party. The allies were, notwithstanding, engaged under the walls of Paris on the 30th of March; but on the 31st they entered by capitulation. The senate consummated the general defection, by abandoning its master; and under the influence of Talleyrand, they nominated a provisional government, and declared "that Napoleon had forfeited the throne; that the right of inheritance was abolished in his family; that the French people and army were absolved from their oath of fidelity to him,"

In the meanwhile Napoleon, perhaps advised by some about him, abandoned his march to St. Dizier, and proceeded towards Paris at the head of fifty thousand men. Having learned that this city had capitulated, he took up a position at Fontainbleau; there he resolved to abdicate in favour of his son. He sent the Duke of Vicenza, the Prince of Moskwa, and the Duke of Tarentum, as plenipotentiaries to the confederate allies; they were to take with them on their road Marmont, the Duke of Ragusa, who covered Fontainbleau with a division of the army. Though Napoleon with fifty thousand men and his strong position, might have procured better terms than he proposed, all probability of this was done away with by the Duke of Ragusa, who abandoned his post, treated with the enemy, and left Fontainbleau exposed. Napoleon was then compelled to submit to the conditions imposed by his enemies, whose demands increased with their power. At Prague they would have ceded to him the empire within the limits of the Alps and the Rhone; after the invasion of France, they offered him at Chatillon, the possession only of the ancient monarchy; they afterwards refused to treat with him for himself, but only in favour of his son: but lastly, they would hear of no other terms excepting the unconditional abdication of Napoleon himself. On the 11th of April, 1814, he renounced for himself and children, the thrones of France and Italy, and in exchange for his vast sove,

reignty, the limits of which had extended from Cadiz to the Baltic sea, he received the small island of Elba.

Thus fell this man, whose name for fourteen years had filled the world. His enterprising and organizing genius, his restless desires and his energy, his love of glory, and the immense disposable force which the revolution had put into his hands, had made him the greatest character of modern times. What would have rendered the destiny of another man extraordinary, was scarcely observed in his. Sprung from obscurity, elevated to the supreme power from a simple officer of artillery, he had dared to conceive the idea of universal monarchy, and for a short time he realized it. Having obtained an empire by his victories, he then wished to subdue Europe by means of France, and to reduce England by means of Europe; and he established the military system to act against the Continent, and the blockade against England. This design succeeded for several years, and from Lisbon to Moscow he subjected the people and their potentates to his general orders, and the vast sequestration he had prescribed. But by his attack on the liberties of the people, soon after his return from Egypt, on the 18th of Brumaire, he dissatisfied both the opinions and interests of mankind; he excited universal hostility, and the heart of the nation gradually withdrew from him. Thus, after having planted his standard upon the walls of every capital, and having for several years augmented his power, and gained a realm at every battle, a few reverses of fortune united the world against him, and he fell-a proof of the impracticability of despotism in any individual in the present times.

Napoleon, after all, in spite of the disastrous results of his system, has given a prodigious impulse to the Continent. His armies have left behind them the usages, the ideas, and the more advanced civilization of France, European society has been thrown down from its ancient

foundation: the communication between its inhabitants has been rendered more frequent; bridges have been thrown over rivers hitherto deemed impassable; great roads effected in the midst of the Alps; the Appenines and the Pyrenees have approximated their territories, and even South America and its northern boundaries have felt the influence of the new order of things. It is thus that Napoleon, in agitating kingdoms and nations, has contributed to their civilization. Even his spirit of conquest rendered him the renovator of modern Europe, many of the nations of which, sunk in indolence before his coming, have been since roused into life and energy.

Count Segur concludes his history of the Russian campaign with some observations that seem remarkably appropriate to the present period. He thinks that in promoting the civilization of these northern nations, Europe has probably hastened the epoch of their next invasion of the south, "for let no one believe that their pompous cities, their exotic and forced luxury, will be able to keep them stationary, and render them less formidable. The masses, only a few of whom can partake of this luxury and effeminacy, will become more and more envious, and the disposition for the invasion of the South by the North, recommended by Catherine II., will continue. Who can fancy that this great struggle is at an end? It is the war of privation against enjoyment; the eternal war of the poor against the rich. Scarcely had the science of modern warfare penetrated among the Russians, when their armies were seen on the Elbe, and shortly after in Italy. They came to reconnoitre these countries; some day they will come and settle there."

During the last century, either from philanthropy or vanity, Europe was eager to civilize these men of the north, of whom Peter the Great had already made formidable warriors. She acted wisely in so far as she diminished for herself, the danger of falling back into fresh barba

rism. But since war has become so scientific, that mind predominates in it, a degree of instruction is requisite, which nations that still remain barbarous, can only acquire by civilization. That the invasion of Russia by the French, was of importance to Europe, Count Segur argues, because its object was to wrest Poland from Russia, the result of which would have thrown the danger of a fresh invasion of the men of the north at a greater distance. It would have weakened the torrent, and opposed a new barrier between the northern and southern nations. Under Napoleon, obedient Europe seemed to rise at his call, to drive back Russia into her native limits; it appeared as if the North was in its turn about to be vanquished, even among its own icy regions! And yet this great man, with so many circumstances in his favour, could not subdue nature. After reaching this frightful climate he was suddenly precipitated from the summit he had gained. The North, victorious over the South, in her defensive war, as she had been in her offensive one, now believes herself invulnerable and irresistible."

Some errors, this historian acknowledges, were punished by great calamities. "I have," he says, "related both the one and the other: on that ocean of evils. I have erected a melancholy beacon of gloomy and blood-red light, and if my feeble hand has been insufficient for the painful task, at least I have exhibited the floating wrecks, in order that those who come after us may see the danger, and avoid the consequences."

Finis.

Acts, atrocious, committed by the French, 924.
Allies, the, inside France at all points, 952.
Ambition, the, of Napoleon and Alexander, 887,
Armistice, a singular, 913.

Army, French, sources of discontent in, 897; the opinion of, 888.
grand, halts at Koningsberg, 944.

Balachoff, M., mission of to Wilna, 892.

Balloon, a prodigious, 917.

Bassano, Duke of, on the distresses of the French army, 891.
Battle, the terrible, of Borodino, or the Moskwa, 906.

of Champ Aubert, 954.

at Cherkowa and Maliewow, 930.

at Kalitch, 946.

at Krasnoe, 928, 929.

from Smolensk to Krasnoe, ib.

of Labiau and Tente, 945,

of Malo Jaroslawetz, 921.
of Smolensk, 898.

of Vincowo, 915.
of Wiasma, 925.

Berezina, passage of the, 934-938.
Bulletin, the twenty-ninth, 940.

Conspiracy, the, of General Mallet, 951.

Cossacks, temerity of the, 913.

Daru, Count, objections of against the march to Moscow, 895.

Davoust, Marshal, anecdote of, 945.

Dorogobouje in ashes, 905.

Duroc despairs of success at Moscow, 897.

Dysentery, the, occasioned by eating rye, 897.

Englishman, an active and bustling, 922.

English, the, attacked through Russia, 890.

Eugene, Prince, ideas of the march to Moscow, 897.

Europe, north of, disaffected towards the French, 948.

Fogs and snow, sudden appearance of, 925.

France, perilous state of in 1814, 952, 953.

French Marshals, feelings of, on the invasion of Russia, 886.
pride of the, deeply wounded, 954.

Kings, the discontented, 887.

Kolotskoi, the great abbey of, 924.

Koningsberg, disasters of the French army at, 944, 945.

Kremlin, sudden alarm in the, 915-919.

Kutusoff, General, 921; his cautious proceedings, 923-925.

Miloradowitch, the Russian Murat, 924.

Minsk, taken by the Russians, 932.

Mohilef, affair of, 893.

Monarchs, by the Grace of God, 944.

Moscow entered by the French, 911; evacuated by them, 919.

-the city with the golden cupolas, 916; the spoils of, 926.

Murat, impetuosity of his temper, 893; mortification of, at Smolensk, 898.
announces his intention to abandon Napoleon, 943; joins the coalition, 953.'