ferent circumstances must not only be clearly shown, but must also clearly exercise a potent or controlling influence.— Bovaird Supply Co. v. A. T. & S. F. Ry. Co., 13 I. C. C. 56. Facts that entitle the carrier to charge more for the shorter than the longer haul.-Gump. v. B. & O. R. Co., 14 I. C. C. 98; Chicago Sash & Door Asso. v. Norfolk & W. R. Co., 14 I. C. C. 594. Section violated.-Greater Des Moines Com. v. Chicago G. W. Ry Co., 14 I. C. C. 294. Section referred to and held not violated.-MacGillis & Gibbs Co. v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 15 I. C. C. 329. Section not affected by Amendment of June 29, 1906.-City of Spokane v. N. Pac. R. Co., 15 I. C. C. 376, 388. Competition is a fact that justifies a less charge for a longer than a shorter haul.—Ex parte Koehler, 31 Fed. 315, 12 Sawy. 446; Int. Com. Com. v. Cincinnati, N. O. & T. P. Ry. Co., 56 Fed. 951; reversed, 162 U. S. 184, 40 L. Ed. 935, 16 Sup. Ct. 700. Where circumstances and conditions are not similar, the law does not apply; when there is doubt as to whether or not there is a difference, application for relief should be made to the Commission.Mo. Pac. Ry. Co. v. Tex. & Pac. Ry. Co., 31 Fed. 862. That the rate for the longer haul was a joint rate will not relieve from section.-Junod v. Chicago & N. W. Ry. Co., 47 Fed. 290; Osborne v. Chicago & N. W. Ry. Co., 48 Fed. 49; reversed on this point, Chicago & N. W. v. Osborne, 52 Fed. 912, 3 C. C. A. 347; followed, United States v. Mellen, 53 Fed. 229; Parsons v. Chicago & N. W. Ry. Co., 63 Fed. 903, 11 C. C. A. 489, 37 U. S. App. 389; affirmed, 167 U. S. 447, 42 L. Ed. 231, 17 Sup. Ct. 887; Int. Com. Com. v. Alabama M. Ry. Co., 69 Fed. 227; affirmed, 74 Fed. 715, 21 C. C. A. 51, 168 U. S. 144, 42 L. Ed. 414, 18 Sup. Ct. 45. The carrier may act under the proviso without first applying to the Commission, though the Commission has the right to revise this action. Int. Com. Com. v. A. T. & S. F. R. Co., 50 Fed. 295, 300; Detroit, G. H. & M. Ry. Co. v. Int. Com. Com., 74 Fed. 803, 819, 21 C. C. A. 103, 43 U. S. App. 308, reversing 57 Fed. 1005, 4 I. C. R. 722; affirmed, 167 U. S. 633, 42 L. Ed. 306, 17 Sup. Ct. 986. Where the more distant point can be reached by rail and water and the less distant by only one rail carrier, the circumstances are not similar.-Behlmer v. L. & N. R. Co., 71 Fed. 835; reversed, 83 Fed. 898, 28 C. C. A. 229; decree of circuit court of appeals reversed, L. & N. R. Co.

v. Behlmer, 175 U. S. 648, 44 L. Ed. 309, 20 Sup. Ct. 209. This section does not prevent common carriers from making special rates to meet competition and increase their business. -Int. Com. Com. v. Alabama M. R. Co., 74 Fed. 715, 723, 724, 21 C. C. A. 51, 41 U. S. App. 453, 5 I. C. R. 685. Charges for delivery, storage, etc., are included within meaning of section. -Detroit, G. H. & M. Ry. Co. v. Int. Com. Com., 74 Fed. 803. Competition to justify a greater charge for the shorter haul must be of that kind which could carry the freight to the longer distance point if the carrier making such charge did not.-Behlmer v. L. & N. R. Co., 83 Fed. 898, 906; reversed, L. & N. R. Co. v. Behlmer, 175 U. S. 648, 44 L. Ed. 309, 20 Sup. Ct. 209. Competition between rival rail carriers must be considered in determining whether or not dissimilar conditions exist.-Brewer v. Central of Ga. Ry. Co., 84 Fed. 258. Mere dissimilarity insufficient; must be sufficient to justify the difference in the charge.-Int. Com. Com. v. East Tenn., Va. & Ga. Ry. Co., 85 Fed. 107; affirmed, 99 Fed. 52, 39 C. C. A. 413; reversed, East Tenn., Va. & Ga. Ry. Co. v. Int. Com. Com., 181 U. S. 1, 45 L. Ed. 719, 21 Sup. Ct. 516. What facts constitute dissimilar conditions.-Int. Com. Com. v. Western & A. R. Co., 88 Fed. 186; affirmed, 93 Fed. 83, 35 C. C. A. 217, 181 U. S. 29, 45 L. Ed. 729, 21 Sup. Ct. 512. Discrimination cannot be justified where the dissimilar conditions are created by roads stifling competition.-East Tenn., Va. & Ga. Ry. Co. v. Int. Com. Com., 99 Fed. 52, 62, 63, 39 C. C. A. 413; reversed by Supreme Court, 181 U. S. 1, 45 L. Ed. 719, 21 Sup. Ct. 516. Commission finding that the rate for the shorter haul illegal will not be set aside unless error clearly appears.-Int. Com. Com. v. L. & N. R. Co., 102 Fed. 709; reversed, 108 Fed. 988, 46 C. C. A. 685, 190 C. S. 273, 47 L. Ed. 1047, 23 Sup. Ct. 687. The Commission must consider the evidence showing all kinds of competition. -Int. Com. Com. v. So. Ry. Co., 105 Fed. 705. Evidence showing no violation of this section will show that there is no violation of Section 3.-Int. Com. Com. v. Nashville, C. & St. L. Ry. Co., 120 Fed. 934. The question of whether or not circumstances are, or are not, dissimilar is one of fact peculiarly within the province of the Commission to determine. Cincinnati, N. O. & T. P. R. Co. v. Int. Com. Com., 162 U. S. 184, 194, 40 L. Ed. 935, 938, 16 Sup. Ct. 700. Sec

tion relates only to transportation by rail and charges therefor and not to cartage.-Int. Com. Com. v. Detroit, G. H. & M. R. Co., 167 U. S. 633, 644, 42 L. Ed. 306, 309, 17 Sup. Ct. 986. All competition will not justify the greater charge for the shorter haul; carrier need not first apply to the Commission before acting on dissimilar conditions.-Int. Com. Com. v. Alabama M. R. Co., 168 U. S. 144, 167, 169, 42 L. Ed. 414, 423, 424, 18 Sup. Ct. 45. This case, as said by Mr. Justice Harlan, dissenting, goes a long ways to make the Commission a useless body. Market competition and competition of carriers subject to Act must be considered by the Commission.L. & N. R. Co. v. Behlmer, 175 U. S. 648, 44 L. Ed. 309, 20 Sup. Ct. 209; East Tenn., Va. & Ga. Ry. Co. v. Int Com. Com., 181 U. S. 1, 45 L. Ed. 719, 21 Sup. Ct. 516; Int. Com. Com. v. Clyde S. S. Co., 181 U. S. 29, 45 L. Ed. 729, 21 Sup. Ct. 512. Possibility of competition at the shorter distance point not material.-Int. Com. Com. v. L. & N. R. Co., 190 U. S. 273, 47 L. Ed. 1047, 23 Sup. Ct. 687. In fixing rates carriers may take into consideration genuine competition with other carriers. Int. Com. Com. v. Chicago G. W. R. Co., 209 U. S. 108, 119, 52 L. Ed. 705, 712, 28 Sup. Ct. 493.

Section proposes an equitable rule.-Morse Bros. Co. v. C. R. I. P. Ry. Co., 16 I. C. C. 550, 552.

Section applied.-Hewitt & Conno v. C. & N. W. R. Co., 16 I. C. C. 431, 434; Heileman Brewing Co. v. C. M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 16 I. C. C. 386. Burden on carrier to show different "circumstances and conditions."-Castens Packing Co. v. O. S. L. R. R. Co., 17 I. C. C. 324, 326.

Notes to Section as Amended.

Old and new sections copied and amended section applied. -Railroad Commission of Nevada v. S. P. Co., 21 I. C. C. 329; City of Spokane v. N. P. Ry. Co., 21 I. C. C. 400. In each of these cases applications for relief made under the fourth section were considered and determined. These cases have

been designated in the courts as the Intermountain cases. Orders of the Commission held invalid.-A. T. & S. F. Ry. Co. v. United States, 191 Fed. 856, Op. Com. Ct. 50, 51, p. 229. The section as amended held valid, the Commerce Court reversed, and the Commission sustained.-U. S. v. A. T. & S.

F. Ry. Co., 234 U. S. 476, 58 L. Ed. 1408, 34 Sup. Ct. 986; in the opinions see citation of cases under old statute. Competition between different railways not sufficient to authorize relief under section.-Transportation of Lime in Carloads, 21 I. C. C. 170, 172. No violation of section shown.-Wright Wire Co. v. P. & L. E. R. R. Co., 21 I. C. C. 64; Merchants Freight Bureau v. M. P. Ry. Co., 21 I. C. C. 573. May determine complaint under Section 3 although application for relief under Sec. 4 is pending.-Mayor, etc., of Boston, Ga. v. A. C. L. R. Co., 24 I. C. C. 50. Fifteen per cent excess mileage constitutes a circuitous route justifying the granting of relief under section.-Application for Relief under Fourth Section in Regard to Rates on Salt, 24 I. C. C. 192, 195; Bowling Green Bus. Men's Ass'n v. L. & N. R. Co., 24 I. C. C. 228; Edwards & Bradford Lumber Co. v. C. B. & Q. R. R. Co., 25 I. C. C. 93; Alton Board of Trade v. C. & A. R. R. Co., 25 I. C. C. 589; Standard Oil Co. v. P. Co., 29 I. C. C. 524; Fort Scott Industrial Ass'n v. St. L. & S. F. R. R. Co., 29 I. C. C. 629; Rates on Tropical Fruits from Gulf Ports, 30 I. C. C. 621. Section violated.-Kellogg Toasted Corn Flakes Co. v. M. C. R. R. Co., 24 I. C. C. 604, and stating that over 5,000 applications for relief had been filed. This number had increased on June 7, 1919 to 11377. No award of damages for violation of section, prior to date of order denying application. Appalachia Lumber Co. v. L. & N. R. R. Co., 25 I. C. C. 193, 197; Janesville Clothing Co. v. C. & N. W. Ry. Co., 26 I. C. C. 628, 630. Burden placed on carriers to show they were entitled to relief.-Commercial Club of Duluth v. B. & O. R. R. Co., 27 I. C. C. 639, 660. Section violated and relief therefrom denied.-Maier & Co. v. S. P. Co., 29 I. C. C. 103. Fourth section violation should not extend beyond the real necessity of the competitive or other controlling influences.-Emlenton Petroleum Rates, 29 I. C. C. 519, 521. Southeastern situation discussed and rules prescribed.Fourth Section Violations in the Southeast, 30 I. C. C. 153-336. Water competition considered.-Rates on Sugar, 31 I. C. C. 495; Fourth Section Violation in Rates on Sugar, 31 I. C. C. 511. The burden is on the carrier to show special circumstances entitling it to relief.-Louisville & N. R. Co. v. United States, 225 Fed. 571. Substance and not mere form considered.-U. S. v L. & N. R. R. Co., 235 U. S. 314, 59 L. Ed. 245,

35 Sup. Ct. 113; Duncan v. N. C. & St. L. R. Co., 35 I. C. C. 477. Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co. v. United States, 191 Fed. 856; United States v. A. T. & S. F. Ry. Co., 234 U. S. 476, 58 L. Ed. 1408, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 986.

Notes of Decisions Rendered Since 1915.

Aggregate-of-intermediate clause and classification differences discussed.-Through Rates to Points in Louisiana and Texas, 38 I. C. C. 153; Lafayette Chamber of Commerce v. L. W. R. Co., 41 I. C. C. 297; Memphis Freight Bureau v. St. Louis I. M. & So. Ry. Co., 39 I. C. C. 224, 237, 245; Scott Paper Co. v. A. C. R. R. Co., 44 I. C. C. 503. Damages not awarded for violation of long-and-short-haul provision. -Beebe & Runyan Fur. Co. v. C. B. & Q. R. Co., 41 I. C. C. 464. Provision applies to route of one carrier and through route of more than one carrier.-Proportional Rates to Gulf Ports 44 I. C. C. 543, 545. Transcontinental situation.-Transcontinental Rates, 46 I. C. C. 236. Powers of Commission discussed. -United States v. Merchants & M. Traffic Asso., 242 U. S. 178, 61 L. Ed. 233, 37 Sup. Ct. 24; Louisville & N. R. Co. v. United States, 245 U. S. 463, 62 L. Ed. 400, 38 Sup. Ct. 141.

Notes of Decisions Rendered Since 1920.

Long-and-short-haul provision violated and carrier incurs, prima facie, penalties of law by publishing without authority of Commission rate for longer haul lower than for shorter haul.-Davis v. Portland Seed Co., 264 U. S. 403, 68 L. Ed. 762, 44 Sup. Ct. 380, reversing 281 Fed. 10. Commission may require abandonment of through route that violates this section.-Western Paper Makers' Chem. Co. v. U. S. 271 U. S. 268, 70 L. Ed. 941, 46 Sup. Ct. 500. Since amendment by Act of June 18, 1910, the long-and-short-haul clause includes joint rates.-Davis v. Parrington (C. C. A.), 281 Fed. 10; reversed on other grounds, 264 U. S. 403, 68 L. Ed. 762, 44 Sup. Ct. 380. Amended provisions construed.-Wool Rates Investigation, 1923, 91 I. C. C. 235. Effect of provision on basing-point system of rates.-Southern Class Rate Investigation, 100 I. C. C. 513. Power of Commission to grant relief from operation of section applies also to the aggregate-of-intermediates.