Cross Valve. (1) A valve fitted on a transverse pipe so as to open communication at will between two parallel lines of piping. Much used in connection with oil and water pumping arrangements, especially on ship board.* (2) Usually considered as an angle valve with a back outlet in the same plane as the other two openings. Crotch. A fitting that has the general shape of the Roman letter "Y." Caution should be exercised not to confuse the crotch and wye. Crushing Test. - A term describing test applied to tubes whose material is tested the same as the "bending test" for plates and bars. When applied to tubes, it is customary to take a ring or crop end from the tube and crush, so that the weld comes at the points of shortest radius of curvature, which is usually specified to be equal to three (3) times the thickness - under which condition the weld must not open nor material crack. Cup and Ball Joint. In gas fitting, a ball and socket joint fitted to hanging gas chandeliers. It allows the chandelier to turn freely without escape of gas.* Cup Joint. In plumbing, a lead joint in which one pipe is tapered to fit into a flared out cup on the other, and the joint soldered.* Cupping. Means nearly the same as flanging a head, but the cupping process forms a flat disc into a flanged head and then, by repeating the operation and giving draft (drawing the metal), forms a deep head; then a cup; then a deep cup; then a tube which, by repeating the process a sufficient number of times, becomes a long, thin pipe. Curved Flange. See Saddle Flange. Cut Length. - A term used to signify that the pipe is cut to length ordered. Cylinder. - A term used to designate any tank, drum, retort, receiver or reservoir, etc., that is made of pipe and closed at both ends, except such test hole as must always be allowed. See Converged End, Dished Head, Drum and Flat Head. D Dead End of a Pipe. — The closed end of a pipe or system of pipes.* Die. The name of a tool used for cutting threads usually at one passage. The essential distinctive feature of a die is its multiple cutting edges, while a chasing or threading tool usually has one, or, at most, only a few cutting edges. Some dies are highly complex and ingenious pieces of mechanism, equipped to trip after cutting a certain predetermined number of threads. See Master and Pipe Die. Dip Pipe. - A valve in a gas main, so arranged as to dip into water and tar, and thus form a seal. Called also a seal pipe.* Concave when applied to cylinder heads. Dished. Dog. See Casing Dog, Dog Guard, Pipe Dog and River Dog. Dog Guard. - The name used to designate the sleeve that is frequently above and below the ground line, in order to prevent corrosion of the pole at the ground line. It is the ordinary name of the "Patent Protecting Sleeve" applied to electric line poles. Double Bend. A pipe or fitting shaped like the letter S in outline. Double Branch Elbow. A fitting that, in a manner, looks like a tee or as though two elbows had been shaved and then placed together, forming a shape something like the letter Y or a crotch. Double Extra Strong. very thick pipe, The correct term or name of a certain class of which is often, less correctly, called double extra Double Sweep Tee. A tee made with easy curves between body and branch, i.e., the center of curve between run and branch lies outside the body. This is in contradistinction to the short fillet between body and branch of standard tees. Drainage Fittings. Those that have their interior flush with I.D. of pipe, thereby securing an unobstructed surface for the passage of solid matter. Drawn. The term applied to that style of forging by which the thickness is reduced and also, at times, the diameter - by pushing or pulling the material through a die and over a mandrel or plug at the same time. In some cases the mandrel is long and moves at nearly the same speed as the tubes, but in other cases, the mandrel is anchored so as to hold it within the die. When there is no inside mandrel, it is not called drawn product. See Cold and Hot Drawn. Dresser Joint. A peculiar form of Normandy Joint. There are vari ous styles. Drifted.—(1) Having had a drift or short mandrel passed through the pipe in order to be certain that there are no inside irregularities or that they have thereby been removed. It is also, but less correctly, called plugged. (2) Enlarged by forcing through a tapered mandrel. This meaning of the word is uncommon in the pipe trade. Drill. See Pole and Shot Drill. Drilled. Used in connection with flanges to indicate that the bolt holes have been made by a drill, i.e., not made by cores. Drilling Machine. - A name often applied to a tapping machine because many machines drill and tap. Drive Head. Protecting end attached to the top of drive pipe and casing, etc. Also called Drive Caps. Drive Pipe. A pipe which is driven or forced into a bored hole, to shut off water courses, or prevent caving. Drive Pipe Joint. A threaded joint in which the pipe butts in the center of the coupling. Drive Pipe Ring. A device for holding drive pipe while being pulled from well. It means nearly the same as elevator but the device is very different. Drive Shoe. - A protecting end attached to the bottom of drive pipe Drop Elbow. - A small sized ell that is frequently used where gas is put into a building. These fittings have wings cast on each side. The wings have small countersunk holes so that they may be fastened by wood screws to ceiling or wall or framing timbers. Drop Tee. One having the same peculiar wings as the drop elbow. Drum. (1) Package used in shipping fittings and valves. (2) A short cylinder of large diameter having flat heads, but often used for a cylinder of any style. Dry Joint. One made without gasket or packing or smear of any kind, e.g., Ground Joint. Dry Pipe. A slotted or perforated steam collecting pipe within a boiler, insuring dryness.* E Eccentric Fitting.· One having its openings on center lines that are not concentric, usually arranged so that the interior walls of one side are in one plane. So arranged for draining condensation. A special design of a form of Armstrong Joint. Eduction Pipe. - The exhaust pipe from the low pressure cylinder to the condenser.* Eckert Joint. Eighth Bend. (1) A bent pipe whose curved portion deflects the line one-eighth of a circle to (360°/8 = 45°). (2) At times applied to the cast fitting which is more properly called a 45° elbow. Elbow. Ell. A fitting that makes an angle between adjacent pipes. The angle is always 90 degrees, unless other angle is stated. See Back Outlet, Branch, Double Branch, Drop, Heel Outlet, Reducing Taper, Return, Service, Side Outlet, Street, Three Way and Union Ell. Elevator. Ell. End. A device for raising or lowering tubing, casing or drive pipe from or into well. See Casing Elevator. - See Elbow. Exhaust Relief Valve. - Nearly the same meaning as a check valve. They are used with condensing engines to allow atmospheric exhaust when condenser is not working. They may be loaded so as to act as back pressure valves. Expanded End Tube.· Swelled end tube. - These terms are used interchangeably. See Swelled. Expanded Joint. A term at times applied to the joint used on casing and which is correctly called "Inserted Joint." Expansion Coil. The series or coils of pipe placed in a refrigerating box or brine tank, in which the ammonia vaporizes after passing through an expansion valve.* Expansion Diaphragm. - An expansion joint of very limited travel which it obtains by buckling the diaphragm. If the diaphragms are corrugated, it is capable of greater motion. Expansion Joint. - (1) A device used in connecting up long lines of ture rises or falls. swivel, etc. Usually patterns consist of a sleeve secured to which works within a stuffing box attached to (2) There are several, such as slip, swing, balanced, diaphragm, loop, All are intended to accommodate the change in length due to changes in temperature. Expansion Loop. Either a bend shaped like the letter "U" or a coil like a "pig tail." Expansion Pipes. - In cold storage, those pipes within the refrigeration chambers in which the ammonia or other agent changes into a gas under release of pressure, drawing heat in the process from its surroundings.* Expansion Ring. A hoop or ring of U section used to join lengths of pipe together so as to permit of expansion, as the well known Bowling hoop for boiler furnace flues.* Expansion Valve. — (1) A valve used to control flow of ammonia (or other refrigerant). Usually capable of fine adjustment. (2) The valve of a steam engine that determines the point of cut-off i.e., point at which steam starts to work expansively. Extension Piece. Usually a malleable iron nipple with male and female thread. Extra Heavy. When applied to pipe means pipe thicker than Standard Pipe; when applied to valves and fittings is to indicate goods suitable for a working pressure of 250 pounds per square inch. Extra Strong. The correct term or name of a certain class of pipe, which is heavier than standard pipe and not as heavy as double extra strong pipe. Often less correctly called extra heavy pipe. F Faced After. A term used on flanged work to mean that flanges are faced after they are attached to pipe and that ends of pipe are faced flush with flange, both being at right angles to general axis of pipe. Faucet. (1) A device to control the flow of liquid. Originally a hollow plug with a transverse hole in which was placed the spigot. This latter was later bored and equipped with a handle now made in great variety of forms. Commonly called a tap and used in house plumbing to draw water. (2) Enlarged end of a pipe to receive the spigot end of another pipe, i.e., a bell end. Ferro Steel. A special grade of steel that is intermediate in strength between cast iron and cast steel. Ferrule. A short piece of steel or copper pipe placed between tubes and tube sheet of boiler. At times they are welded to tube. See Tube Ferrule. Field Joint. (1) For poles is made by swaging the inserted end to a uniform taper, about 4 inch in 18 inches, and then swaging the ance being made for shrinkage. It is assembled by placing the two sections accurately in line, but separated a few inches, the lighter section being on rollers. The bell end is then heated by wood fire to a full red heat, and the other end slid in and the whole allowed to cool. (2) The joint in a pipe line which is made in the field. Field Tube. An arrangement of two concentric tubes, which greatly improves the circulation and steaming capacity of a vertical boiler; the heated water rises in the annulus between the inner tube and the exterior heating surface, while the cold water circulates down the inner tube.* Fire Hydrant. - A hydrant suitable for serving fire hose or engines. Fire Plug. See Fire Hydrant. Fittings. A term used to denote all those pieces that may be attached Flange. A projecting rim, edge, lip or rib. See Blank, Blanking, Blind, Flanged. (1) When applied to a fitting it is used to distinguish from screwed fittings which are always furnished, unless flanges or other style of joint is specified. (2) When applied to pipe it means fitted with flanges. Flanged Joint A joint in pipes made by flanges bolted together. Flanged Pipe. - Pipe provided with flanges so that the ends can be held together by means of bolts. Flange Union. A fitting consisting of a pair of flanges and bolts to connect them for use on threaded pipe. Compare union and lip union. Flat Head. - (1) Term applied to heads of cylinders meaning that they are neither convex nor concave. (2) Meaning shape of head when applied to brass or iron cocks. Flexible Joint. Any joint between two pipes that permits one of them to be deflected without disturbing the other pipe. Flue. - A British term used in the same sense as the term "tube" is used in America. Flue Boiler. A boiler having smoke flues which pass through the water. When there are many flues of small size the term "tubular boiler" is |