1812, which changed the name of the territory from Louisiana to Missouri." Benjamin O'Fallon was agent for "the various tribes on the Missouri," 1821-1824. In 1835 John Dougherty's agency was definitely restricted to the Omaha, Oto and Missouri, and Pawnee. At the same time Joshua Pilcher was subagent for "High Up Missouri River." A separate agency for the Pawnee was first authorized by act of Congress, June 25, 1860, the next year after removal to their reservation. After this the Omaha and Oto and Missouri were under the same agency until 1855, when a separate agency was created for the Omaha.

In a biographical sketch of William Clark " Mr. Reuben G. Thwaites says that on their return from the great expedition Meriwether Lewis was appointed governor of "Louisiana Territory" "" and Clark its "superintendent of Indian affairs and brigadier-general of its militia." But the act of Congress of March 3, 1805, which created the Territory of Louisiana provided that the governor "shall be superintendent ex officio of Indian affairs. ..." Clark was appointed-on March 12, 1807 -merely Indian agent, under Superintendent Lewis, and also brigadier general of the militia of the territory, of which Governor Lewis was, ex officio, commander in chief. The act specifically christened the new territory: "... the district of Louisiana shall henceforth be known and designated by the name and title of the Territory of Louisiana."

In the same sketch there is a misleading statement that in the May following Clark's defeat as a candidate for the office of governor of Missouri, President Monroe appointed him "federal superintendent of Indian affairs, an office newly created by Congress," which the reader will understand as meaning that the office was general, for the whole country, whereas it was created by section 6 of an act of Congress approved May 6, 1822, which provided that "the President of the United States. may appoint a superintendent of Indian affairs, to reside at St. Louis, whose powers shall extend to all Indians frequenting that place, whose salary shall be fifteen hundred dollars per annum; a merely local or regional affair."

Another biography of the same explorer by a reputable historian, with like carelessness merely says that Clark was appointed governor of the new Territory of Missouri (July 1, 1813) on the resignation of Governor Benjamin Howard, but neglected to say that by the appointment he became ex officio

"Manuel Lisa (Walter B. Douglas), Missouri Historical Society Collections, III, number 4, p. 380.

"Missouri Historical Society Collections, October, 1906. "U. S. Statutes at Large, III, 683.

superintendent of Indian affairs for the same vast territory, and he also erroneously says that Clark was appointed Indian agent -instead of superintendent of Indian affairs-in 1822.40

Mr. Thwaites says further that Benjamin Howard became governor of the Territory of Louisiana, April 10, 1810, on the death of Governor Lewis, "Brigadier-General Clark becoming inspector-general of the Territorial militia and still retaining the superintendency of the Indians of the Territory as well as the agency of the federal Indian department." This also is confusing. Governor Howard was ex officio superintendent of Indian affairs, though Clark might have retained the Indian agency.

On March 7, 1807, Henry Dearborn, secretary of war, commissioned William Clark "Agent of Indian Affairs of the Several Nations of Indians within the Territory of Louisiana excepting the Great and little Osages and their several divisions and attachments."

On April 8, 1813, John Armstrong, secretary of war, wrote William Clark: "That the office of Agent of Indian Affairs, west of the Mississippi be done away, and that the duties and authorities vested in such agent be placed in the Governor of Missouri territory." From this date until the close of the territorial period for Missouri, Clark was governor of the territory and ex officio superintendent of Indian affairs.

On May 28, 1822, John C. Calhoun, secretary of war, wrote William Clark:

I enclose you a Commission as Superintendent of Indian Affairs at Saint Louis. . . . Enclosed is a copy of the Act of Congress passed at the late session, under which you have been appointed. Altho' the act does not appear, from the face of it, to make it a part of your duty, to exercise a superintending control over the Indian Agencies on the Mississippi and Missouri, yet it is believed that such was the intention of Congress in authorizing the appointment of a Superintendent of Indian Affairs at St. Louis. You will accordingly consider the following Indian agents as under your superintendence, Major O'Fallon, Mr. Boilvin, Mr. Forsyth and Mr. Taliaferro-and also Mr. Menard, the Sub Agent at Kaskasias.

In a postscript, May 19, the correspondent said: "Yesterday 180 wagons passed here making in all 656. A cart load of letters start for the frontiers this morning, and I presume many mothers, wives and sweethearts will soon be made happy."

Houck, A History of Missouri, III, 4.

EMIGRATION

June 9. Fort Kearny, May 21. Today 214 wagons passed, 1203 in all, not including the military train of 50 wagons, the advance guard of the Rifles, under Major Simonson, destined for Bear River, about four to a wagon in all. "Five thousand wagons, 20,000 to 25,000 men, and 50,000 animals, will cross the plains, or at least will attempt it over this route this season."

Fifteen Pawnee scalps were taken by Sioux a few days ago near the forks of the Platte.

CHOLERA

June 12. Cholera has broken out afresh in St. Louis. It has subsided at Independence but "is said to be making fearful devastations on the plains."

BEGINNING OF FORT HALL

June 16. A returning traveler said Colonel Loring would reach Fort Kearny June 1; several cases and some deaths from cholera among his men. Major Sanderson arrived at Kearny May 25 and left next day for Bear River, where a new fort is to be established. His command comprised one company of Rifles. Another was to leave Fort Leavenworth on the 13th, as escort for Gen. Wilson, Indian agent in the valley of the Sacramento. The condition of emigrants on the plains, and in the vicinity of Fort Kearny, is distressing. The road is good to the Platte, but very heavy from that point to Fort Kearny.

Emigrants followed the same road from the settlements to Kearny; consequently all grass was gone for a mile or more in width. Men were pressing on, from the fort, abandoning wagons and impediments. They offered provisions to the sutler and other persons at the fort at any price and they were often thrown away. Correspondence from Fort Kearny, May 26, said Major Sanderson, with one squadron of Rifles, left on May 23. Just

above the correspondent said that "Major Sanderson with one Company of Rifles reached here yesterday. . . .'

The following, to the subtitle "Emigrants Suffering", was obtained by the editor from records of the war department at Washington.

STARTING FORT LARAMIE

Colonel Loring, of the Rifle Regiment, reported progress to R. Jones, adjutant general, as follows:

Hd Qrs Regt Mounted Rifles, May 10, 1849, Camp 8 miles from Fort Leavenworth: Headqtrs and 5 Comps (viz A D F H and K of Rifle Regmt) left Camp Sumner for Oregon May 10, 1849. One Comp, viz. Comp E., Comp C. left at Fort Leavenworth.

Maj. W. F. Sanderson with Comp "E" also marched this morning for Fort Laramie. Bvt Lt. Col. B. S. Roberts with Comp C. will remain at Fort Leavenworth until June 1, when he will escort the supply train destined for Fort Laramie.

Camp at Fort Kearny, May 31, 1849.

Reports arrival of regiment at Fort Kearny, and the state of the command and animals. Will take up the lines of march upon the arrival of his beef, and expects to reach Fort Laramie by June 21. "In consequence of the immense Emigration (some four thousand Wagons having already passed this point and a large number following) I have determined to divide my supply train."

Headquarters Mounted Rifles, June 9, 1849.

Crossing of the Platte near its forks. Report of progress without accident. The commands of Simonson and Sanderson are moving in like manner.

Fort Laramie, June 22, 1849.

Report of arrival June 22, marching 625 miles; will move again on the 25th and reach his destination by fall. Crossed the Platte on the 13th, at the upper ford, "Did not find the lower ford of the South Fork as good as I expected when I last reported."

Major W. F. Sanderson reported progress to Adjutant General Jones as follows:

Fort Laramie, June 27, 1849.

I have the honor to inform you that I arrived at this Fort, on the morning of the 16th inst., nothing having occurred on our way to interrupt our march; since that time, I have, accompanied by Lieut Woodbury of the Engineer Department, made a thorough reconnoissance of the country, in the neighborhood of this place, having passed up the Ridge or Mountain road, as far as Boisie, (or Big Timber Creek) and returning by the river road.

This was found to be the most eligible for a military post, and was purchased at my request, on the 26th inst. by Lieut Woodbury at a cost of Four Thousand Dollars from Mr. Bruce Husband, Agent of the American Fur Company.

. . . The entire command (excepting eight men for stable police) are already employed, in cutting and hauling timber, burning lime and Coal, Cutting and making hay.

On December 1, 1849, Major Sanderson reports the purchase of buildings at Fort Laramie from the agent of the American Fur Company, and that it was proposed to purchase the ground from the Indians in the spring.

On September 18, 1849, Major Sanderson reports to Brevet Captain Don Carlos Buell, assistant adjutant general, progress in erecting buildings at Fort Laramie.

EMIGRANTS SUFFERING

June 21. "Pawnee," correspondent. Fort Kearny, May 30. On May 29, 381 wagons; 28th, 460 passed the fort-3739 in all to date, for California. Accompanying, and including a few trains of pack animals, were nearly 15,000 persons. The first were in fine spirits; but later doubt arose as to the practicability of crossing the mountains, on account of scarcity of grass and other causes.