13. James had 5 cents, and earned 3 more; how many cents did he then have?

14. Maud had 5 pinks, and gathered 4 more; how many pinks did she then have?

15. Esther paid 7 cents for a card, and 5 cents for a pencil; how many cents did both cost?

17. A pound of sugar cost 6 cents, and a quart of vinegar 5 cents;

how many cents did both cost?

18. Henry has 6 dollars in gold, and 7 dollars in silver; how many dollars has he of both kinds?

20. James had 8 cents, and found 6 more; how many cents did he then have?

21. Ross caught 7 fish, and Horace caught 8; how many fish did they both catch?

23. Helen gave 5 cents for an orange, and 9 cents for a slate; how

much did she pay for both?

24. A farmer sold 6 bushels of apples to one man, and 9 bushels to another; how many bushels did he sell to both?

The process of finding the sum of two or more numbers is called Addition.

6?

5?

8? 9?
11? 12?

14?

25. What additions of two figures will produce 4? 26. What additions of two figures will produce 7? 27. What additions of two figures will produce 10? 28. What additions of two figures will produce 13? 29. What additions of two figures will produce 15? 30. What addition of two figures will produce 17? The simplest elementary sum is 1 + 1. The following are the eight most difficult elementary sums:

16?

18?

II. ELEMENTARY DIFFERENCES.

1. Mary had 5 cents, and lost 2 of them; how many cents had she remaining?

SOLUTION.-If Mary had 5 cents, and lost 2 of them, she had remaining the difference between 5 cents and 2 cents, which is 3 cents. Therefore, etc.

2. Alice had 4 roses, and gave 2 of them away; how many roses had she remaining?

3. There were 5 birds on a tree, and 3 of them flew away; how many birds remained?

4. In a class of 9 pupils, 4 of them were absent; how many pupils were present?

5. Emily had 11 pinks, and gave her sister 6 of them; how many pinks had she remaining?

8. John had 10 apples, and gave 4 of them away; how many apples

had he remaining?

9. Harold paid 12 cents for a book, and 4 cents for a pencil; how much more did he pay for the book than for the pencil?

10. A boy had 13 marbles, and lost 5 of them; how many marbles had he remaining?

11. Amos planted 14 trees, and 5 of them died; how many of the trees grew?

13. There were 12 birds on a tree, and 6 of them flew away; how

many birds remained?

14. Harry had 13 marbles, and lost 6 of them; how many marbles had he remaining?

15. James had 14 apples, and gave 7 of them away; how many apples had he remaining?

16. Arthur picked 15 quarts of berries, and sold 7 of them; how many quarts had he remaining?

17. William had 14 cents, and spent 6 of them; how many cents had he remaining?

20. Anna had 15 dollars, and spent 9 of them; how many dollars had she remaining?

21. Frank had 16 marbles, and lost 8 of them; how many marbles had he remaining?

22. A drover had 17 cattle, and sold 9 of them; how many cattle had he remaining?

24. A boy had 15 marbles, and lost 8 of them; how many marbles had he remaining?

25. A lady had 13 dollars, and spent 9 of them; how many dollars had she remaining?

26. Charles had 14 oranges, and gave 8 of them to his brother; how many oranges had he remaining?

27. A drover had 16 horses, and sold 9 of them; how many horses had he remaining?

28. James had 18 quarts of berries, and sold 9 of them; how many quarts had he remaining?

29. How many must be added to 8 to make 11? To make 15? To make 13? To make 17?

30. How many must be added to 9 to make 13? To make 11? To make 18? To make 16? To make 17?

31. How many are 12 less 7? 13 less 7? 10 less 7?

32. How many are 18 less 9?

14 less 9? 13 less 9?

14 less 7? 16 less 7? 15 less 7?

17 less 9? 16 less 9? 15 less 9?

33. How many are 5 from 12? 6 from 13? 7 from 14?

The process of finding the difference between two numbers is called Subtraction.

-

The symbol is read minus. It indicates that the number after it is to be taken from the number before it. Thus, 8 5 3 is read 8

minus 5 equal 3.

2345678900

10

11

67896

1 1 1 1 1 1

2

=

4

0123 T∞∞

2222 ~~~~ 22

2

=

5

2 6

2

7

8

0123 +

6

6

6

9-6

10

11

12

6

6

6

4

5

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

9

666 a

= 0

012∞

9

9

3

- 9

4

5

6

13

14

15

16

17

8

8

8

8

- 8

8

8 = 9

159 =

16 9

18-9=9