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UNITED STATES.

NEW ENGLAND owes its first settlement to religious persecution. A number of people called Puritans, who refused conformity to the church of England, labouring under various oppressions, quitted their native country in order to enjoy the free exercise of their religion. These were the first settlers of New England. But the noble principles of liberty ceased to operate on their minds after they had got the power in their hands. In a few years they so far forgot their own sufferings as to press for uniformity in religion, and to turn persecutors in order to accomplish it. These intemperate proceedings were overruled for good. As the intolerance of England peopled Massachusetts, so the intolerance of that province made many emigrants from it, and gave rise to various distinct settlements, which in the course of years were formed into other provincial establishments. At present no religious test is required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.

It was one of the peculiarities of the forms of govern ment in the United States, that all religious establish

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ments were abolished. Some retained a constitutional distinction between christians and others, with respect to their eligibility to office; but the idea of supporting one denomination at the expense of others, or of raising any one sect of protestants to a legal pre-eminence, was universally reprobated.

The following denominations of christians are more or less numerous in the United States; viz. Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Dutch Reformed Church, Episcopalians, Baptists, Quakers, Methodists, Roman Catholics, German Lutherans, German Calvinists, or Presbyterians, Moravians, Tunkers, Mennonists, Universalists, Swedenborgeans, and Shakers.

The Congregationalists are the most numerous denomination in New England, where they have upwards of a thousand congregations. Formerly their ecclesiastical proceedings were regulated in Massachusetts by the Cambridge platform of discipline, and in Connecticut by the Saybrook platform of discipline; but since the revolution less regard has been paid to these constitutions, and in many instances they are wholly dis

* Ramsay's History of the American Revolution,

used. Congregationalists are generally agreed in this opinion, that every church, or particular congregation of visible saints, in gospel order, being furnished with a pastor, or bishop, and walking together in truth and peace, has received from the Lord Jesus full power and authority, ecclesiastically within itself, regularly to administer all the ordinances of Christ, and is not under any other ecclesiastical jurisdiction whatsoever. Their churches, with some exceptions, disclaim the word independent, as applicable to them, and claim a sisterly relation to each other. The ministers of the congregational order are generally associated for the purposes of licensing candidates for the ministry, and friendly intercourse and improvement. Congregationalists are divided in opinion respecting the doctrines of the gospel, and the proper subjects of its ordinances. Those differences occasion but little altercation. They, in general, agree to difier, and live together in harmony.*

which they regulate all their ecclesiastical proceedings, and a confession of faith which embraces the Calvinistic doctrines; all church-officers, and church-members, are required to subscribe this confession. Hence they have preserved a singular uniformity in their religious sentiments, and have conducted their ecclesiastical affairs with a great degree of order and harmony.

The Presbyterian churches are governed by congregational, presbyterial, and synodical assemblies. These assemblies possess no civil jurisdiction. Their power is wholly moral, or spiritual, and that only ministerial and declarative. The highest punishmentto which their authority extends, is to exclude the contumacious and impenitent from the congregation of believers.

The church session, which is the congregational assembly of judicatory, consists of the minister, or minister and elders of a particular congregation. This body is invested with the spiritual government of the congregation, and have power Next to Congregationalists, to enquire into the knowledge Presbyterians are the most and christian conduct of all numerous denomination of its members; to call before christians in the United States. them offenders and witnesses They have a constitution, by of their own denomination;

Morse's Geography, vol, i. p. 270.

to admonish, suspend, or ex-
clude from the sacraments,
such as deserve these censures;
to concert measures for pro-
moting the spiritual interests
of the congregation; and to
appoint delegates to the higher
judicatories of the church.

A presbytery consists of all
the ministers, and one ruling
elder from each congregation
within a certain district. Three
ministers, and three elders,
constitutionally convened, are
competent to do business.
This body have cognizance of
all things that regard the wel-
fare of the particular churches
within their bounds, which are
not cognizable by the session:
also, they have a power of re-
ceiving and issuing appeals
from the sessions; of examin-
ing and licensing candidates
for the ministry; ordaining,
settling, removing, or judging
ministers; resolving questions
of doctrine or discipline; con-
demning erroneous opinions,
that injure the purity or peace
of the church; visiting parti-
cular churches, to enquire into
their state, and redress the
evils that may have arisen in
them; uniting or dividing con-
gregations, at the request of
the people; and whatever else
pertains to the spiritual con-
cerns of the churches under
their care.*

A synod is a convention
of several presbyteries. The
synod have power to admit
and judge of appeals regularly
brought up from the presby-
teries; to give their judgment
on all references made to them
of an ecclesiastical kind; cor-
rect and regulate the proceed-
ings of presbyteries; take ef-
fectual care that presbyteries
observe the constitution of the
church, &c.

The highest judicatory of
the Presbyterian church, is
styled "The General Assem-
bly of the Presbyterian Church
in the United States of Ame-
rica." This grand assembly is
to consist of an equal delega-
tion of bishops and elders
from each presbytery within
their jurisdiction, by the title
of "Commissioners to the
General Assembly." Fourteen
commissioners make a quo-
rum. The general assembly
constitute the bond of union,
peace, correspondence, and
mutual confidence among all
their churches; and have
power to receive and issue all
appeals and references, which
may regularly be brought be
fore them from inferior judi-
catories; to regulate and cor-
rect the proceedings of the
synods, &c. To the general
assembly also belongs the
power of consulting, reason-

*Morse's Geography, vol. i. p. 271.

ing, and judging in controversies respecting doctrine and discipline; of reproving, warning, or bearing testimomy. against error in doctrine, or immorality in practice, in any church, presbytery, or synod; corresponding with foreign churches; putting a stop to schismatical contentions and disputations; and, in general, recommending and attempting reformation of manners, and promoting charity, truth, and, holiness, in all churches; and also erecting new synods.

The Presbyterians are divided into five synods and eighteen presbyteries. The number of Presbyterian congregations in America was in 1788 computed to be six hundred and eighteen: there were then two hundred and twenty-six ministers.†

Since the American revolution, the Episcopalian church in the United States has been completely organized. The churches of that denomination in each state have their own bishop.

The Dutch reformed churches in America are ancient and respectable. They are Calvin

istic, and differ in nothing essentially from the Presbyterians.‡

The number of Friends'. meetings in the United States, not including New York, are two hundred and ninety-six. The number of individuals cannot be known : some meetings are small, while others are large.§

The denomination of Methodists in the United States style themselves, "The United Societies of the Methodist Episcopal Church." They profess themselves to be “a company of men having the form, and seeking the power of godliness, united in order to pray together, to receive the word of exhortation, and to watch over one another in love; that they may help each other to work out their salvation."

From the minutes of the Methodist episcopal church for the year 1800, it appears that the total amount of the Methodists in the United States, was, at that time, sixty-four thousand eight hundred and ninety-four. Since these minutes were published

Morse, vol. i. p. 272.

This account was given by the late Rev. Mr. Murray of Newbury-Port. Trumbull's Century Sermon.

This account was given by Mr. Moses Brown of Providence. See a particular account of the rise and progress of the Methodists, and the characters of the principal leaders of that denomination, in Dr, Haweis' Church History.

there has been an addition to the south, to the amount of four thousand.

The Moravians are a respectable body of Christians in the United States. Count Zinzendorf, the leader of this denomination, was a noble man of high rank and education; and he devoted his time and fortune to the promotion of his views of the christian religion. He commonly delivered two or three discourses in a day, notwithstanding his extensive travels, and other important avocations.* It has been asserted, that the Moravians have done and suffered more in the way of foreign missions, than any other denomination of christians at present existing. Animated with pious zeal for the conversion of the heathen, they have sent the gospel to the four quarters of the earth. They have been peculiarly active in spreading the knowledge of christianity among the Indians in the United States, and in Canada.† By the persevering zeal of their missionaries, upwards of twenty-three thousand of the most

destitute of mankind, in the different regions of the earth, have been converted to christianity. The missionaries generally support themselves by the assiduous labour of their hands, in their several arts and occupations. Such is the characteristic Moravian-missionary zeal, that they have attempted to spread the gospel in the distant East, the coast of Coromandel, and the Nicobar islands. They have also attempted to penetrate into Abyssinia, to carry the gospel to Persia and Egypt, and to ascend the mountains of Caucasus and often have these indefatigable missionaries earned the meed of highest approbation, where their labours have been least successful.‡

The whole amount of communicants and adherents to the Baptist churches in the United States, is computed to be two hundred and fifty-five thousand six hundred and seventy.§

The whole amount of the Roman Catholics in the United States, is supposed to be fifty thousand.

See a short sketch of Zinzendorf's character in the Historic Defence of
Experimental Religion, vol. ii. p. 149.

t See La Trobe's History of the Mission of the United Brethren
in North America.

Haweis's Church History, vol. iii. p. 193.

This account was taken by Mr. John Asplund, who visited the several
associations of Baptist churches for that purpose.

This account, and the number of Roman Catholics in Maryland,
were given by the Right Rev. Bishop Carrol,

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