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TO THE

THIRD EDITION.

THE principal alterations in the present edition are the following:

The chapters which were the fourth and fixth of the second book are nearly rewritten, on account of an error into which the author had fallen in an attempt to estimate the fruitfulness of marriages and the number of the born living to be married, from the data in registers; and as the chapters, in their prefent ftate, are not fuggefted by those which immediately preceded them in the fame manner as they were before, they are transferred to the latter part of the book, and now form the ninth and tenth chapters.

In the chapter of the fame book, which treats of the Checks to Population in England, a remark has been added to fhow the incorrectnefs of confidering the proportion of births as nearly uniform throughout the last century, and confequently of founding an estimate of the population at different periods on fuch grounds.

In the fifth chapter of the third book an obfervation has been inferted on the policy as well as

duty

duty of affifting the poor through temporary feafons of diftrefs; and in the feventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth chapters of the fame book, fome paffages have been omitted and others added, particularly in the tenth, which treats of bounties on the expor tation of corn, on account of the prefent importance of the fubject, and the difcuffion which it has lately received.

In the fixth chapter of the fourth book, one paffage has been omitted, and a paffage has been added on the effect of good government in diminishing poverty.

In the feventh chapter of the fame book a paffage has been omitted; and in the eighth chapter a paffage of fome length, relating to a comparison of the married and unmarried, has been omitted, and an obfervation added on the propriety of not underrating the desirableness of marriage, while we are inculcating the duties of moral restraint.

These are the most prominent alterations. The reft confift merely of a few verbal corrections, and here and there a fhort paffage or explanatory note, to prevent misconceptions. These minor corrections occur principally in the two first chapters.

The reader will fee that the alterations here mentioned do not affect the principles of the work, and therefore do not effentially leffen the value of the quarto edition.

In an appendix, an answer is given to the principal objections which have been urged against the

Effay;

Effay; and for the accommodation of the purchasers of the former edition it is printed in quarto, and may be had separately. Those who have no leifure or inclination to read the entire work, will find in the appendix fuch a notice of its most prominent arguments, as will give them a good general idea of the aim and bent of the whole,

CONTENTS,

CONTENT $

OF THE

FIRST VOLUME.

BOOK I.

OF THE CHECKS TO POPULATION IN THE LESS CIVILIZED
PARTS OF THE WORLD AND IN PAST TIMES,

CHAP. I. Statement of the Subject. Ratios of the

Increase of Population and Food

-

II. Of the general Checks to Population, and

Page

the Mode of their Operation

15

III. Of the Checks to Population in the lowest
Stage of Human Society

30

IV. Of the Checks to Population among the
American Indians

42

V.

Of the Checks to Population in the Islands
of the South Sea

79

VI. Of the Checks to Population among the
ancient Inhabitants of the North of Eu-

rope

110

VII. Of the Checks to Population among mo-
dern Paftoral Nations

142

VIII. Of the Checks to Population in different

parts of Africa

170

IX. Of the Checks to Population in Siberia,

Northern and Southern

195

CHAP.

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