insinuator, or recruiter. The whole strength of the sect depends on this part; for it is that which furnishes members for the different degrees. The insinuators, or recruiters of this society, are sent by their superiors to different towns and provinces, and to distant Countries. They are directed carefully to conceal their being Illuminces, and to make the knowledge of human nature their particular study. One of the professors of Illuminism gives the following instruction relating to this kind of science: "The novice must be attentive to trifles; for in frivolous occurrences a man is indolent, and makes no effort to act a part; so that his real character is then acting alone." This assiduous and long continued study of men, enables the professor of such knowledge to act with men, and by his knowledge of their character, to influence their conduct. For such reasons this study is continued during the whole progress through the order.* The object of the Illuminees is said to be, to enlist in every country such as have frequently declared themselves discontented with the usual institutions; to acquire the direction of education, of church management, of the professional chair, and of the pulpit; to bring their opinions into fashion by every art, and to spread them among young people by the help of young writers; to get under their influence reading and debating societies, reviewers, booksellers, and post-masters; journalists, or editors of newspapers, and their periodical publications; and to insinuate some of their fraternity into all offices of instruction, honour, profit, and influence, in literary, civil, and religious institutions. It is reported that it is one of their favourite maxims, that " the end sanctifies the means." Hence no thing can restrain them from pushing their plans by the vilest methods. An historical account of the rise and progress of the Illuminees, the characters of the principal leaders of the society, their success, their divisions, sub-divisions, and code of laws, may be seen in detail in Barruel's history of Jacobinism, and Robison's proofs of a conspiracy against all the religions and governments in Europe. *Barrnel-Robison,' PRUSSIA. THE Prussians are in general Lutherans; but as a great number of the colonists are Calvinists, they have also their churches, not only in the cities and towns, but in some villages they have a particular church appropriated to their use; and in other places they perform divine service in the Lutheran churches. The Roman Catholics have a few churches in this kingdom. Here are also some Mennonites, and a few congregations of Socinians. In the year 1773, Frederic the third, late king of Prussia, signified to the pope his design to give protection in his dominions to the Jesuits, at the time when they were driven out of the Roman Catholic kingdoms and states of Eu rope, which has caused many of that order to take up their residence in Prussia. Frederic William, his successor, by an edict, published in 1788, or. dained that the Reformed, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic religions, be preserved genuine and protected.* The toleration of the other deno minations remains unimpaired, provided they do not endeavour to make proselytes, and shake the faith of other communions. This edict severely prohi bits proselyte making in all confessions, without distinction; but gives every one leave to renounce his old and adopt a new confession, provided he publicly announces his change of religion. Every teacher, whether Calvinist, Lutheran, or Roman Catholic, is required to teach doctrines agreeable to the confession to which he belongs.† BOHEMIA. THOUGH the Roman Catholic is the established religion of this place, there are many protestants among the inhabitants, who are now tolerated in the free exercise of their religion. Prague in 1781, by the encouragement of the late empress, queen Maria Theresa, in order to render the reading of the sacred oracles more easy and common. The worthy prince and archbishop of Prague, to whom was committed the oversight of this A German translation of the bible, for the use of Catholics, was published at translation, has also encou Payne's Epitome of History. + Erskine's Sketches, pp. 91-96. + Guthrie, p. 528, raged the publishing a Bo- Count has sent his fellow-lahemian bible.* Some of the Moravians have embraced the doctrines of Count Zinzendorff, which have been propagated in seve ral parts of the globe. The bourers throughout the world. In order to extend this denomination, he himself has been over all Europe, and at least twice in Ameri .t HUNGARY. THE established religion of the Hungarians is the Roman Catholic, though the major part of the inhabitants are protestants and greeks, who now enjoy the full exercise of their religious liberties. Since the reign of Joseph the second, the protestants in this country have free license to establish schools and churches; Leopold, his successor, enlarged and secured those privileges, and the present emperor Francis is favorably disposed towards the same cause. At the head of the Roman Catholic Church are two archbishops, and nine bishops, nominated by the king, and confirmed by the pope. In the year 1787, there was said to be many thousand greeks, two hundred and twenty-three thousand jews, and about fifty thousand Egyptians and Gypsies in this country. There are also a number of Mennonites, or baptists, which are chiefly settled in the neighbourhood of Presburg; but the jews are dispersed in most of the considerable towns, though under the burden of paying double taxes. In Upper Hungary the Lutherans are very numerous.§ At Wallachia their fastings almost take up half the year, and are so extremely severe, that they dare not eat any meat, eggs, or milk; but they scarce have any idea of other religious duties.|| TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, CROATIA, THE Roman Catholic is Calvinists, Arians, Socinians, the established church in Greeks, Mahometans, and Transylvania; yet Lutherans, other denominations, enjoy Erskine, p. 221. * Rimmins's History of the Moravians, p. 25. their several religions. The number of Unitarians in Transylvania in the year 1776, was twenty-eight thousand six hundred and ninety-seven, and their churches one hundred and seventeen. They obtained a settlement very early in this country, and have continued there, under various reverses and much oppression, to the present day." The Sclavonians are zealous Roman Catholics, though greeks and jews are tolerated. In Dalmatia, Croatia, and Sclavonia, none but papists are allowed to hold lands. POLAND. THE established religion in this country is the Roman Catholic, and to this persuasion the nobles and great body of the people are strongly attached. The number of protestants, however, Lutheran and Calvinists, in the republic, particularly in the trading towns, near the Baltic, is very considerable. In former times the rights and numbers of the protestants were so great, that they claimed equal authority with the Roman Catholics; and about 1573 both parties were called diffidents: this term also comprehended the greek church. After the catholics acquired the ascendency, the protestants suffered very great oppressions, which were of long continuance.† However, after they had made several unsuccessful attempts to recover their privileges, it was resolved between the republic and partitioning pow ers, that all diffidents, which title was now exclusively applied to the protestants, should henceforth enjoy the free exercise of their religion, though to continue excluded from the diet, the senate, and the parmanent council. They are to have churches, but without bells; also schools and seminaries of their own; they are capable of sitting in the inferior courts of justice, and three of their communion are admitted as assessors in the tribunal, to receive appeals in religion. There are two archbishoprics in this country; the archbishop of Gnesna is always a cardinal, the primate of the kingdom, and at the head of the Roman Catholic clergy. There are thirteen bishoprics; and all the bishops, particularly the bishop of Cracow, enjoy great privileges and immunities.‡ * Lindsey's Historical View of Unitarians, p. 154. Morse's Geography, vol, ii. p. 266、 The Lutheran Church is governed by a presbytery, or consistory of the antistites of the church, and the ministers. The Calvinists have one senior general, and three seniors, to whom the government of their church is entrusted. There are in Poland congregations of Greeks, Arians, and socinians. The principles of Socinianism made a very carly and considerable progress in this country. A transdation of the bible in the Polish language was published in 1572; and two years after, under the direction of the same persons, the catechism, or confession of the Unitarians, was published at Cracow. The abilities and writings of Socinus contributed to the extensive propagation of his opinions; but though the Socinians in Poland have been very numerous, they have at different times been greatly persecuted.* SWITZERLAND, THE different cantons of Switzerland, though united by a common bond, and all of a republican government, differ in the nature of that form, as well as in religion. Those cantons which are in the strongest degree democratical, are of the popish persuasion; and the most perfect aristocracy of them all is established in the protestant canton of Berne, which is the most powerful. Calvinism is said to be the religion of the protestant Swisses: but this must be understood chiefly with respect to the mode of churchgovernment, for in some doc trinal points they are far from being universally Calvinistic. Zuinglius was the apostle of protestantism in Switzerland.§ The inhabitants of the canton of Glaris live together in a general equality and most perfect harmony; even those of the different persuasions of catholics and protestants, who sometimes perform divine service in the same church, one after the other; and all the offices of state are indifferently administered by both parties, though the protestants are more in number, and superior both in industry and commerce. *See Zimmermann, and Morse's Geography. This was written previously to the changes effected in Switzerland by the French. It is said that those convulsions have tended to increase infidelity in that country. However many of its inhabitants have associated for the revival of religion, and a number of serious christians at Basil and Zurich are zealously disposed to favour the mission among the heathen, More's Travels, vol. i. p. 336. Guthrie, p. 560. Adams's Defence of the American Constitutions, vol. i. p. 28, |