Graphs Numbers, which are usually represented by figures and by words, are sometimes represented by lines, especially to enable an interested person to compare at a glance relative quantities, or to determine the nature of numerical changes. They are used to compare the population of different countries, their exports and imports, temperature, rainfall, etc. A general name for an illustration of this kind. is a graph. The accompanying graph shows the quantity of various kinds of grain received by rail during a month, as follows: each space representing 1000 bushels. Lighter lines are sometimes inserted to show each hundred. 1. Make a similar graph to show the comparative number of pupils in the following grades: Cross-ruled Paper To save the time required to rule the necessary lines, cross-ruled paper is much used in making diagrams, graphs, etc. The paper is divided into squares of equal size by faint lines in. apart, in., etc. Some forms employ a darker line to denote every tenth one, as an additional help. The use of this "squared " paper is shown in the following graph, which indicates the changes in the number of passengers carried by a trolley line during each hour of the twenty-four. The number of passengers indicated by the foregoing diagram was as follows for each hour: Written Exercises 1. Find the number carried (a) before noon. (b) From noon to midnight. (c) All day. 2. On squared paper make a graph to show the changes in temperature indicated by the following record for July 28, 1915. 3. Make a graph showing the changes in the average weight of boys at the different ages given in the problem on page 294. On the same paper make a corresponding graph for girls. For the latter use a broken line or ink of a different color. 4. Make a graph showing the changes in the average attendance for the following months: Sept. 600 Oct. 595 Nov. 605 Dec. 595 Jan. 590 June 560 SECTION X LENDING AND BORROWING MONEY Investing One's Savings A person can increase his income by means of the money earned by loaning his savings. While waiting for these to grow to a sum sufficiently large to be invested in a different way, the owner should deposit them in a savings bank. Here they are combined with the savings of many others to make a large total, a portion of which is put out at interest by the officers of the bank, and the remainder retained to be paid over to those wishing to withdraw all or a part of their accounts. At stated times, generally at the end of the year, the officers of the bank calculate the profits and determine the rate of interest to be paid on sums in the bank at the end of the period, and which have remained on deposit for six months or a year. The interest is obtainable in cash, or may be entered on the depositor's book and treated as a regular deposit on which interest is payable at the end of the next term. Net profits not distributed as interest are placed among the funds of the bank to be invested for the benefit of the depositors. Interest. Money paid for the use of money is called interest. The sum loaned is the principal. The per cent of the principal paid for a year's interest is called the rate. The total of the principal and the interest is called the amount. Sight Exercises 1. Give the yearly interest at 4% on a. $100 b. $200 c. $300 d. $400 e. $500 f. $150 2. At 4% per year, what per cent of the principal is the interest for year? 3. Give the interest for 6 months at 4% per year on a. $180 b. $270 c. $360 d. $450 e. $540 f. $154 4. The interest on $400 for year is equal to the interest on what for 1 year when the rate is the same? 5. Give the interest for year at 31% on a. $200 b. $400 c. $800 d. $120 e. $240 f. $600 Bonds A person can lend money to a city, a county, a railroad, or any other corporation, by purchasing one or more of its bonds. These are issued for different sums; $100, $500, $1000, etc. Each is a kind of mortgage on the property of the corporation for the sum specified on its face, and also for the interest payments. One who has too little money to put into a mortgage, or who prefers the greater security of a city bond, may buy one representing a loan as small as $10. The inexperienced investor should not loan his money without disinterested advice. This can usually be obtained without cost from the president of the bank in which he is a depositor. While the face value of a bond specifies the sum payable by the maker at maturity, the purchaser of a $100 bond may obtain it for $90 or less, or may have to pay $120 or more for it, depending upon the rate of interest payable, the time of its maturity, etc. |