they see- and the Euphrates, or a little below ing, see not; and hearing, hear it. Here we find two of Moses's rinot; neither do they understand:" vers by name; and below, we find That is, they did not consider, nor the stream was parted into two large attend to; and consequently did not divisions, the eastern one of which understand what he had said to them may have been the Gihon, and the in a common way and therefore he western the Pison. It may be prospake to them in parables; or by per to observe, that when some of comparisons borrowed from things these rivers are said to compass such which the most ignorant did under- lands, the word may be rendered, stand, to explain something which runs along, i. e. along the side; and they did not; and though some of Hiddekel went not to the east of Asthese were not instantly compre- syria, but ran from Assyria casthended by the apostles, at which our ward or runs before Assyria, that is, Lord expresses some surprise, say-between Moses and Assyria, Gen. ing, "Know ye not (this easy and ii. 11-14. It is probable the Heafamiliar) parable? how then will ye thens derived their fancy of fortunate know all parables?" Mark iv. 13. islands and Elysian fields, and drew yet he afterwards explained them; their taste for gardens of perfumes ver. 34. and commanded, that what from the ancient paradise. Heaven he told them in darkness they should is called a paradise, because of the speak in the light," Matt. x. 27. But complete happiness, manifold dealthough these parables might be lights, and intimate fellowship with clear to most men of those times; God, that are there enjoyed, Luke because our Saviour in them frequent-xxiii. 44. 2 Cor. xii. 4. Rev. ii. 7. ly alluded to things immediately be- PARAMOURS, lewd men. The fore their eyes; yet these objects be- Heathen nations, on whom the Jews ing removed from us, every one does depended for relief, instead of their not now see the force and beauty of God, and whose idolatries they folthem; or perhaps not clearly under-lowed, are called their paramours, stand them, without some little assist- Ezek. xxiii. 20.

ance.

PARAN, or EL-PARAN, beauty, PARADISE, garden of plea- glory, ornament, a track in Arabia sure. Vain minds have fancied it the Stony, between the south of almost every-where. Their opinion Canaan and the eastern gulf of

the Red Sea; or rather it extended, common paper. The art of dresswhen taken at large, as far as Sinai, ing skins might be improved at Deut. xxxiii. 2. Heb. iii. 3. It is Pergamum, but the thing was known said, that part of it next to Sinai and long in use before the Attali, abounded with bushes; but, on the kings of Pergamum. Diodorus Simain, it was, and still is, a frightful culus relates, that the Persians fordesert. It is said the houses in itmerly wrote their registers upon were generally holes dug in the skins; and Herodotus speaks of the earth; but there was a city called skins of sheep and goats made use of Paran in it, whence Hadad took his by the ancient Ionians to write upon; guides to conduct him to Egypt, 1 and the rolls mentioned in the proKings xi. 18. Dr. Shaw thinks, its phets were probably vellum or parchextent from Kadesh-barnea, on the ment. What were the contents of north, to Sinai, was about 110 miles; the parchments mentioned 2 Tim.iv. but it seems to have extended to the 13. may be matter of endless dispute, north-east of Kadesh, as David con- because it is not possible to be at this cealed himself in it when he was day determined. See PAPER. near Maon and south Carmel, 1 Sam. PARDON. See FORGIVE. xxv. 2. and perhaps it was the in- PARENTS. See FATHER. habitants of this part of it that Che- PARLOUR, a room in houses on dorlaomer ravaged before he attack- the first floor, elegantly furnished ed the Sodomites, Gen. xiv. 6. In for reception or entertainment. Prothe wilderness of Paran, I suppose, bably that in which Eglon, king of to the south-west of Beersheba, Ish-Moab, was sitting when Ehud went mael, and his mother Hagar, took to him, was a cool airy room, a little up their residence, Gen. xxi. 21. remote from his palace, suited to the and hence the Ishmaelites dispersed heat of the summer, over which was themselves into the regions round a chamber for him to cover his feet, about. There seems to have been or retire to rest, Judg. iii. 20. another place called Paran, on the east of Jordan, Deut. i. 1.

PART, (1.) A piece, Ruth ii. 3. (2.) A share, Josh. xix. 9. (3.) PARCHED, exceedingly dried; Duty, business, Ruth iii. 13. 1 Sam. so parched ground is what is burnt up xxxiii. 20. (4.) Side, party, Mark with excessive drought, Jer. xvii. 6. ix. 40. The inward or hidden part, Parched corn is what has been roast- is the soul, Psal. v. 9. and li. 6. ed by the fire, that it may be eaten, God smote the Philistines in the 2 Sam. xvii. 28. To inhabit parched hinder parts, and put them to a perplaces, is to be in a most wretched petual reproach, when he plagued and destitute condition, Jer. xvii. 6. them with the emerods, Psal. lxxviii. The Gentile world, and unregenerate 66. A third or fourth part, is often men are likened to parched ground; used to signify a great deal, a great how destitute of divine truth and many, Ezek. v. 2, 12. Zech. xiii. 8, gracious influences! how barren of 9. Rev. vi. 8. iii. 7—12. and ix. 18. good works! how scorched with the power of temptation, with corrupt inclinations and customs, and with divine judgments! Jer. xxxv. 7.

PARCHMENT, skins of sheep, calves, and goats, dressed for the writer; so called from the Pergamena membranæ, or skins prepared at Pergamum in Mysia, the kings of which brought them into use; because the Ptolemies, kings of Egypt, prohibited the exportation of the papyrus or

TO PART, (1.) To separate, go asunder, 2 Kings ii. 11. (2.) To di vide, Gen. ii. 10. (3.) To determine a controversy, giving each his share, Prov. xviii. 8.

PARTAKE, to receive a share. The saints are partakers of Christ, and of a heavenly calling: by receiving Jesus Christ into our heart, we possess him, his blessings, and influences, as our own, and become heirs to the heavenly glory, Heb. iii. 1, 14. and vi. 4.