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DESCRIPTION OF THE BAY
OF CADIZ.

We feel assured our readers will thank us for the accompanying illustrative representation of the present seat of war. The following is a des cription of the references:

A. Port St. Mary.-B. Puerto Real. C. Isle de Leon: it is near this place the French army have established their head quarters.-D. Rota.

E. Fort Matagordo, one of the Puntales. F. Fort St. Lorenzo, one of the Puntales. This is the fort that the French are now about attacking.

G. Santi Banez, or Petri; the head quarters of the Duke d'Angouleme.

H. Point de la Cantera.

I. La Caracca.

K. San Pedro River.

L. El Coto.

M. Gaudalete Riv.

N. Fort St. Catherine.

O. Fort St. Sebastian.-P. Southern Point. 1 Canuelos Redoubt.

2 La Gallina.

3 El Salado Riv.

4 Fortin de Canuelos.

5 Fortin.

6 The Bar.

7 Isle St. Augustin.

8 Cano Ancho.

9 St. Petri Riv.

10 Bridge of Suazo.

11 Cano del Trocadero. 12 Fort Louis.

13 Cano Saporito.

14 La Caleta.

15 La Galera I.

16 Las Cochinos I.

17 Las Puercas I.

18 La Fridera I.

The bay of Cadiz is first seen from the top of Chili, half way from Xerez to Port St. Mary. The prospect is beautiful. The two points which form the entrance of the bay are distinctly seen, the Port of St. Sebastian on one side and the town of Rota on the other. In front is the city of Cadiz. From Port Saint Mary there are two good roads, one straight to Cadiz in crossing the bay, and the other leading to it by land, passing by Port Real and the Isle of Leon. This Port Saint Mary lies near the mouth of the Guadalete,which, by driving its sands into the bay, forms a bar not to be passed over without some danger.

Cadiz is one of the most ancient cities of Iberia. It was built by the Phenicians. The English took it in 1596; and some time after it was ceded to Spain. In 1702, it was besieged in yain by the naval powers of England and Holland. The Emperor Charles the Vth. on his death-bed, recommended Philip the IId. to preserve three places; Flushing, the Gonletta, in Africa, and Cadiz, in Spain.

The appearance of the city from the sea is beautiful. At a distance, the whole of the high buildings, which are mostly of white stone, or covered with glazed tiles of the same colour, have a very dazzling aspect when the sea is calm. The space which the city occupies is something in the shape of a crescent. Its extent from East to West is about a mile and a quarter, and from North to South above three quarters of a mile. The population is estimated at from fifty to seventy thousand. The few carts or carriages admitted within streets are very clean, and as there are the city, the pavement is very good; but they are so very narrow, that the balconies on each side of the street nearly touch each other. The inhabitants are almost exclusively employed in commerce; this will easily be believed on observing the number of vessels in the port. The chief part of the houses are built with inside courts, and these, as well as the floors of the rooms, are paved with bricks or marble for the sake of coolness. The only internal supply of fresh water which the inhabitants have, they collect from the roofs of their houses during the rainy season; and this rain they carefully keep in a reservoir, with which every house is furnished. The water they obtain by digging is very brackish. Cadiz has to boast of a magnificent hospital, called the Hospitium, for the aged of both sexes, also for incurables, vagabonds, prostitutes, insane persons, and children whom their parents are incapable of maintaining.

vided into two parts by a tongue of land, The bay is very spacious, and is dicommonly called the Trocader, from a small town, situated partly on it and partly on a long, low, and marshy island, stretching along its south-eastern side, and separated from it by a narrow channel, in which there are excellent wharfs for small vessels. The length of the bay from Rota (d) on the right to Santi Petri on the left is about 18 miles. The depth, from the Fort of St. Sebastian, connected with Cadiz by a reef of rocks and mole about half a mile in length, is six miles. The channel of Santi Petri, which separates the Isle of Leon from the main land, is about twelve miles long. This channel terminates in the inner bay of Cadiz, called the Bay of Puntales, in which are the royal arsenal and docks.

The channel of the Trocadero is defended toward the bay by the fort St.

Joseph on the tongue of land, and fort St. Louis on the island. The entrance of the inner bay or harbour of Cadiz is between Matagorda and the latter, upon a tongue of land stretching about three-quarters of a mile north-eastward from that which connects Cadiz with the Isle of Leon. This entrance is about a mile across; and the fairway, or entrance for large vessels, is under Matagorda, and near the shore of Trocadero; the bay formed on the

north-west side of the Island of Leon

being filled by banks of mud. The outer bay has its entrance between forts San Sebastian and Rota, from six to seven miles across. This bay is divided into two parts; that from Rota to St. Catherine being called the Bay of Bulls, and the remainder from St. Catherine to the Trocadero, and from Cadiz to Port St. Mary, being called the Bay of Cadiz. The South and East parts of this bay are muddy, the North and West clear; and here is little interruption in the entrance save the rocks, or rather shallows, of Galera and Diamante, situate mid-way between Cadiz and St. Catherine. The rivers which discharge themselves into the Bay of Cadiz are, with the exception of the Guadalete at Port St. Mary, of very trifling magnitude. The Chiclana, which passes the small town of the same name, the Surraque, which enters the channel of Santi Petri near the same place with the former, the San Pedro, which flows a short way through the salt marshes between the Port St. Mary and Port Royal, and the Salado, which falls into the Bay of Bulls, are the principal.

MICHAELMAS-DAY.

We are are too fond of good old English customs, (especially in the feasting way) to omit mentioning the history of eating geese on Michaelmasday. Some think it took its rise merely from the circumstance that Michaelmas is a great festival, and that geese being at this time plentiful, formed a prominent dish. Other authors state, that the presentation of a goose at Michaelmas was formerly the condition of a tenure. In support of this opinion there is a record so early as the tenth of King Edward the Fourth, of John de la Hay being bound, among other services, to render to William Barnaby,

lord of Lastres, in the county of Here ford, for a parcel of the demesne lands, one goose, fit for the lord's dinner, on the feast of St. Michael the Archangel; and, from a passage in the poems of George Gascoigne, Esq. 4to. 1575, we learn that a goose was a common present on this day from the tenant to his landlord :

"And when the tenauntes come to paie their quarter's rent,

They bring some fowle at Midsummer, a dish of fish in Lent, Christmasse a capon, at Michaelmas

At a goose, And somewhat else at New Yeare's tide,

for fear their lease flie loose."

Mr. Douce says-"I have somewhere seen the following reason for eating goose on Michaelmas-day: viz. that Queen Elizabeth received the news of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, whilst she was eating a goose, on Michaelmas-day; and that, in commemoration of that event, she ever afterwards, on that day, dined on a goose;" but the facts already mentioned show that the custom is of much older date, and the circumstance of Queen Elizabeth having it on that day renders it probable that it was then customary at court.

A pleasant writer, in " the World,” No. 10, remarking on the effects of the alteration of the style, observes, "what confusion would follow if Michaelmasday, for instance, was not to be celebrated when stubble geese are in their highest perfection ;" and, in Poor Robin's Almanack for 1695, under September, are the following quaint lines :"Geese now in their prime season are, Which, if well roasted, are good fare: Yet, however, friends take heed, How, too much, on them you feed; Lest, when your tongues run loose, Your discourse do smell of goose."

There is a popular saying, that " If you eat goose on Michaelmas-day, you will never want money all the year round," which is thus alluded to in the British Apollo :

"Q. Yet my wife would persuade me,

(as I am a sinner,) To have a fat goose on St. Michael for

dinner;

And then, all the year round, I pray you would mind it,

I shall not want money-Oh! grant I may find it.

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less than before:

The custom came up from the tenants' presenting

Their landlords with geese, to incline their relenting

On following payments."

There are several other customs observed on Michaelmas-day. It is the day on which the Lord Mayor is elected for the city of London, and the Governors of towns and cities in many parts of the country: as Bourne supposes, because the feast of angels naturally enough brings to our mind the old opinion of tutelar spirits, who have, or are thought to have, the particular charge of certain bodies of men, or districts of country; as also that every man has his guardian angel, who attends him from the cradle to the grave, from the moment of his coming in to his going out of life.

THE "SAILOR'S SATURDAY NIGHT."

For Saturday night still comes, my boys, To drink to Poll and Bess."

How forcibly do the above lines of that truly British songster and poet, the late CHARLES DIBDIN, convey to us the happiness a sailor anticipates from the pleasures of Saturday night! Far away from her he tenderly and dearly loves, he fondly cherishes every remembrance of the idol of his heart; and on Saturday night he offers, in potent libations to the rosy god, his ardent wishes for her welfare; it is then he expatiates on her accomplishments, and chaunts her praises and her beauty. It is on Saturday night the jovial crew relate their valorous deeds-their dangerous, and their "hair-breadth 'scapes." And the sailor bears cheerfully the "pelting of the pitiless storm," which "capsizes the binnacle and all," in the happy recollection that a time of fun, and joke, and hilarity will soon arrive, and that time is

SATURDAY NIGHT.

GRANDEUR OF THE BRITISH
EMPIRE.

The population in Great Britain, at exclusive of the army and navy, then the census in 1811, was 11,800,000, about 50,000. From the returns, so far as published, under the present census, it appears the increase is about fifteen per cent. This will make the population of Great Britain at present to be quite 14,000,000 of souls. Ireland contains 6,500,000 people, making the population of the British dominions in Europe 20,500,000. The population of our North American possessions cannot be less than 1,500,000; the population of the West India colonies, the Mediterranean, 150,000; colonies 900,000; Africa, about 130,000; in and dependencies in Asia, 2,040,000; and our other extensive territories in

the East Indies, perhaps 70,000,000 of souls. The whole population of the British empire will, at that rate, conthe next highest in the scale of civilized tain 95,220,000 of souls. The Russian, 30,00,000; and Austria an equal numnations, contains 50,000,000; France,

ber.

The Roman empire, in all its glory, contained 120,000,000, one half of whom were slaves. When we compare its situation with that of the British empire, in power, wealth, resources, and industry, in the arts, sciences, commerce, and agriculture, the preponderance of the latter in the scale of nations and empires is great and most remarkable. The tonnage employed in the merchant service is about 2,640,000 tons for Great Britain;

the exports 51,000,000 (including 11,000,000 foreign and colonial); the import, 36,000,000. The navy during the last war consisted of 1,000 ships of war; the seamen at present in the merchant service are about 174,000; the net revenue of the state 57,000,000l. The capital of the empire contains 1,200,000 persons, the same number which Rome contained in the days of her greatest strength. The value fixed on landed property in Great Britain, as calculated by Mr. Pit, in 1797, 1,600,000,000 7. and it may now be fairly taken at 2,000,000,000l. The cotton manufactures of the country are immense, and reach in the exports to 20,000,000, or one half the whole. In short, taking every thing into consideration, the British empire, in power and strength, may be stated as the greatest

that ever existed on earth, as it far surpasses them in knowledge, moral character, and worth. On her dominions the sun never sets: before his evening rays leave the spires of Quebec, his morning beams have shone three hours on Port Jackson, and while sinking from the waters of Lake Superior, his eye opens upon the mouth of the Ganges.

a three-cornered hat, red waistcoat, leather breeches, and stout oaken cudgel. Thus they have taken a singular delight in exhibiting their most private foibles in a laughable point of view; and have been so successful in their delineations, that there is scarcely a being in actual existence more absolutely present to the public mind, than that eccentric personage, John Bull.

Perhaps the continual contemplation of the character thus drawn of them, has contributed to fix it upon the nation:

ORIGIN OF THE TERM «JOHN and thus to give reality to what at first

BULL."

Dr. John Bull was the first Gresham professor of music, and organist and composer to Queen Elizabeth. John, like a true Englishman, travelled for improvement; and having heard of a famous musician at St. Omer's, he placed himself under him as a novice; but a circumstance very soon convinced the master, that he was inferior to the

scholar. The musician showed John a

song, which he had composed in forty parts!-telling him at the same time, that he defied all the world to produce a person capable of adding another part to his composition. Bull desired to be left alone, and to be indulged for a short time with pen and ink. In less than three hours, he added forty parts more to the song. Upon which the Frenchman was so surprised, that he swore in great ecstacy, he must be either the Devil or John Bull; which has ever since been proverbial in England.

JOHN BULL.

There is no species of humour in which the English more excel, than that which consists in caricaturing and giving ludicrous appellations, or nicknames. In this way they have whimsically designated, not merely individuals, but nations; and in their fondness for pushing a joke, they have not spared even themselves. One would think, that in personifying itself, a nation would be apt to picture something grand, heroic, and imposing; but it is characteristic of the peculiar humour of the English and of their love for what is blunt, comic, and familiar, that they have embodied their national oddities in the figure of a sturdy, corpulent old fellow, with

may have been painted in a great measure from the imagination. Men are apt to acquire peculiarities that are continually ascribed to them. The common orders of English seem won

derfully captivated with the beau ideal which they have formed of John Bull, and endeavour to act up to the broad their eyes. Unluckily they sometimes caricature that is perpetually before make their boasted Bullism an apology for their prejudice or grossness; among those truly home-bred and geand this I have especially noticed nuine sons of the soil, who have never migrated beyond the sound of Bowbells. If one of these should be a little uncouth in speech, and apt to utter he is a real John Bull, and always impertinent truths, he confesses that speaks his mind. If he now and then flies into an unreasonable burst of pasJohn Bull is a choleric old blade, but sion about trifles, he observes, that and he bears no malice. If he betrays then his passion is over in a moment, a coarseness of taste, and an insensibility to foreign refinements, he thanks heaven for his ignorance-he is a plain John Bull, and has no relish for frippery and nicknacks. His very proneness to be gulled by strangers, and to pay extravagantly for absurdities, is excused under the plea of munificence-for John is always more generous than wise. Thus, under the name of John Bull, he will contrive to argue every fault into a merit, and will frankly convict himself of being the honestest fellow in existence.

However little, therefore, the character may have suited in the first instance, it has gradually adapted itself to the nation, or rather, they have adapted themselves to each other; and a stranger who wishes to study English peculiarities, may gather much valuable information from the innumerable portraits of John Bull, as

exhibited in the windows of the cari cature shops. Still, however, he is one of those fertile humourists, that are continually throwing out new traits, and presenting different aspects from different points of view; and, often as he has been described, I cannot resist the temptation to give a slight sketch of him, such as he has met my eye.

John Bull, to all appearance, is a plain, downright, matter-of-fact fellow, with much less of poetry about him than rich prose. There is little of romance in his nature, but a vast deal of strong natural feeling. He excels in humour, more than in wit; is jolly, rather than gay; melancholy, rather than morose; can easily be moved to a sudden tear, or surprised into a broad laugh; but he loathes sentiment, and has no turn for light pleasantry. He is a boon companion, if you allow him to have his humour, and to talk about himself; and he will stand by a friend in a quarrel, with life and purse, how ever soundly he may be cudgelled.

In this last respect, to tell the truth, he has a propensity to be somewhat too ready. He is a busy-minded personage, who thinks not merely for himself and family, but for all the country round, and is most generously disposed to be every body's champion. He is continually volunteering his services to settle his neighbours affairs, and takes it in great dudgeon if they engage in any matter of consequence without asking his advice; though he seldom engages in any friendly office of the kind without finishing by getting into a squabble with all parties, and then railing bitterly at their ingratitude. He unluckily took lessons in his youth in the noble science of defence, and having accomplished himself in the use of his limbs and his weapons, and become a perfect master at boxing and cudgel play, he has had a troublesome life of it ever since. He cannot hear of a quarrel between the most distant of his neighbours, but he begins, incontinently, to fumble with the head of his cudgel, and consider whether his interest or honour does not require that he should meddle in the broils. Indeed, he has extended his relations of pride and policy so completely over the whole country, that no event can take place, without infringing some of his finely spun rights and dignities. Couched in his little domain, with these filaments stretching forth in every direction, he

is like some choleric, bottle-bellied old spider, who has woven his web over a whole chamber, so that a fly cannot buzz, nor a breeze blow, without starts ling his repose, and causing him to sally forth wrathfully from his den.

Though really a good-hearted, goodtempered fellow at bottom, yet he is singularly fond of being in the midst of contention. It is one of his peculiarities, however, that he only relishes the beginning of an affray; he always goes into a fight with alacrity, but comes out of it grumbling even when victorious; and though no one fights with more obstinacy to carry a contested point, yet, when the battle is over, and he comes to the reconciliation, he is so much taken up with the mere shaking of hands, that he is apt to let his antagonist pocket all they have been quarrelling about. It is not, therefore, fighting that he ought so much to be on his guard against, as making friends. It is difficult to cudgel him out of a farthing; but put him in a good humour, and you may bargain him out of all the money in his pocket. He is like one of his own ships, which will weather the roughest storm uninjured, but roll its masts overboard in the succeeding calm.

He is a little fond of playing the magnifico abroad; of pulling out a long purse, flinging his money bravely about at boxing matches, horse races, and cock fights, and carrying a high head among " gentlemen of the fancy;" but immediately after one of these fits of extravagance, he will be taken with violent qualms of economy; stop short at the most trivial expenditure: talk desperately of being ruined, and brought upon the parish; and in such moods, will not pay the smallest tradesman's bill, without violent altercation. He is, indeed, the most punctual and discontented paymaster in the world; drawing his coin out of his breeches' pocket with infinite reluctance; paying to the utmost farthing; but accompanying every guinea with a growl,

With all his talk of economy, however, he is a bountiful provider, and a hospitable housekeeper. His economy is of a whimsical kind, its chief object being to devise how he may afford to be extravagant; for he will begrudge himself a beef-steak and a pint of port one day, that he may roast an ox whole, broach a hogshead of ale, and treat all his neighbours on the next.

His domestic establishment is enor

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