spoiling men or the fruits of their of persons unjustly condemned, Amos ground, Isa. iii. 14. Samaria became ii. 8. The Hebrews had two kinds a vineyard, when, being desolate, it of VINEGAR; the one was of weak became arable fields, Mic. i. 6. Good wine, which they used for their comvineyards becoming fields of briers mon drink on harvest-fields, &c. as and thorns, denotes great desolation the Spaniards and Italians still do, in the country, Isa. vii. 23. The Ruth ii. 14. the other had a sharp gathering and treading of the grapes, and acid taste like ours; and hence were called the VINTAGE; and when Solomon hints, that a sluggard vexes the crop was very large, it began in and hurts such as employ him in buJune, at the end of harvest, and con-siness, as vinegar is disagreeable to tinued till October, Leviticus xxvi. the teeth, and smoke to the eyes, 5. They generally had their vats Prov. x. 26. and as vinegar poured on or presses for treading out the grapes, nitre spoils its virtue, so he that sings and squeezing out the wine, without songs to an heavy heart does but add the city, Rev. xiv. 20. Of the juice to its grief, Prov. xxv. 20. Vinegar of the squeezed grapes were formed may be made of middling beer, mashWINE and VINEGAR. The wines of ed with rape or husks of grapes; afHelbon near Damascus, and of Le-ter which the liquid part being caskbanon, where the vines had a fine ed, and the bung-hole covered with ́sun, were reckoned most excellent, a tile and set in a hot sun, it, in Ezek. xxvii. 18. Hos. xiv. 7. The about 30 or 40 days, will be formed wines of Canaan being very strong, into vinegar. Malaga raisins mashwere ordinarily mixed with water ed with spring water in an earthen for common use, and sometimes they jar, and set in a hot sun three or four scented them with frankincense, months, form vinegar. Any kind myrrh, calamus, and other spices, of wine mingled with its lees, or the Prov. ix. 2, 5. Song viii. 2. they sourish stalks of the grapes, and pulalso either scented their wine with verized tartar, and put into a vessel pomegranates, or made wine of their formerly scented with vinegar, will juice, as we do of the juice of cur- ferment anew, and become vinegar. rants, gooseberries, &c. fermented If the watery part were extracted with sugar. When wine ferments from vinegar, it might be renderexcessively, and is in danger of rend-ed so strong as easily to dissolve a ing the strongest cask, a little smoke large mass of iron.-Christ is liof sulphur below it, or put into it, kened to a vine; is called the truc will stop it. Wine may be strength-vine, John xv. 1. The church is a ened by causing it to freeze, and VINEYARD. God, the proprietor, first throwing away the icy part of it. planted the Jews therein as his vine, Sour wine may be rectified by mix- and gave him his tabernacle or ing it well with a little of the tar- temple as their wine-press, and his tarized spirit of wine. No Nazarite oracles, ordinances, and blessings. during his vow, nor priest during his He let out this vineyard to their service at the sanctuary, was to drink keepers, and sent the prophets, and wine, Numb. vi. 3. Lev. x. 7. Wine at last his Son, to demand their good is best when old and on the lees, fruits; but these being abused and the dregs having sunk to the bottom, mal-treated, he gave their churchand is very useful for refreshing, privileges to the Gentiles, and at strengthening, and cheering persons, different seasons of time and life, and in some dangerous diseases is calls men to labour in it, Isaiah v. useful as a medicine. Wine of violence, 1-7. Matthew xxi. 28-45. Luke is that which is procured by oppres-xiii. 6, 7. Matthew xx. 1-16. It sion and robbery, Prov. iv. 17. Wine is a vineyard of red wine, kept and of the condemned, is that which is ta- watered night and day by the Lord; ken from or procured at the expense amidst bloody persecutions and sore Men The Chaldeans are called grape-gatroubles, God, by his preserving and actuating influences, causes his peo-therers, as they destroyed the nations ple to bring forth the best of fruits, and carried the people out of their to his glory and their own good, Isa. own lands, Jer. xlix. 9. The outward comforts of a land are called xxvii. 2, 3. The Jews are likened to a vine or wine, as these refresh and strengthen vineyard; God planted them a noble the inhabitants, Jer. xlviii. 33. Hos. and choice vine, wholly a right secdii. 9. and their wine is mixed with their ancestors being pious, and their water, when their rulers, customs, original laws good, he protected, ordinances, and best people, are pruned, and dressed, and caused them much corrupted and weakened, Isa. to spread by his kind providences; i. 22. Great calamities and sufferbut through, their apostacy and ido- ings appointed by God, and which latry, they render themselves a bar- disturb men's minds with anguish ren and empty vine, bringing forth no and horror, are called wine, Psal. lx. good fruit; a degenerate plant of a 3. and Ixxv. 8. Isa. li. 17, 21. 22. strange vine, like other idolatrous na- Jer. xxv. 15. The wine wherewith tions; a wild vine, a vine of Sodom, Babylon made the nations drunk, bringing forth sour grapes of gall, was the judgments of God executed and which produced wine like the by the Chaldeans, or the idolatry and venom of asps, wicked courses, very superstition into which they seduced offensive to God, and in the issue them, Jer. li. 7. Rev. xvii. 2. tending to set their teeth on edge, shake off their unripe grapes, when bringing many and painful calamities they are cut off by an unexpected upon them, Jer. ii. 21, 22. Psalm stroke, in the prime of their days, Ixxx. 8. Ezek. xv. Hosea x. 1. Isa. or amidst the growth of their prosv. 1—7. Deut. xxxii. 33. Jer. xxxi. perity; or when their wealth is taken 29. Ezek. xviii. 2. Antichrist is the from them, as they are busy adding vine of the earth; the Popish state to it, Job xv. 33. After death, wickbears some resemblance to the true ed men behold not the the way of church, but spreads and bears fruits vineyards; they lose all their wealth of error and corruption, hurtful to and pleasure, Job xxiv. 18. The the souls and bodies of men, as the fathers have eaten the sour grapes, and fruit of wild vines is to the body; the children's teeth are set on edge; intoxicates and stupifies multitudes the parents sinned, and their children with the wine of her fornication, are unjustly punished for it, Ezek. her superstition, idolatry, error, and xviii. 2. God's judgments on men profaneness; but at the end, in the here, or in hell, are called wine, and vintage of God's judgments against red or strong wine, wine mixed with her, shall these idolaters be terribly spices, wine without mixture of water, squeezed and pressed with distress- and wine of astonishment, Jer. xxv. ing and ruinous calamities, Rev. 15. Psalm Ix. 3. and Ixxv. 8. Rev. xiv. 18, 19, 20. and xvii. 2, 4.- xiv. 10. His judgments are as sour The destruction of a nation or army, grapes ripening in the flower, when or Christ's destroying his enemies their execution is very near at hand, in the wine-press of his wrath, is Isa. xviii. 5. likened to a vintage, in which some VINEGAR, VINEYARD, VIN times there are gleanings left, a small TAGE. See VINE. VIOL, a musical instrument, Isa. v. 12. To VIOLATE, profanely to transgress, Ezek. xxii. 26. VIOLENT, (1.) Earnest to obtain what is necessary, Luke xvi. 16. (2.) Given to exercise unjust force, VIRGIN. See MAN. 2 Sam. xxii. 49. VIOLENCE, is, to break out into a viper, when they (1.) Earnest endeavour; so the king- issue in the tormenting ruin of their dom of heaven suffereth violence, and projectors, or in the reproach and the violent take it by force; men must persecution of such as study to opstrive to enter in at the strait gate, pose and crush them, Isa. lix. 5. into a new covenant state, and by The viper's tongue shall slay him; he earnest diligence in holiness prepare shall die of a certain, sudden, and · for the heavenly glory, Matt. xi. 12. tormenting death, Job xx. 16. (2.) Outrageous force, Acts xxi. 25. and xvii. 41. (3.) Unjust and for- VIRTUE, (1.) Efficacy for procible harassing, hurting, oppressing ducing an effect, Mark v. 30. (2.) and robbing, of others, Hab. i. 2, A wonderful work produced by dis3, 9. and ii. 8. (4.) What is got by tinguished power, Matt. vii. † 22. oppression and robbery, Zeph. i. 19. (3.) Holiness of heart and practice, The violence of Lebanon, and spoils (4.) Christian courage and boldness, of beasts, which covered the Chal-2 Pet. i. 3, 5. To be VIRTUOUS, is, deans, was their unjust and bruta! to be given to true goodness in heart, murder, oppression, and robbery of the Jews, which brought vengeance on their heads, Hab. ii. 17. speech, and behaviour, Ruth iii. 11. VISAGE. See FACE. VISIBLE, VISION. See SEE. VIPERS, a kind of serpents, To VISIT, (1.) To go to see, and which are scarcely ever above an ell meet with, Acts vii. 23. and xv. 26. long, and an inch thick, and whose (2.) To take a view of, in order to head is flat, and they have a snout redress grievances, and do service: like that of a pig. Whereas other so magistrates and ministers ought to serpents have two rows of teeth, vi- visit their people, Jer. xxiii. 2. God pers have but one, consisting of six-visits men, either in mercy, when he teen small ones in each jaw; and at manifests his presence, grants them least the male vipers have two large their requests, delivers them from teeth, which being raised when they distress, and upholds and comforts are angry, their bite distils poison them, Zech. x. 3. Luke vii. 16. Gen. into the wound. Their body is ei- xxi. 1. 1 Sam. ii. 21. or in wrath, ther of an ash or yellow colour, when he visits their iniquities, in speckled with longish brown spots, chastising or punishing persons for and the scales under their belly are them, Exod. xx. 5. Jer. vi. 6. Isa. of the colour of well-polished steel. xxvi. 14. Ezek. xxxviii. 8. And hence Their poison is extremely dangerous; VISITATION is, (1.) Powerful and but their flesh, or broth made of it, is comfortable fellowship with God, said to be an excellent medicine in Job x. 12. 1 Pet. ii. 12. or, (2.) some dangerous maladies, and was Punishment and affliction, Hos. ix. formerly used in the Venice treacle. 7. Mic. vii. 4. Christ the day-spring The male viper is blacker than the from on high visited men, when he female. The females bring forth assumed our nature, and when he their young about 20 at a birth, and sent his Word and Spirit, that we one day by day, wrapt up alive in might have fellowship with him, and small skins, which burst about the share of his blessings, Luke i. 78. third day after, Isa. xxx. 6.-The To visit the fatherless and widow, or Pharisees, and other wicked men, the sick and imprisoned members of are likened to vipers; by their poison- Christ, is to show them regard and ous doctrines, bad example, and sin-pity, and to help them according to ful excitements, they effectually ruin their need and our ability,' James i. the souls of men; and by their ma- 27. Matt. xxv. 36, 43. lice, they murder such as oppose ULAI, or EULEUS, strength, a them, Matt. iii. 7. Men's wicked fool, senseless, a river of Persia, near and carnal devices and errors are said to the city of Shushan, and on whose bank Daniel had his vision of the ram murmuring, the fruit of unbelief, it and he-goat, Dan. viii. 2, 16. Pro- was inconsistent with the divine hobably it is the same with the Choaspes nour and purpose to admit them. of the ancients, and the Caron of the Heb. iii. 19. Christ could not do moderns. many mighty works in his own counUNACCUSTOMED, not used to, try,because of their unbelief; their disJer. xxxi. 18. N. B. The preposi- trust of him, and contempt of his mition un or in, prefixed to multitudes racles rendered them unfit objects to of words, signifies not only the ab- have miracles wrought upon or among sence of the quality imported by the them, Mark vi. 5, 6. The apostles' separate or simple word, but the pre-distrust of Christ's promises of ensence of contrary qualities. abling them to cast out devils, renUNADVISEDLY,rashly,without dered them incapable of casting one deliberation, Psa. cvi. 33. out, Mark xvii. 16. and Peter's disUNAWARES, (1.) Secretly, un- trust of his Master's power, occaperceived, Jude 4. (2.) Suddenly, sioned his sinking in the water, Matt. not expected, Psa. xxxv. 8. Luke xiv. 30, 31. The unbelief for which xxi. 35. (3.) Without design and the Jews were broken off from their intention, Numb. xxxv. 11. being a church, was their distru-t of UNBELIEF,distrust of God's faith- Christ's Messiahship, their contempt fulness, pledged in his declared pro- and refusal of him, and their violent mises and threatenings, and particu- persecution of his cause and memlarly the discredit of his gospel-decla- bers, Rom. xi. 20. Paul was forrations, offering his Son to sinners, given his blasphemy and persecution even the chief. This is a most horrid of the saints, as he did it ignorantly and damning crime, as it makes God a and in unbelief, before he knew the liar, blasphemes all his perfections, truth concerning Jesus, or felt the contemns and refuses Jesus and his powerful drawings of his Spirit, 1 whole salvation, and leads to other Tim. i. 13. sins, John xvi. 10. Heb. iii. 12. 1 John v. 10, 11. Heb. x. 26-31. Unbeliefis either negative, in such as have not heard the gospel, and so Heathens are called unbelievers or infidels, 1 Cor. vi. 6. 2 Cor. vi. 14. or positive in those unbelievers, who, though they hear the gospel, and profess to regard it, yet believe not with their heart the record which God hath given of his Son, Luke xii. 46. Tit. i. 15. Rev. xxi. 8. Unbelief is either with respect to a particular declaration of God, as when Zacharias discredited God's promise of a son to him, Luke i. 20. or universal, with respect to the whole declarations of God.—It is either partial, importing some degrees of distrust, Mark ix. 24. or total, where there is no trust at all, ] Tim. i. 13. The Jews, who came out of Egypt, could not enter into Canaan, because of unbelief, on account of their distrusting God's power and kindness, and his promise to bring them in; and for their rebellion and UNBLAMEABLE, UNREBUKAELE, UNREPROVABLE, without scandal, without faults to be reproved for or complained of, 1 Thess. ii. 10. 1 Tim. vi. 14. Col. i. 22. UNCERTAIN, (1.) Doubtful, so that one knows not what is intended by a thing, 1 Cor. xiv. 8. (2.) Changeable, hence one knows not how short a time a thing may endure or be possessed, 1 Tim. vi. 17. UNCERTAINLY, without knowing the means or end, or without any security of obtaining it, 1 Cor. ix. 26. UNCHANGEABLE, that cannot be altered in itself, or which cannot pass to another, Heb. vii. 24. UNCIRCUMCISED. See CIR CUMCISION. UNCLEAN. Persons or things are unclean, (1.) Naturally; so dunghills and hateful animals are unclean, Rev. xviii. 2. (2.) Ceremonially; such persons as touched dead bodies mourned for the dead, and a great number of beasts were thus unclean, Numb. xix. Lev. xi. to xvi. (3.) under the law, under grace, under the Federally; thus the children of Hea- curse, i. e. under the impression, inthens, or unbelievers, are unclean, 1 fluence, and reign thereof, Rom. iii. Cor. vii. 14. (4.) In scrupulous 9. and vi. 14. and men are under opinion; so some meats were reck- God, when subject to his laws, Hos. oned unclean by the primitive Chris- iv. 12. (3.) Below with respect to tians, Rom. xiv. 14. (5.) Morally, protection: thus the saints are under being polluted with sin; so devils are the shadow, feathers, or wings of God, unclean spirits, Matt. x. 1. and all Matt. xxiii. 37. Psa. xci. 1-3. (4.) men are as an unclean thing, Isa. Below with respect to effectual supIxiv. 6. Particularly, sinners against port; so the arms of God are under the seventh commandment, which sins his people, to uphold them under at once pollute both soul and body, every burden, Deut. xxxiii. 27. (5.) are unclean, Eph. v. 5. UNCLEAN- Ready to be brought forth: so good NESS, is either natural filthiness, and bad language is under the tongue, Matt. xxiii. 27, or ceremonial pollu- when in the heart, and ready to be tion, Lev. xv. 31, or moral, i. e. all uttered, Psal. cxl. 3. kinds of sin, Ezek. xxxvi. 29. or lasciviousness, Col. iii. 5. 2 Pet. ii. 10. UNCLOTHED, so our souls are at death, when dislodged from our bodies, which are, as it were, a covering or robe to them, 2 Cor. v. 4. UNCOMELY, (1.) Not becoming, 1 Cor. vii. 37. (2.) Shameful; such parts of our body as are so, have more abundant comeliness put upon them when we carefully cover them, 1 Cor. xii. 23. UNCONDEMNED, not examined, not convinced or found guilty, Acts xvi. 37. and xxii. 25. UNCORRUPTNESS, freedom from error, Tit. ii. 7. To UNDERGIRD a ship, is to bind her round with ropes, that she may not be torn asunder, Acts xxvii. 17. UNDERSETTERS, a kind of supporters or feet at the corners of the sacred lavers, which, together with the wheels, held them up from the ground, 1 Kings vii. 30, 34. To UNDERSTAND, to know things in a natural, supernatural, or spiritual manner, 2 Sam. iii. 27. Gen. xli. 15. Dan. iv. 19. Psa. cxix. 100. 1 Cor. ii. 9-14. UNDERSTANDING, is, (1.) Knowledge, wisdom, Exod. xxxi. 3. Prov. ii. 2, 3. (2.) The power or faculty of the soul, UNCOVER. See DISCOVER. whereby it perceives objects, Luke UNCTION. See ANOINTING. xxiv. 45. Eph. i. 18. A people of UNDEFILED, CLEAN. Christ is no understanding, are persons ignoundefiled; is free from all sin, infi- rant, and unwilling to learn, Isa. nitely holy as God, and perfectly xxvii. 11. My understanding is unholy in his manhood, Heb. vii. 26. fruitful; what I say, however sensiSaints are undefiled; are righteous ble and well understood by me, is through faith in Christ, and they aim useless to others, if I speak it in an at perfection in holiness, Psal. cxix. unknown tongue, 1 Cor. xiv. 14. To 1. Heaven is uncorruptible and un-love God with the understanding or defiled; great is the shining glory mind, is to love him judiciously, from thereof, and every person and act a real and spiritual knowledge of his there, are perfectly pure and holy, 1 excellency and kindness, Mark xii, Pet. i. 4. 33. A fool hath no delight in unUNDER, (1.) Below with respect derstanding, but that his heart may to place; so things on the earth are discover itself: he is not earnest and under the sun, under the heavens, Judg. diligent in the study of solid knowi. 7. Deut. iv. 11. (2.) Below with ledge and wisdom; but his great respect to condition, state, power, study and pleasure is to vent his own authority; hence we read of being foolishness, being slow to hear, and under foot, Rom. xvi. 20. under sin, swift to speak, Prov. xviii. 2. |