GARDNER & SHARPE'S SERIES OF HOME LESSON BOOKS. THE COMPREHENSIVE HOME LESSON BOOK, IN SIX PARTS, CONTAINING LESSONS IN HOLY SCRIPTURE, ARITHMETIC, SPELLING, GRAMMAR, GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, POETRY, AND COMPOSITION, BY WILLIAM GARDNER, HEAD MASTER OF ST. CHRYSOSTOM'S SCHOOL, LIVERPOOL; AND T. T. SHARPE, HEAD MASTER OF ST. JUDE'S NATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL SCHOOLS, LIVERPOOL EDUCATIONAL TRADING CO., 9 & 10, ST. BRIDE'S AVENUE, FLEET ST. GEORGE PHILIP & SON, 32, FLEET STREET. MANCHESTER : JOHN HEYWOOD, 143, DEANSGATE. T. GREENWELL, 6, SOUTH PARADE. THE EDUCATIONAL TRADING CO. (LIMITED.) LIVERPOOL: PHILIP, SON, & NEPHEW. Grammar is the science which teaches us to speak, read, and write correctly. When we speak, read, or write, we use language. There are two kinds of language, spoken and written. Language is made up of sentences; sentences of words; words, when spoken, of distinct sounds; and when written, of letters. Grammar is divided into four parts: Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody. Orthography treats of letters, their sounds, and the method of forming them into words. Etymology treats of words, their sorts, changes, and sources. Syntax treats of sentences, and the manner of speaking and writing them correctly. Prosody treats of the laws of accent and poetry. LEARN AND WRITE a-bridge', to make shorter. ab-sorb', to drink in. Friday. LEARN AND WRITE INTRODUCTION. Geography means description of the earth. GEOGRAPHY. It treats of the shape, size, and motions of the earth; of its various productions, animal, vegetable, and mineral; of its natural divisions, into oceans, continents, &c.; and of its political divisions into empires, kingdoms, countries, provinces, &c. The shape of the earth is round, like an orange, and hence the earth is frequently called the globe. The distance round the earth is called its circumference, and measures nearly 25,000 miles. The distance through the earth is called its diameter, and measures nearly 8,000 miles. Orthography treats of letters, their sounds, and the method of forming them into words. It is another name for Spelling. A letter is the written sign of a distinct sound. Thursday. In the English Language there are twenty-six letters, which are called the Alphabet. These may be written thus, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, and are then called small letters ; Or thus, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, and are then called capital letters. Letters are either vowels or consonants. A vowel is a letter which makes a distinct sound of itself. A, e, i, o, u, are vowels, and so are w and y, when they do not begin a word or a syllable. The remaining letters are called consonants, because they do not make distinct sounds of themselves, and cannot be sounded without the aid of a vowel. Friday. GEOGRAPHY. MOTIONS OF THE EARTH. The earth has two motions, annual and diurnal. It moves round the sun once in a year, and produces the four seasons, Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter. This is its annual or yearly motion. It turns round on its axis once in twenty-four hours, causing day and night. This is its diurnal or daily motion. The axis of the earth is an imaginary line passing through its centre from north to south. The ends of this axis are called the Poles, the one the North, and the other the South Pole. The distance of the earth from the sun is about 95,000,000 miles; and from the moon 240,000. |