Long measure is used when length only is considered. Its denominations are degrees, leagues, miles, furlongs, rods, yards, feet, inches, and barley-corns.

[NOTE. A fathom is six feet, and is generally used to measure the depth of water.

A hand is four inches, and is used to measure the height of horses.]

MENTAL EXERCISES.

How many inches in one yard?

How many inches in 2 feet 2 inches?

How many feet in 2 rods?

How many feet in 2 rods and two feet?

In 3 leagues and 1 mile, how many miles?

CLOTH MEASURE.

Cloth measure is used for measuring all kinds of cloth. Its denominations are ells French, ells English, ells Flemish, yards, quarters, nails, and inches.

In 4 inches, how many nails?

In 2 quarters 2 nails, how many nails?
In 3 yards 3 quarters, how many quarters?
In 2 yards 2 quarters, how many quarters?
In 1 yard 2 nails, how many nails?

LAND OR SQUARE MEASURE.

Land or square measure is used in measuring land, or anything in which length and breadth are both considered.

The surveyor's or Gunter's chain is generally used in surveying land. It is four poles, or 66 feet, in length, and is divided into 100 links.

Land is generally estimated in square miles, acres, roods, and square poles or perches.*

MENTAL EXERCISES.

In 2 feet square, how many square feet?

Ans. 4.

A surface 3 feet in length and 2 feet in width-how many square feet?

A surface 6 feet in length and 3 in width, how many square feet?

*More recently in miles, acres, and decimals of an acre.

A township 6 miles long and 4 miles broad, how many square miles does it contain?

How many square miles in 10 miles square?

SOLID OR CUBIC MEASURE.

Solid or cubic measure is used in measuring such things as have three dimensions, of length, breadth, and thickness. Its denominations are tons, cords, yards, feet, and inches.

[NOTE. A cord foot is 1 foot in length of the pile which makes a cord. It contains 16 solid feet.]

MENTAL EXERCISES.

A block 1 foot long, 1 wide, and 1 high, is a cubic foot. A block 1 foot square at the end and 3 feet long, how many cubic feet?

A block containing 4 square inches at the end and 10 inches long, how many cubic inches?

WINE MEASURE.

Wine measure is used in measuring all liquors, excepting beer and ale. Its denominations are tuns, pipes, hogsheads, barrels, gallons, quarts, pints, and gills.

In 2 pints, how many gills?

In 3 pints 1 gill, how many gills?

In 3 gallons, how many quarts?

In 3 gallons, 2 quarts, 1 pint, how many pints?
In 1 gallon 1 pint, how many pints?

pi.

tun.

ALE OR BEER MEASURE.

Ale or beer measure is used in measuring ale, beer, and milk. Its denominations are hogsheads, barrels, gallons, quarts, and pints.

A gallon, beer measure, contains 282 cubic inches.

gal. bar.

hhd.

measuring all dry articles, such as grain, Its denominations are caldrons, bushels,

TABLE.

make 1 quart,
1 peck,

1 bushel,

1 caldron,.

[NOTE. A gallon, dry measure, contains 2684 cubic inches. A Winchester bushel is 18 inches in diameter, 8 inches deep, and contains 2150 cubic inches.

A bushel of coal, lime, &c., is 2688 cubic inches.

[NOTE. The true year, according to the latest and most accurate observations, consists of 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 58 seconds: this amounts to nearly 365 days. The common year is reckoned 365 days, and every fourth or leap year one day more.

Those years which are divisible by 4, without remainders, are leap years. By estimating 5 hours, 48 minutes, 58 seconds, as 6 hours, accumulated an error, which amounted to more than 11 days in 1752; and the 11 days were dropped to correct the style: hence, before that period is called Old Style, subsequently New Style.

A further correction of one day took place in the year 1800; still a further correction will take place in the year 1900, after which there will be no correction for 200 years.]

MENTAL EXERCISES.

In 2 hours 10 minutes, how many minutes?
In 3 minutes 10 seconds, how many seconds?
In 10 hours, how many minutes?

In three hours, how many minutes? how many seconds?
In 2 hours, how many minutes?

In 12 minutes 3 seconds, how many seconds

CIRCULAR MEASURE, OR MOTION.

Circular measure is used in calculating latitude and longitude, and also in measuring the motions of the heavenly bodies. Every circle is supposed to be divided into 360 equal parts, called degrees.

The signs are becoming obsolete. The best astronomers of the present day do not use them.

MENTAL EXERCISES.

In 1 sign 10 degrees, how many degrees?

In 2 degrees, how many minutes?

In 3 degrees 3 minutes, how many minutes?

In 2 signs 2 degrees, how many degrees?

How many minutes in a quadrant, or 90 degrees?

(ART. 26.) REDUCTION is reducing or changing one denomina. tion of any quantity to another denomination, without changing its