nite kind; such as length, breadth, solidity, weight, time, money, capacity, &c. The following are the tables of these denominations. They require to be made very familiar, as they show how many units of each lower denomination, are equal to a unit of the next higher denomination. I. ENGLISH MONEY. The denominations of English Money are pounds, shillings, pence, and farthings. TABLE. 4 farthings (marked qr.) make 1 penny, marked d. By this weight, the precious metals, such as gold and silver, also jewels and precious stones, are weighed. The following are the denominations : TABLE. 24 grains (gr.) make 1 pennyweight, marked pwt. lb. lb. III. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. By this weight, all coarse materials, such as hay and grain, and also the baser metals, such as copper, are weighed. 1 ton-T. 1= 16- 256. qr. 1 28 448 7168. cwt. 1 hun. wght.-cwt. 1-4 112— 1792— 28672. T. 1-20-80-2240-35840-573440. IV. APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. This weight is used by apothecaries and physicians in mix ing and preparing medicines. This is the measure used for measuring all kinds of cloth. This measure is used for measuring all liquors, with the exception of beer and ale. The gallon contains 231 cubic VII. ALE OR BEER MEASURE. Besides ale and beer, milk is measured by this measure. The gallon contains 282 cubic inches. This measure is used for measuring all kinds of grain, fruit, salt, coal, &c. The following denominations and numbers are used for measuring distance. rd. 5 yards or 16 feet 1 rod-rd. fur. m. 15 161= 198- 594. 40 rods 1 furlong-fur. 140 220= 660= 7920 23760. 8 furlongs 1 mile-m. L. 18-320-1760 5280 63360 190080. 3 miles 1 league-L. 1-3-24-960-5280-87120-1045440-3136320. 60 geographic, or 69 statute miles, make 1 degree on the earth's surface. 360 degrees make the earth's circumference. X. LAND OR SQUARE MEASURE. TABLE. Sq. ft. 144 square inches (Sq. in.) make 1 square foot-Sq. ft. 1= Sq. in. 144. 9 square feet make 1 square yard-Sq. yd. 30 square yards 1 square rod-Sq. rd. R. rd. S. Yd. 1 = 1304 9 = 1296. 2724= 39204. 1568160. 1-4-160-4840 -43560 =6272640. 40 square rods-1 square rood-R. 1— 40=1210 =10890 4 square roods-1 Acre-A. A. Land is usually measured by Gunter's chain, which is 4 rods or 66 feet in length. The whole chain is divided into 100 equal parts, called links. The link is therefore part of the rod, and is 7,92 inches in length. 80 chains, or 320 rods, make 1 mile in length. 1 square chain makes 16 square rods, and 10 square chains make 1 acre. XI. SOLID MEASURE. This measure is employed in measuring substances which have three dimensions; viz. length, breadth, and thickness. Timber, stone, &c., are among these substances. 1728 solid inches make 27 solid feet make TABLE. 1 solid foot-S. ft. 40 feet of round or 50 feet of hewn timber make 1 ton-T. 128 solid feet make 1 cord-C. A pile of wood 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet high, contains just one cord, since 8X4X4 128. The scholar is now requested to turn back to the table of English Money, and from it answer the following questions: How many farthings make a penny? How many make 2 pennies? How many make 4? How many make 6? How many make 7? How many make 8? How many 9? How many 10? How many 11? How many pence make 1 shilling? How many make 2 shillings? How many make 3? 4? 5? 6? 7? 8? 9? 10? 11? 12? How many shillings make 1 pound? How many make 2? 3? 4? 5? &c. Which is worth most, 1 penny or 4 farthings? 2 pence or 8 farthings? Which is worth most, 1 shilling or 12 pence? 2 shillings or 24 pence? 1 pound or 20 shillings? 2 pounds or 40 shillings? If these expressions are equal in value, in what do they differ? Ans. They are different expressions for the same value? In what then does Reduction consist? Ans. In changing numbers from one denomination to another without altering the value. Reduce 6 pence to farthings. By what do |