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Various methods have been used to encourage general farming by proving to landowners the adaptedness of the soil to the cultivation of grains and hay and the facility for cattle raising. The Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad has offered 6 prizes of $25 each for the best acres of corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, strawberries, and garden truck; and at Albany an annual hay festival, inaugurated two years ago by the Hon. H. M. McIntosh, has for its object the increase of acreage devoted to that crop. Premiums are given by the Albany Board of Trade for the best crop on a five-acre plot, and for the second and third best, for the best ton of native hay exhibited, the best crop of peavine hay, and the best and second best hay floats.

The State at Omaha.—From an account by ex-Gov. Northen, chairman of the commission for making a display of the products of the State at the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition, the following extracts are taken:

"It is of course known that under our Constitution the State could not appropriate money to make the necessary arrangements for suitable advertisement of our resources at Omaha. The commission therefore made direct appeal to the people and realized, in cash contributions, $7,700. Of this amount $3,150 were contracted to be paid for a State building, and $450 were paid for the ground space for its erection. Georgia was the only Southern State represented by a State building, and the only State of all the States that installed its exhibit in its own building.

"For each of seven separate entries we received seven separate gold medals, as follows: First, State exhibit; second, fruits; third, building stones; fourth, aluminum ore and manufactured products; fifth, ornamental timbers; sixth, cotton seed and its products; seventh, the best small farm, by John A. Mangett, of Marietta. We were awarded two silver medals, as follow: First, mica, graphite, and asbestos; second, grains, grasses, and cotton. We were awarded seven bronze medals, as follow: First, for gold ores; second, for clays; third, for iron and manganese; fourth, for timber specimens; fifth, for cheese; sixth, for Indian corn; seventh, for sugar cane and sirup."

Immigration. In June 51,000 acres in the Southeastern part of the State were bought by the Shaker Society, of Union Village, Ohio, for the location of a colony. Other large sales of lands for colonies have been reported-one of 5,000 acres near Baxley, on which it is designed to plant a colony of farmers from the northwest, and one of 12,000 acres near Jessup for a colony of Dunkards from Ohio, Minnesota, and other States. Both these tracts are in southeastern Georgia. A site for a colony of Mennonites has been selected at Lithia Springs, De Kalb County, about 18 miles from Atlanta.

Damage by Storm.-A storm swept over southWestern Georgia about Oct. 2. There was little damage at Savannah, but the losses in Brunswick were heavy, and the cotton and rice crop suffered severely. Many persons were rescued by boats from second-story windows in Brunswick, and the livery stables were flooded so that it was necessary to quarter some of the horses in the Baptist church. On the wharves there was great destruction of property, naval stores in quantities being swept away. The loss of life there was remarkably small, the only deaths reported being four negroes, two of them children; but the loss of life on the sea islands was believed to be large.

Mob Violence.-A negro was lynched near Griffin, Aug. 8, and one near Quitman, Aug. 21, both for attempted assaults on white women. Another negro, charged with murder, was put to death by a VOL. XXXVIII.-19 A

mob of people of Fredonia and West Point, Oct. 23, according to an Associated Press dispatch. At Augusta, Nov. 22, a mob made an attack upon the jail to take a negro held for attempted assault. The jailer resisted, and in the fight that followed a volunteer soldier who was at home on furlough was shot and mortally wounded. The attempt at lynching was then abandoned, and the negro was tried, Nov. 5, and sentenced to twenty years in the Penitentiary. At Monticello a negro named Merriwether, who was lynched for murder, made a confession implicating three others, whereupon the mob, after disposing of him, "rushed back to the jail to get the other negroes, who had been arrested on suspicion. Ropes were put around their necks, and they were dragged to the place where Merriwether's bullet-riddled body was hanging. A large number of citizens rushed to the scene. It was only by the most vigorous efforts that this lynching was prevented. One of the negroes was about to be drawn up on a limb when a young white man jumped forward and cut the rope. The mob then gave up, and the three negroes were turned over to the sheriff." On Dec. 6 another negro, suspected of complicity in the murder, was lynched near Monticello.

At Wood's Bridge, Dec. 24. a negro charged with murder and arson was taken from the officers on the way to jail and lynched. In June the grand jury was engaged in the investigation of the alleged demolition of a general merchandise store in Chickamauga by two regiments of soldiers, said to be Pennsylvania and Illinois troops. According to the statement, "the men reached Chickamauga and a few of the hungry soldiers stepped into Berger's store to buy food. While he was waiting on the men their comrades made a rush into the store and began to help themselves. Berger made an effort to stop the robbery, but was helpless against hundreds of reckless soldiers. He had to stand and see the men demolish his store and carry off its contents. The soldiers did not confine their foraging to the eatables, but took the dry goods and wasted what was not wanted. There were other disorders in the neighborhood of "Chickamauga and Lytle connected with the attempted enforcement of liquor laws.

The State Boundary.-Georgia and Tennessee have a boundary dispute which involves possession of the city of Chattanooga. The present boundary line places the city in Tennessee, but several expert geographers have recently found information which goes to show that the boundary line is not located properly. The boundary line between the States is the thirty-fifth parallel of north latitude, and this was located by a survey in 1818 at a point one mile south of Tennessee river. Georgia will claim that a correct survey will place the thirty-fifth parallel north of Lookout mountain, and that more than 100,000 citizens of Tennessee will have to become citizens of Georgia.

Peace Jubilee.-Dec. 14 and 15 were set for a jubilee in Atlanta over the return of peace, but the President sent a telegram in November requesting the committee to change the name of the celebration from "peace jubilee" to a demonstration over "our victorious arms," giving as the reason for the change "the uncertain outcome of the Paris conference and the exigencies which may arise." The executive committee of the celebration held a special meeting and decided to call the demonstration "the Atlanta jubilee." The President addressed the Legislature, Dec. 14, and a banquet was given on the evening of Dec. 15. The President also made speeches in other cities. At Macon an address of welcome was given by the commander of the Bibb County Veterans' Association and Bibb County Camp, No. 484, in which he said:

"You, sir, have endeared yourself to the hearts of all Confederate soldiers on account of the noble sentiments expressed by you in regard to our Confederate dead. I assure you that these old, maimed, and infirm veterans who have met here to do you honor to-day appreciate such words of love and kindness, and uttered, too, by the President of this great country and by one who was a member of the Union army in the sixties. I hope and pray, Mr. President, that God in his infinite mercy may so direct the future legislation of this country that the living Confederates will be remembered. This country and the Stars and Stripes belong as much to the Confederate veterans as to the Grand Army of the Republic. The South proved its loyalty to this grand old country when war was declared with Spain, and now, henceforth, and forever she will be found ready to take up arms to defend our country and our flag. Mr. President, on behalf of these brave and maimed Confederate soldiers of Bibb County, Georgia, I present to you this parchment, engrossed in letters of gold, the beautiful sentiment expressed by you in our capital city in regard to our honored dead.”

Another Confederate veteran offered the President a badge of a Confederate Veterans' Association, which was accepted and worn by the President during his stay in Macon.

Legislative Session.-This began Oct. 28, and ended in December.

President McKinley made a speech before the joint session on Dec. 14, and the following passage was received with great enthusiasm:

66

Every soldier's grave made during our unfortunate civil war is a tribute to American valor. And while, when those graves were made, we differed widely about the future of the Government, those differences were long ago settled by the arbitrament of arms, and the time has now come in the evolution of sentiment and feeling, under the providence of God, when in the spirit of fraternity we should share with you in the care of the graves of the Confederate soldiers."

The following resolutions were unanimously adopted, Dec. 15:

66

Resolved, By the House, the Senate concurring, that as the chosen representatives of the people of Georgia we desire to express our high appreciation of the chaste, eloquent, and enthusiastic address delivered in the presence of this General Assembly in the hall of the House of Representatives on yesterday by his Excellency, William McKinley, President of the United States.

"Resolved, further, That President McKinley by his ready recognition of Southern ability and Southern worth in military appointments made at the outbreak and during the recent Spanish-American War won a warm place in the hearts of all of our people and endeared himself to the country at large. Resolved, further, That we desire especially to commend and applaud the generous and soldierly suggestion made by his Excellency that the North should share in the care of the graves of the Confederate soldiers.

Resolved, further, That the Secretary of the Senate and the clerk of the House of Representatives be instructed immediately after the adoption of these resolutions to have a copy of the same enrolled and duly attested and that they deliver the same to his Excellency, the President, in person, before he leaves the capital of the State."

Among the important measures before the Legislature were several designed to reduce State expenditures and lower the rate of taxation. It is estimated that those which were adopted will reduce the rate from 6.21 mills to 5.36 mills. The most important act in this direction was the re

duction of the common-school appropriation from $1,000,000 to $800,000.

Measures were proposed also for making taxation more equitable and reaching property that escapes paying its just proportion. A set of questions was prepared and embodied in the general tax bill. They call for exact answers as to the quantity and value of the various kinds of property, and every taxpayer is to be required to answer them under oath. Further, a resolution was passed providing for the appointment of a board of tax commissioners to consider the tax problem in its different phases and to report at the next session of the General Assembly in 1899.

In the House 435 bills and 149 resolutions were introduced, and 157 of them were passed. The number passed of those originating in the Senate was 37.

Political.-A Governor and other State officers were to be elected in October. The candidates of the Democratic party were chosen at the primaries, June 6, and were nominated by the State convention held in Atlanta, June 29. The platform declared the war with Spain to be "just and righteous," and demanded that Spain be driven from the Western Hemisphere. It urged the construction of the Nicaragua Canal, and declared in favor of the free coinage of gold and silver at the ratio of 16 to 1. On State issues it approved the uniform primaries called by the State Executive Committee to ascertain the choice of the people for the nominations to be made by the convention, and instructed the committee to make similar provision for choosing future candidates for State offices, and to declare the official form of a ballot for use at the primaries, containing the names of all candidates to be voted for, and allowing no other to be recognized. It favored the nomination of candidates for the Senate by direct vote of the people. It commended the existing State administration and called for liberality to the public schools; and said further:

"We commend the last General Assembly for the improvement inaugurated in the State Penitentiary system, and we urge upon the prison commissioners to give immediate attention to the establishment of a reformatory for youthful criminals.

"We refer with pride to the fact that the State of Georgia has been more liberal than any other State in the matter of pensions to Confederate veterans, and we believe it is the duty of the General Assembly to make adequate provisions, for the future, for all Confederate veterans and the widows of Confederate veterans who are in dependent or needy circumstances."

The candidates were: For Governor, Allen D. Candler; Secretary of State, Philip Cook; Attorney-General, Joseph M. Terrell; Comptroller General, William A. Wright; Commissioner of Agriculture, O. B. Stevens; Commissioner of Schools, G. R. Glenn; Treasurer, W. J. Speer; Prison Commissioner, J. S. Turner.

The Populists held a convention in March and nominated Thomas E. Watson for Governor. He declined to run and J. R. Hogan was afterward made the candidate. Republicans and Populists fused in many of the districts.

The total vote for Governor, Oct. 5, was 164,089— about 20 per cent. less than that of 1896. The Democrats carried the election by large majorities; Candler's was given as 67,923 (not official). The Democratic vote in the Legislature is overwhelming. All the eleven Congressmen elected are Democrats. A proposition to amend the Constitution so that the judges and solicitors of the Superior Court shall be elected by the people was carried. The city of Atlanta decided in favor of municipal ownership of the electric-light plant.

GERMAN EVANGELICAL CHURCH. The German Evangelical Synod of North America returns for 1898 872 ministers, 1,130 churches, and 199,234 communicants. The figures show a decrease of 6 ministers and an increase of 4,618 communicants, while the number of congregations remain the same as in 1897. The General Conference held its triennial session at Quincy, Ill., Sept. 20 to 29. The Rev. Paul L. Mengel, D.D., of Richmond, Va., was appointed a delegate to represent the Synod at the dedication of the Evangelical Church in Jerusalem, to take place Oct. 31. A question of several years' standing respecting the legal position of the teachers in the parochial schools was settled by granting them a full representation in the General Conference; the revision of the constitution of the Synod was proceeded with; a board of home missions was instituted; the publication of a hymn book and of a Sunday-school paper, both in the English language, was authorized. Measures were taken looking to the celebration of the semi-centennial anniversary, the theological institution of the church, July 4, 1900, and in reference to further provision for the educational institutions, to the reduction of the indebtedness of the Church and to the enlargement of its publishing house.

GERMANY, an empire in central Europe composed of the federated German states. The King of Prussia is German Emperor, and as such has supreme charge of military and political affairs, and power to make war or conclude peace, except that for an offensive war he must have the consent of the federated states and princes. There are two legislative bodies-the Bundesrath, representing the federated states, and the Reichstag, representing the German people. The acts on which they agree become law on receiving the Emperor's assent and being countersigned by the Chancellor of the Empire. The Bundesrath has 58 members, appointed by the governments of the federated states. The Reichstag has 397 members, 1 to 124,500 of population, elected for five years by universal manhood suffrage and by secret ballot.

The German Emperor is Wilhelm II, born Jan. 27. 1859, who succeeded his father, Friedrich III, King of Prussia and German Emperor, on June 15, 1888. The heir apparent is the Emperor's eldest son, Prince Friedrich Wilhelm, born May 8, 1882.

The Chancellor of the Empire is Prince Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, appointed Oct. 29, 1894. The following were the secretaries of state in charge of the various departments at the beginning of 1898: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, B. von Bülow; Secretary of the Interior and Representative of the Chancellor, Graf Posadowsky-Wehner; Secretary of the Imperial Marine, Rear-Admiral Tirpitz; Ministry of Justice, Dr. A. Nieberding; Imperial Treasury, Freiherr von Thielmann; Imperial Post Office, Lieut.-Gen. von Podbielski; Imperial Railroads, Dr. Schulz: Imperial Exchequer, Herr von Wolff: Imperial Invalid Fund, Dr. Rösing; President of the Imperial Bank, Dr. Koch; Imperial Debt Commission, Herr von Hoffmann.

Area and Population.-The area and population of the states of the empire according to the completed returns of the census of 1895, compared with the population at the last preceding census period, are given in the table at the head of the

next column.

The total population in 1895 was divided into 25.661,250 males and 26,618,651 females. The number of marriages in 1895 was 414,218; of births, 1.941.644; of deaths, 1,215,854; excess of births, 725,790. The number of emigrants in 1896 was 33.824, of whom 29,007 went to the United States, 1,001 to Brazil, 2,152 to other parts of America, 1,346 to Africa, 144 to Asia, and 174 to Australia.

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There sailed in 1896 from German ports 95,803 emigrants of other countries than Germany. Of the German emigrants who embarked at German, Dutch, and Belgian ports, 17,549 were males and 14,513 females. There were 3,907 families, numbering 12,770 persons. The emigration from Germany to the United States since 1871 has been 2,404,782; the total emigration from 1820 to 1896, about 5,230,000. The emigration to Brazil since 1871 has been 49,440. Of the emigrants of 1896, not counting 1,710 who sailed from French ports, 19,459 were Prussians, 3,418 Bavarians, 2,121 from Würtemberg, 1,080 from Baden, 1,303 from Saxony, 1,644 from Hamburg, 558 from Hesse, 645 from Bremen, 345 from Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 340 from Oldenburg, and 268 from Alsace-Lorraine.

Finances.-The customs, stamp, and excise duties, and the profits of the imperial railroads, the post office, and the telegraph service are the chief resources from which are defrayed the common expenditures of the empire; but, as these are insufficient, the deficit is made up by matricular contributions from the states assessed in proportion to their population. The total revenue for the year ending March 31, 1898, was estimated in the budget at 1.295,468,300 marks, of which 653,131,500 marks came from customs and excise duties, 61,873,000 marks from stamps. 41,253,100 marks from posts and telegraphs, 1,546,300 marks from the imperial printing office, 25,405,600 marks from railroads, 3,506,100 marks from the Imperial Bank, 17,378,500 marks from various departments, 28,683,000 marks from interest of the Invalid fund, 411,100 marks from various ordinary sources, 47,459,900 marks from extraordinary sources, and 414,824,700 marks from the federal contributions. The customs receipts amount to 372,480,000 marks; tobacco duty, 11,293,000 marks; sugar duty, 81,000,000 marks; salt duty, 45,669,000 marks; spirit duty, 115,783,000 marks; duty on beer, 26,843,000 marks. Bavaria, Würtemberg, Baden, and Alsace-Lorraine, which have their own postal and telegraph services, collect and expend the beer duty separately, furnishing in compensation higher matricular contributions. The stamp duties turned into the imperial treasury are 1,366,000 marks from playing cards, 8,183,000 marks from letters of exchange, 51,521,000 marks from securities, bills, lottery tickets, etc., and 803,000marks from certificates. The gross receipts of the

posts and telegraphs amount to 314,683,150 marks, and expenses to 273,726,968 marks; the gross receipts of the imperial printing office to 6,317,000 marks, and expenses to 4,770,841 marks; the gross railroad receipts to 70.431,000 marks, and expenses to 45,052,600 marks. There was a surplus of 12,107,690 marks remaining over from 1897.

The total imperial expenditure for 1898 was estimated at 1,307,576,000 marks, of which 1,168,210,500 marks are the ordinary recurring expenditures and 139,365,500 marks non-recurring and extraordinary expenditures. Of the recurring expenditures 658,200 marks are for the Reichstag, 159,200 marks for the Imperial Chancellery, 10,961,600 marks for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 36,712,200 marks for the Ministry of the Interior, 486,409,000 marks for the army, 58,925,300 marks for the navy, 1,981,000 marks for the Ministry of Justice, 409,151,300 marks for the imperial treasury, 357,000 marks for the railroad office, 76,191,300 marks for the debt of the empire, 740,500 marks for the audit office, 57,459,400 marks for the Pension fund, and 28,504,500 marks for the Invalid fund. The total expenditure for the army is 539,973,000 marks, and for the navy 116,974,000 marks, including 97,936,355 marks of extraordinary expenses for the army and 58,094,968 marks for the navy. Of the other extraordinary expenditures 8,440,000 marks were for railroads, 8,434,520 marks for foreign affairs, 8,297,828 marks for posts and telegraphs, and 9,298,377 marks for the Invalid fund. Of the federal contributions for 1898 Prussia pays 243,490,000 marks, Bavaria 54,237,000 marks, Saxony 28,931,000 marks, Würtemberg 19,047,000 marks, Baden 14,391,000 marks, Alsace-Lorraine 13,692,000 marks, Hesse 7,942,000 marks, and the smaller states and free cities in proportion.

The debt of the empire on March 31, 1896, amounted to 2,245,273,100 marks, of which 450,000,000 marks were borrowed at the rate of 4 per cent. per annum, 790,000,000 marks at 34 per cent., and 885,355,100 marks of old debts paying 33 per cent. were refunded at 3 per cent., and new obligations emitted since 1890 at 3 per cent.

The Invalid fund on March 31, 1896, amounted to 447,708,993 marks. The war treasure of 120,000,000 marks is hoarded in gold at Spandau.

The following table gives, in marks, the budgets and debts of the different states for 1898 or, in the case of a few, for 1897:

STATES.

Alsace-Lorraine.

Anhalt..

Debt.

Revenue. Expenditure.
53,503,596 52.619.060 24,115,000
22,861,250 22,861,250 773,124
87,520,764 335,172,885

81,506,809

1,194,318

345,356,505 1,418.443,185
142,359.833
27,408,738
75,967,263 325,495,781
37,316,000 163,400,000

1,194,318
4,573,427 19,120,020
3,952,000 113.531.600
6,000,000

8.949.581 50,690,709

2,046,031,385 2,046,031,385 6,498,138.631

Baden..

Bavaria

345,356,505

Bremen

18,546,681

26,447 631

Brunswick.

16,300,500

16,300,500

Hamburg..

73,352,612

Hesse.

37,378,000

Lippe.

Lübeck

4,573,427

Mecklenburg-Schwerin

3,952,000

Mecklenburg-Strelitz..

Oldenburg

10,369,137

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fully covering the debt of Alsace-Lorraine, Baden, Bavaria, Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, Saxe-Coburg, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Weimar, and Würtemberg, and amounting to 5,535,622 marks in Anhalt, 42,000,000 marks in Brunswick, 154,100,000 marks in Hesse, 5,544,120 marks in Saxe-Altenburg, and 838,403.742 marks in Saxony.

The Army.—By the law of Aug. 3, 1893, which continues in force till the end of the fiscal year, 1899, the average peace strength of the imperial army is 479,229 men, exclusive of volunteers of officers and of surgeons, paymasters, and other noncombatants. The number of young men arriving at the age of twenty every year is about 400,000, of whom 10 per cent. are unfit for service by reason of physical or moral defects, or are lost by emigration, or join the army as volunteers. Of those who are available, men enough are drawn by lot to fill up the ranks of the active army, in which they serve two years, except in the cavalry and horse artillery, in which the term of active service is three years. The one-year volunteers, numbering about 8,000, are not counted in the budget strength of the regular army, which for 1898 was as follows: 215 regiments of infantry, numbering 12,048 officers and 363,113 men; 19 battalions of rifles, 410 officers and 12,013 men; 288 depots, 797 officers and 5,478 men; 2,684 surgeons, instructors, etc., making the total infantry 13,255 officers and 383,288 men; 93 regiments of cavalry, 2,375 officers and 65,688 men, exclusive of 823 officers and men on special service; 43 regiments of field artillery, 2,671 officers and 57,997 men, exclusive of 810 officers and men on special service; 17 regiments and 1 battalion of foot artillery, 869 officers and 22,734 men, exclusive of 132 officers and men on special service; 23 battalions of pioneers, 2 balloon detachments, 3 regiments of railroad troops, 1 railroad battalion, and 3 railroad companies, 738 officers and 19,086 men, exclusive of 126 on special service; 21 battalions of train, 310 officers and 7,750 men, exclusive of 69 on special service; special formations containing 506 officers and 3,570 men; and 2,364 non-regimental officers, with 279 men, making the total strength on the peace footing 23,088 officers and 562,352 men, with 97,850 horses. The battalion in the German army has a normal peace strength of 544 men, and in war is raised by calling in a part of the reserves to 1,002 men. There are 494 field batteries, including 47 mounted batteries, each consisting in time of peace of 4 and in war of 6 guns. Every one of the 21 corps d'armée can be mobilized independently, as it includes troops of all arms, auxiliary services, and all the stores and equipments necessary for action as a separate army.

The Navy. The effective navy on Jan. 1, 1898, consisted of 6 first-class, 4 second-class, and 6 thirdclass battle ships, 19 armored gun vessels and old ironclads suitable for coast defense, 2 first-class and 6 second-class cruisers, 11 lookout ships, and 105 first-class and 9 second-class torpedo craft. Besides these a battle ship of the first class, 2 cruisers, a lookout ship, and 6 destroyers were building.

The personnel of the navy at the beginning of 1898 consisted of 1,014 officers and engineers, 5,389 petty officers, 16,778 seamen, and 222 surgeons, paymasters, and gunsmiths, making the total number of men 23,403.

9.656,218 4,870.943
77.604,250 716,993.900
1,029,210 360,000
Commerce and Production.-The production
2,778,050 3,884,000 of wheat in 1897 was 3,008,385 metric tons; of rye,
7,232,320; of barley, 2,317,334; of oats, 4,968,272;
2,964,755 3,044.145
of buckwheat, 95.205; of potatoes, 29,278,132; of
1,410,428 2,037,000
sugar beets, 12,616,432; of other beets and turnips,
10.526.403; of hops, 25,325; of wine, 5,050,808
hectolitres. The quantities of minerals produced
in 1896 were 85,639,900 tons of coal, 26,797,900 of

74,123,540 74,698,813 473,878,700

Against the debts must be offset the productive state property for which they were mainly incurred,

The participation of the different countries in the commerce of the German customs union in 1896 is shown in the following table, giving, in marks, the values of the imports from and of the exports to each country:

COUNTRIES.

German free ports..

Austria-Hungary

Russia..
Netherlands.
France
Switzerland.
Belgium
Italy

Norway and Sweden..

Denmark

Spain.

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Balkan countries

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Portugal

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British India.

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Other countries in Asia.
Africa

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North America
South America
Australia

All other countries

Total

4,557,951,000 3,753,822,000

The Prussian Minister of Finance on Jan. 30, 1898, issued an order prohibiting on sanitary grounds the importation of fresh fruits from the United States. The ostensible cause for this interdict, which was suspected to be a protectionist measure for the benefit of German fruit-growers and a retaliation for the differential duty placed on sugar from bounty-paying countries, was the discovery of the San José scale in a consignment of Californian pears. Negotiations were carried on with foreign governments during 1898 for new commercial treaties. The Anglo-German treaty, which the British Government had denounced in order to secure preferential treatment for British goods from Canada, expired on July 30, 1898. In accordance with a special law enacted on May 11, a modus vivendi was proclaimed for one year, according most-favored-nation treatment to imports from the United Kingdom and from British colonies and possessions which do not impose heavier duties on German than on British goods.

lignite, 14,162,300 of iron ore, 729,900 of zinc ore,
154.700 of lead ore, 717,300 of copper ore, 755,800 of
rock salt, 1,780,400 of potassic salt, and 286,600 of
other products. Of pig iron 5,464,501 tons were
produced in 1895; of zinc, 150,286 tons; of lead,
111,058 tons; of copper, 25,777; of silver, 392; of
tin, 884; of sulphur and sulphuric acid, 539,989; of
gold, 3,547 kilogrammes; of nickel, bismuth, and
other products, 30,809 tons; of manufactured iron, Great Britain.
6,193,480 tons. There were 1,537,522 tons of raw
sugar and 328,463 tons of molasses produced in
1896 from 11,672,816 tons of beet root. The beer
brewed amounted to 37,733,000 hectolitres in the im-
perial excise district, 16,034,000 in Bavaria, 3,885,-
000 in Würtemberg, 1,914,000 in Baden, and 997,000
in Alsace-Lorraine; total, 60,563,000 hectolitres.
The production of alcohol was 3,334,000 hectolitres.
The special imports in 1896 into the imperial
customs territory, which contains 52,485,807 in-
habitants, and includes Luxemburg and two com-
munes in Austria, but does not include the free
ports reserved in Hamburg and Bremen nor cer-
tain petty districts in Prussia and Baden, were
valued at 4,557,951,000 marks, and the special ex-
ports at 3,753,822,000 marks. The imports of live
animals were 157,749,000 marks, and exports 23,-
951,000 marks; imports of animal products, 117,-
498,000 marks, and exports 26,361,000 marks; im-
ports of articles of consumption, 1,324,266,000 marks,
and exports 426,752,000 marks; imports of seeds
and plants, 53,237,000 marks, and exports 32,500,-
000 marks; imports of fuel, 116,854,000 marks, and
exports 165,157,000 marks; imports of fats and
oils, 245,395,000 marks, and exports 31,656,000
marks: imports of chemicals, drugs, and dyes,
284,225,000 marks, and exports 360,743,000 marks;
imports of stone, clay, and glass, 64,014,000 marks,
and exports 155.005,000 marks; imports of metals
and metal manufactures, 471,500,000 marks, and
exports 658,929,000 marks; imports of wood manu-
factures, 274,173,000 marks, and exports 124,550-
000 marks; imports of paper and paper manufac-
tures, 21,776,000 marks, and exports 106,985,000
marks; imports of leather and leather manufac-
tures, 211,353,000 marks, and exports 216,480,000
marks; imports of textile materials and manufac-
tures, 1,040,828,000 marks, and exports 957,422,000
marks; imports of rubber and rubber manufac-
tures, 45,639,000 marks, and exports 31,916,000
marks; imports of machinery and instruments,
69.888,000 marks, and exports 212,656,000 marks;
imports of hardware, etc., 18,495,000 marks, and
exports 100,854,000 marks; imports of works of
literature and art, 41,061,000 marks, and exports
120.727,000 marks; various other exports, 1,178,000
marks. The imports of horses were 73,594,000
marks in value; of hogs, 6,873,000 marks; of
wheat, 197,943,000 marks; of rye, 85,491,000 marks;
of barley, 108,850,000 marks; of coffee, 189,294,000
marks; of petroleum, 57,481,000 marks; of hides,
114.775,000 marks; of raw cotton, 238,810,000
marks; of wool, 237,125,000 marks; of woolen
yarn, 114.084,000 marks; of raw silk, 83,567,000
marks. The exports of sugar were 236,352,000
marks; of coal and coke, 157,882,000 marks; of
hops, 19,556,000 marks; of aniline colors, 64,932,-
000 marks; of wooden wares, 57,517,000 marks;
of paper, 67.364,000 marks; of leather goods, 77,-
268,000 marks; of coarse cottons, 62,869,000 marks;
of mixed silk and cotton cloth, 98,327,000 marks;
of woolen cloth, 149,904,000 marks; of hosiery, 92,-
185,000 marks; of haberdashery, 121,499,000 marks.
Of the total imports in 1896 the value of 2,336,369,-
000 marks paid duties, and the value of 2,221,582,-
000 marks was free of duty. The gold and silver
imports in 1896 were 233,552,000 marks, and the
exports 227,989,000 marks.,

Navigation. The number of vessels entered at German ports during 1895 was 66,688, of 15,183,222 tons, of which 57,436, of 14,225,271 tons, were with cargoes and 9,252, of 957,951 tons, in ballast. The total number cleared was 67,142, of 15,285,527 tons, of which 49,948, of 10,227,895 tons, were with cargoes and 17,194, of 5,057,632 tons, in ballast. There were 41,287 German ships, of 7,340,252 tons, entered with cargoes and 7,121, of 566,789 tons, in ballast, and 16,149 foreign ships, of 6,885,019 tons, entered with cargoes and 2,131, of 391,162 tons, in ballast. Of the total number cleared 38,803, of 6,505,186 tons, were German and 11,145, of 3.722.709 tons, foreign ships carrying cargoes and 10,164, of 1,526,031 tons, German and 7.030, of 3,531,601 tons, foreign ships in ballast. Of the foreign ships entered with cargoes 5,462, of 4,581,352 tons, were British; 4,638, of 748,619 tons, Danish; 3.053, of 599,122 tons, Swedish; 1,312, of 206,593 tons. Dutch; 948, of 391,906 tons, Norwegian, and 510, of 168,152 tons, Russian. Of the number cleared with cargoes 3,017, of 2.017,222 tons, were British; 4,232, of 633,983 tons, Danish; 1,807, of 409.884 tons, Swedish; 1.011, of 182,001 tons, Dutch; 632, of 246,940 tons, Norwegian, and 281, of 93,528 tons, Russian.

The merchant navy of Germany on Jan. 1, 1897, comprised 2,552 sailing vessels, of 597,617 tons, and 1,126 steamers, of 889,960 tons. Of the sailing vessels 509, of 76,703 tons, belonged to Baltic and 2,043, of 520,914 tons, to North Sea ports, and of

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