STERLING MONEY.

147. Sterling Money is the national currency of England.

4 farthings (gr. or far.) make 1 penny, marked

12 pence

20 shillings

21 shillings

d.

66

1 shilling, "

S.

1 pound, or sovereign,£.

OBS. 1. It is customary, at the present day, to express farthings in fractions of a penny. Thus, 1 qr. is written 1 d.; 2 qrs., d.; 3 qrs. ૐ d.

2. The Pound Sterling is represented by a gold coin, called a Sovereign. According to Act of Congress, 1842, it is equal to 4 Dollars and 84 cents.

MENTAL EXERCISES.

1. In 5 pence, how many farthings?

Solution. Since there are 4 farthings in 1 penny, in 5 pence there are 5 times as many; and 5 times 4 are 20. Ans. 20 farthings.

2. In 8 pence, how many farthings? In 10d.? In 12d.? 3. How many shillings are there in 3 pounds? £5?

In £8? In £10?

4. How many pence are there in 8 farthings?

In

Solution. Since 4 farthings make 1 penny, 8 farthings will make as many pence, as 4 is contained times in 8; and 4 is contained in 8, 2 times. Ans. 2 pence.

5. How many pence in 12 farthings? In 15 qrs.? In 20 qrs.? In 25 qrs. .? In 33 qrs.? In 36 qrs.

?

6. How many shillings in 15 pence? In 24d.? In 30d.? In 361.? In 60d.? In 68d.? In 75d.?

7. How many pounds in 25 shillings? In 30s.? In 40s.? In 65s.? In 80s.? In 89s.?

QUEST-147. What is Sterling Money? Repeat the Table. Obs. How are farthings usually expressed? How is a pound sterling repro sented? What is its value in dollars and cents?

TROY WEIGHT.

Note.-Most children have very erroneous or indistinct ideas of the weights and measures in common use. It is, therefore, strongly recommended for teachers to illustrate them practically, by referring to some visible object of equal magnitude, or by exhibiting the ounce; the pound; the linear inch, foot, yard, and rod; also a square and cubic inch, foot, and yard; the pint, quart, gallon, peck, bushel, &c.

148. Troy Weight is used in weighing gold, silver. jewels, liquors, &c., and is generally adopted in philosophical experiments.

24 grains (gr.) make 1 pennyweight, marked pwt. 20 pennyweights "

12 ounces

1 ounce,

1 pound,

66

OZ.

66

lb.

OBS. 1. The standard of Weights and Measures is different in different States of the Union. In 1834, the Government of the United States adopted a uniform standard, for the use of the several custom houses and other purposes.

2. The standard unit of Weight adopted by the Government, is the Troy Pound of the United States Mint, which is identical with the Imperial Troy pound of England, established by Act of Parliament, A. D. 1826.*

3. Troy Weight was formerly used in weighing articles of every kind. It was introduced into Europe about the time of the Crusades, from Cairo in Egypt, and was first adopted by the city Troyes, in France, from which some suppose its name was derived. Others think it was derived from Troy-novant, the former name of London.t

8. How many grains in 2 pennyweights? In 3 pwts? In 4 pwts?

9. How many pennyweights in 2 ounces? In 3 oz.? In 4 oz.? In 5 oz.?

10. How many ounces in 2 pounds? In 3 lbs.? In 4 lbs. ? In 5 lbs.? In 6 lbs. ? In 7 lbs.? In 10 lbs. ?

QUEST.-148. In what is Troy Weight used? Repeat the Table. Obs. When was Troy Weight introduced into Europe? From what was its name derived? Do all the States have the same standard of weights and measures? What is the standard unit of weight adopted by the Government of the United States?

*Hassler on Weights and Measures, p. 10. Also, Reports of the Secretary of the Treasury, March 3, 1831; and June 20, 1832,

Hind's Arithmetic, Art. 224. Also, North American Review, Vol. XLV.

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.

149. Avoirdupois Weight is used in weighing groceries and all coarse articles; as, sugar, tea, coffee, butter, cheese, flour, hay, &c., and all metals, except gold and

silver.

OBS. 1. The Avoirdupois Pound of the United States is determined from the standard Troy Pound, and is in the ratio of 5760 to 7000;* that is,

7274

2. The British Imperial Pound Avoirdupois is defined to be the weight of 2710 cubic inches of distilled water, at the temperature of 60° Fahrenheit, when the barometer stands at 30°.t

3. Gross weight is the weight of goods with the boxes, casks, or bags which contain them.

Net weight is the weight of the goods only.

4. Formerly it was the custom to allow 112 pounds for a hundred weight, and 28 pounds for a quarter; but this practice has become nearly or quite obsolete. In buying and selling all articles of commerce estimated by weight, the laws of most of the States as well as general usage, call 100 pounds a hundred weight, and 25 pounds a quarter.

11. How many drams are there in 2 ounces? In 3 oz.? In 4 oz.? In 5 oz.?

12. How many ounces in 2 pounds? In 3 lbs.? In 4 lbs.? In 5 lbs. ?

13. How many pounds in 2 quarters ?

QUEST. 149. In what is Avoirdupois Weight used? Repeat the Table. Point to an object that weighs an ounce. A pound. Obs. How is the Avoirdupois pound of the United States determined? What is gross weight? Net weight? How many pounds were for merly allowed for a hundred weight? For a quarter?

* Reports of Secretary of Treasury, March 3, 1832: June, 20, 1832. Also Congressional Documents of 1833,

† Hind's Arithmetic, Art. 223.

14. How many quarters in 2 hundred weight? In 3 cwt.? In 5 cwt.? In 6 cwt.?

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT.

150. Apothecaries' Weight is used by apothecaries and physicians in mixing medicines.

20 grains (gr.) make 1 scruple, marked

sc., or D.

3 scruples

1 dram,

dr., or 3.

OBS. 1. The pound and ounce in this weight are the same, as the Troy pound and ounce; the other denominations are different. 2. Drugs and medicines are bought and sold by avoirdupois weight.

15. In 2 scruples, how many grains? In 3 sc.?

16. In 3 drams, how many scruples? In 4 dr.? In 5 dr.? In 7 dr.?

17. In 2 pounds, how many ounces? In 3 lbs.?

LONG MEASURE.

151. Long Measure is used in measuring distances or length only, without regard to breadth or depth.

360 degrees make a great circle, or the circumference of the earth.

Note.-4 inches make 1 hand; 9 inches, 1 span; 18 inches, I cubit; 6 feet, 1 fathom.

QUEST.-150. In what is Apothecaries' Weight used? Recite the Table. Obs. To what are the apothecaries' ounce and pound equal? How are drugs and medicines bought and sold? 151. In what is Long Measure used? Recite the Table.

OBS. 1. The standard unit of Length adopted by the General Government, is the Yard of 3 feet, or 36 inches, and is identical with the Imperial Yard of England. It is made of brass, and is determined from the scale of Troughton* at the temperature of 60° Fahrenheit. 2. Long measure is frequently called linear, or lineal measure. Formerly the inch was divided into 3 barleycorns; but the barleycorn is not employed as a measure at the present day. The inch is commonly divided either into eighths or tenths; sometimes, however, it is divided into twelfths, which are called lines.

19. In 3 feet, how many inches? In 3 feet and 4 in., how many inches? In 4 feet and 7 in. ? 20. How many furlongs in 3 miles and 2 furlongs? How many in 4 m. and 5 fur.? In 6 m. and 7 fur. ? 21. How many yards in 6 feet?

In 23 ft.?

22. How many feet in 27 inches? in.? In 64 in.?

In 12 ft.? In 16 ft.?

In 36 in.? In 41

23. How many yards in 12 feet? In 17 ft.? In 25 ft.? In 30 ft.?

CLOTH MEASURE.

152. Cloth Measure is used in measuring cloth, lace, and all kinds of goods which are bought and sold by the yard.

OBS. Cloth measure is a species of long measure. The yard is the same in both. Cloths, laces, &c., are bought and sold by the linear yard without regard to their width.

QUEST.-Draw a line an inch long upon the black-board. Draw one a foot, and another a yard long. How long is your desk? Your teacher's table? How wide? How long is the school room? How wide? Obs. What is the standard unit of Length adopted by Congress? What is Long Measure often called? 152. In what is Cloth Measure used? Repeat the Table? Obs. Of what is cloth measure a species? What is the kind of yard by which cloths, laces, &c. are bought and sold?

A celebrated English artist.