ANTITYPE

APOCRYPHA

The word antitype occurs twice in the New Testament, viz. in the Epistle to the Hebrews, chap. ix. v. 24. and in the 1st Epistle of St. Peter, chap. iii. v. 21. where its genuine import has

above sentiments are, Crisp, Richardson, Saltmarch, Hussey, Eatom, Town, &c. These have been answered by Gataker, Sedgwick, Witstus, Bull, Williams, Ridgley, Beart, De Fleury 4. See also Bellamy's Letters and Dia-been much controverted. The former says, that lores between Theron, Paulinus, and Aspasio; with his Essay on the Nature and Glory of the Gospel; Edwards's Crispianism unmasked. ANTIPATHY, hatred, aversion, repugnaney. Hatred is entertained against persons, averon and antipathy against persons or things, and repugnancy against actions alone. Hatred is more voluntary than aversion, antipathy, or repugnancy: these last have greater affinity with the animal constitution. The causes of antipathy are less known than those of aversion. Repugnancy is less permanent than either the one or the other. We hate a vicious character; we feel an aversion to its exertions. We are affected with antipathy for certain persons at first sight; there are some affairs which we transact with repugnancy. Hatred calumniates, aversion keeps us at a distance from certain persons. Antipathy makes us detest them; repugnancy hinders us from imitating them.

ANTIPEDOBAPTISTS (from ~vt, against, and is, des, child, and Bar, baptize,) is a distinguishing denomination given to those who object to the baptism of infants. See BAPTISTS, BAPTISM.

Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands, which are TT, the figures or antitypes of the true-now to appear in the presence of God. Now Tos signifies the pattern by which another thing is made; and as Moses was obliged to make the tabernacle, and all things in it, according to the pattern shown him in the Mount, the tabernacle so formed was the antitype of what was shown to Moses; any thing, therefore, formed according to a model or pattern, is an antitype. In the latter passage, the Apostle, speaking of Noah's flood, and the deliverance of only eight persons in the ark from it, says, Mμx5 AVTITUTOV νυν σώζει βαπτισμα: Βαρtism being an antitype to that, now saves us; not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God, &c. The meaning is, that righteousness, or the answer of a good conscience towards God, now saves us, by means of the resurrection of Christ, as formerly righteousness saved these eight pers sons by means of the ark during the flood. The word antitype, therefore, here signifies a general similitude of circumstances; and the particle, whereunto, refers not to the immediate antecedent

ANTOSIANDRIANS, a sect of rigid Lutherans, who opposed the doctrine of Osiander relating to justification. These are otherwise denominated Osiandromastiges.-The Antosiandrians deny that man is made just, with that justice wherewith God himself is just; that is, they assert that he is not made essentially, but only imputatively just; or that he is not really

ANTIQUITIES, a term implying all testi-usaros, water, but to all that precedes. monies or authentic accounts that have come down to us of ancient nations. As the study of antiquity may be useful both to the inquiring Christian, as well as to those who are employed in, or are candidates for the Gospel ministry, we shall here subjoin a list of those which are esteemed the most valuable.-Fabricii Bibliographia Antiquaria; Spencer de Legibus Heb. Ritualibus; Godwyn's Moses and Aaron; Bing-made just, but only pronounced so. ham's Antiquities of the Christian Church; Jenning's Jewish Antiquities; Potter's and Harwood's Greek, and Kennett's and Adams's Roman Antiquities; Preface to the Prussian Testament, published by L'Enfant and Beautobre; Prideaux and Shuckford's Connections; Jmer's Asiatic Researches; and Maurice's Indian Antiquities; Brown's Jewish Antiquities; Levi's Origines Hebraæ; Fleury's Manners | Christians adopted the term apathy to express a of the Ancient Israelites. contempt of all earthly concerns; a state of morANTISABBATARIANS, a modern reli-tification such as the Gospel prescribes. Clemens

APATHY, among the ancient philosophers, implied an utter privation of passion, and an insensibility of pain. The word is compounded of, priv. and as, affection. The Stoics affected an entire apathy; they considered it as the highest wisdom to enjoy a perfect calmness or tranquillity of mind, incapable of being ruffled by either pleasure or pain. In the first ages of the church, the

Alexandrinus, in particular, brought it exceed ingly in vogue, thinking hereby to draw such philosophers to Christianity who aspired after such a sublime pitch of virtue.

rious sect, who deny the necessity of observing the Sabbath Day. Their chief arguments are, 1 That the Jewish Sabbath was only of ceremorial, not of moral obligation; and consequently, is abolished by the coming of Christ.— APELLEANS, so called from Apelles, in the 2 That no other Sabbath was appointed to be second century. They affirmed, that Christ, observed by Christ or his apostles.-3. That when he came down from heaven, received a tere is not a word of Sabbath-breaking in all the body not from the substance of his mother, but New Testament.-4. That no command was from the four elements, which at his death he given to Adam or Noah to keep any Sabbath.-rendered back to the world, and so ascended into And 5. That, therefore, although Christians are heaven without a body. mmanded not to forsake the assembling of temselves together," they ought not to hold one Ca more holy than another. See article SAB

APOCALYPSE, or Revelation, from the Greek т, to unreil, discover, reveal; the name of the last of the sacred books of the New Testament, and so called from its containANTITRINITARIANS, those who denying important revelations concerning the future

the Trinity, and teach that there are not three persons in the Godhead. See TRINITY. ANTITYPE, a Greek word, properly signifing a type or figure corresponding to some after type.

destinies of the church. See REVELATION.-B. APOCRYPHA, books not admitted into the canon of Scripture, being either spurious, or at least not acknowledged as divine. The word is Greek, and is derived from us, from, and

APOSTOLIC

APOSTACY #pur, to hide or conceal. They seem most | fourthly, of those who voluntarily relapsed into of them to have been composed by Jews. None paganism. A postacy may be farther considered of the writers of the New Testament mention as 1. Original, in which we have all participated, them; neither Philo nor Josephus speak of them. | Rom. iii. 23;-2. National, when a kingdom reThe Christian church was for some ages a stran- linquishes the profession of Christianity;-3. ger to them. Origen, Athanasius, Hilary, Cyril Personal, when an individual backslides from of Jerusalem, and all the orthodox writers who God, Heb. x. 38;-4. Final, when men are given have given catalogues of the canonical books of up to judicial hardness of heart, as Judas. See Scripture, unanimously concur in rejecting these BACKSLIDING. out of the canon. The Protestants acknowledge such books of Scripture only to be canonical as were esteemed to be so in the first ages of the church; such as are cited by the earliest writers among the Christians, as of divine authority, and after the most diligent inquiry, were received and judged to be so by the council of Laodicea. They were written after the days of Malachi, in whom, according to the universal testimony of the Jews, the spirit of prophecy ceased, Mal. iv. 4—6. Not one of the writers in direct terms advances a claim to inspiration. They contain fables, lies, and contradictions. 1 Maccabees, vi. 4, 16. 2 Maccabees, i. 13, 16. ix. 23. The apocryphal books are in general believed to be canonical by the church of Roine; and, even by the sixth article of the church of England, they are ordered to be read for example of life and instruction of manners, though it doth not apply them to establish any doctrine. Other reformed churches do not so much as make even this use of them. See Prideaux's Connection, vol. i. p. 36-42; Lee's Dis. on Esdras; Dick on Inspiration, p. 344; Alexander on the Canon; Horne's Introduction, vol. iv. p. 239.

APOLLINARIANS were ancient heretics, who denied the proper humanity of Christ, and maintained that the body he assumed was endowed with a sensitive and not a rational soul; but that the divine nature supplied the place of the intellectual principle in man. This sect derived its name from Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea. Their doctrine was first condemned by a council at Alexandria in 362, and afterwards in a more formal manner by a council at Rome in 375, and by another council in 378, which deposed Apollinaris from his bishopric. This, with other laws enacted against them, reduced them to a very small number; so that at last they dwindled away.

APOSTLE, properly signifies a messenger or person sent by another upon some business. It is particularly applied to them whom our Saviour deputed to preach.-2. Apostle, in the Greek liturgy, is used for a book containing the epistles of St. Paul, printed in the order wherein they are to be read in churches through the course of the year.-3. The appellation was also given to the ordinary travelling ministers of the church, Rom. xvi. 7. Phil. ii. 25., though in our translation the last is rendered messenger.-4. It is likewise given to those persons who first planted the Christian faith in any place. Thus Lionysius of Corinth is called the Apostle of France, Xavier the Apostle of the Indies, &c.

APOSTLES' CREED. See CREED. APOSTOLATE, in a general sense, is used for mission; but it more properly denotes the dignity or office of an apostle of Christ. It is also used in ancient writers for the office of a bishop. But as the title apostolicus has been appropriated to the pope, so that of apostolate became at length restrained to the sole dignity of the popedom.

APOSTOLIC, apostolical; something that relates to the apostles, or descends from them. Thus we say, the apostolical age, apostolical doc trine, apostolical character, constitutions, traditions, &c.

APOSTOLIC, in the primitive church, was an appellation given to all such churches as were founded by the apostles; and even to the bishops of those churches, as being the reputed successors of the apostles. These were confined to tour, viz. Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. In after-times, the other churches assumed the same quality, on account, principally, of the conformity of their doctrine with that of the churches which were apostolical by foundation, and because all bishops held themselves successors of the apostles, or acted in their dioceses with the

The first time the term apostolical is attributed to bishops, as such, is in a letter of Clovis to the council of Orleans, held in 511, though that king does not there expressly denominate them apostolical, but (apostolica sede dignissimi) highly worthy of the apostolical see. in 581, Gun.tram calls the bishops, met at the council of Macon, apostolical pontiffs, apostolici pontifices.

APOLOGY, a Greek term, literally import-authority of apostles. ing an excuse or defence of some person, cause, or action. Both in ancient and modern times the word has been applied to works written for the professed design of defending or vindicating Christianity from the attacks of its enemies, and also to those written in defence of certain religious sects by their advocates. Thus, among the ancients, we meet with the Apology of Justin Martyr, the Apologetic of Tertullian, &c. And among the moderns, with Watson's Apology, Barclay's Apology, and others.-B.

In progress of time, the bishop of Rome growing in power above the rest, and the three patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusa APOSTACY, a forsaking or renouncing our lem falling into the hands of the Saracens, the religion, either by an open declaration in words, title apostolical was restrained to the pope and or a virtual declaration of it by our actions. The his church alone; though some of the popes, and primitive Christian church distinguished several St. Gregory the Great, not contented to hold the kinds of apostacy: the first, of those who went title by this tenure, began at length to insist that entirely from Christianity to Judaism: the se- it belonged to them by another and peculiar right, cond, of those who complied so far with the Jews, as being the successors of St. Peter. The counas to communicate with them in many of their cil of Rheims, in 1049, declared that the pope unlawful practices, without making a formal pro-was the sole apostolical primate of the universal fession of their religion; thirdly, of those who church. And hence a great number of apostolmingled Judaism and Christianity together; and|cals; apostolical see, apostolical nuncio, apostoli

APPROPRIATION

cal notary, apostolical brief, apostolical chamber, | apostolical vicar, &c.

APOSTOLICAL CONSTITUTIONS, a collection of regulations attributed to the apostles, and supposed to have been collected by St. Clement, whose name they likewise bear. It is the general opinion, however, that they are spurious, and that St. Clement had no hand in them. They appeared first in the fourth century, but have been much changed and corrupted since. There are so many things in them different from and even contrary to the genius and design of the New Testament writers, that no wise man would believe, without the most convincing and irresistible proof, that both could come from the sune hand. Grabe's Answer to Whiston; Saurin's Ser. vol. ii. p. 185; Lardner's Cred. vol. iii. p11. ch. ult.; Doddridge's Lect. lec. 119.

ARIANS

mind by which we apply the blessings of the Gospel to ourselves. This appropriation is real when we are enabled to believe in, feel, and obey the truth; but merely nominal and delusive when there are no fruits of righteousness and true holiness. See ASSURANCE.

AQUARIANS, those who consecrated water in the eucharist instead of wine. Another branch of them approved of wine in the sacrament, when received at the evening: they likewise mixed water with the wine.

ARABICI, erroneous Christians, in the third century, who thought that the soul and body died together, and rose again. It is said that Origen convinced them of their error, and that they then abjured it.

ARCHANGEL, according to some divines, means an angel occupying the eighth rank in the celestial hierarchy; but others, not without reason, reckon it a title only applicable to our Saviour. Compare Jude ix. with Dan. xii. 1. 1 Thes. iv. 16.

APOSTOLIC FATHERS, an appellation usually given to the writers of the first century, who employed their pens in the cause of Christianity. Of these writers, Cotelerius, and after him Le Clerc, have published a collection in two ARCHBISHOP, the chief or metropolitan volumes, accompanied both with their own anno- bishop, who has several suffragans under him. tations, and the remarks of other learned men. Archbishops were not known in the East till See also the genuine epistles of the apostolic about the year 320; and though there were some fathers by Abp. Wake. soon after this who had the title, yet that was APOSTOLIC SUCCESSION. See Suc-only a personal honour, by which the bishops of

CESSION,

APOTACTITE, an ancient sect, who affected to follow the example of the apostles, and renounced all their effects and possessions. It does not appear that they held any errors at first; but afterwards they taught that the renouncing of all riches was not only a matter of counsel and advice, but of precept and necessity.

considerable cities were distinguished. It was not till of late that archbishops became metropolitans, and had suffragans under them. The ecclesiastical government of England is divided into two provinces, viz. Canterbury and York. The first archbishop of Canterbury was Austin, appointed by king Ethelbert, on his conversion to Christianity, about the year 598. His grace of Canterbury is the first peer of England, and the next to the royal family, having precedence of all dukes, and all great officers of the crown. It is his privilege, by custom, to crown the kings and queens of this kingdom. The archbishop of York has precedence of all dukes not of the royal Application is also used for that part of a ser- blood, and of all officers of state, except the lord mon in which the preacher brings home or ap-high chancellor. The first archbishop of York pies the truth of religion to the consciences of was Paulinus, appointed by pope Gregory about his hearers. See SERMON. the year 622.

APPLICATION is used for the act whereby our Saviour transfers or makes over to us what he had earned or purchased by his holy life and death. Accordingly it is by this application of the merits of Christ that we are to be justified and entitled to grace and glory.

APPROBATION, a state or disposition of ARCHDEACON, a priest invested with authe mind, wherein we put a value upon, or be-thority or jurisdiction over the clergy and laity, come pleased with, some person or thing. Mo- next to the bishop, either through the whole diorasts are divided on the principle of approbation, cese, or only a part of it. There are sixty in or the motive which determines us to approve or England, who visit every two years in three, disapprove. The Epicureans will have it to be when they inquire into the reparations and only self-interest: according to them, that which moveables belonging to churches; reform abuses; determines any agent to approve his own action, suspend; excommunicate; in some places prove is its apparent tendency to his private happiness; wills; and induct all clerks into benefices within and even the approbation of another's action their respective jurisdictions. os from no other cause but an opinion of its tendency to the happiness of the approver, either

ARCHONTICS, a sect about the year 160 or 203. Among many other extravagant notions, dutely or remotely. Others resolve appro- they held that the world was created by archanbation into a moral sense, or a principle of be-gels; they also denied the resurrection of the body. volence, by which we are determined to approve every kind affection either in ourselves or others, and all publicly useful actions which we tagine to flow from such affections, without ay view therein to our own private happiness. But may we not add, that a true Christian's approbation arises from his perception of the will God? See OBLIGATION.

APPROPRIATION, the annexing a benere to the proper and perpetual use of some reliznas house. It is a term also often used in the bus world as referring to that act of the

ARCH-PRESBYTER, or ARCH-PRIEST, a priest established in some dioceses with a superiority over the rest. He was anciently chosen out of the college of presbyters, at the pleasure of the bishop. The arch-presbyters were much of the same nature with our deans in cathedral churches.

ARIANS, followers of Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, about 315, who maintained that the Son of God was totally and essentially distinct from the Father; that he was the first and noblest of those beings whom God had

ARIAN

ARK OF THE COVENANT ment whatever in the divine dispensations. In modern times, the term Arian is indiscriminately applied to those who consider Jesus simply subordinate to the Father. Some of them believe Christ to have been the creator of the world; but they all maintain that he existed previously to his incarnation, though in his pre-existent state they assign him different degrees of dignity. Hence the terms High and Low Arian. See PRE-EXISTENCE. Some of the more recent vindicators of Arianism have been H. Taylor, in his Apology of Ben Mordecai to his friends for embracing Christianity; Dr. Harwood, in his Five Dissertations; Dr. Price, in his Sermons on the Christian Doctrine. See also the 4th vol. of the Theological Repository, p. 153-163, and Cornish's Tract on the Pre-existence of Christ.

On the opposite side, Bogue and Bennett's Hist of Dissenters, vol. iii. Abbadie, Waterland, Guyse, Hey, Robinson, Ereleigh, Hawker on the Divinity of Christ;-Calamy, Taylor, Gill, Jones, Pike, and Simpson on the Trinity. ARISTOTELIANS. The followers of Aris

and represented the Deity as somewhat similar to a principle of power giving motion to a machine; and as happy in the contemplation of himself, but regardless of human affairs. They were uncertain as to the immortality of the soul.-As this was rather a philosophical than religious sect, we shall not enlarge on it.

created the instrument, by whose subordinate operation he formed the universe; and, therefore, inferior to the Father both in nature and dignity: also, that the Holy Ghost was not God, but created by the power of the Son. The Arians owned that the Son was the Word; but denied that Word to have been eternal. They held that Christ had nothing of man in him but the flesh, to which the 70s, or word, was joined, which was the same as the soul in us. The Arians were first condemned and anathematized by a council at Alexandria, in 320, under Alexander, bishop of that city, who accused Arius of impiety, and caused him to be expelled from the communion of the church; and afterwards by 380 fathers in the general council of Nice, assembled by Constantine, in 325. His doctrine, however, was not extinguished; on the contrary, it became the reigning religion, especially in the east. Arius was recalled from banishment by Constantine in two or three years after the council of Nice, and the laws that had been enacted against him were repealed. Notwithstanding this, Athanasius, then bishop of Alexandria, refused to admit him and his followers to communion. This so en-totle. They believed in the eternity of the world, raged them, that, by their interest at court, they procured that prelate to be deposed and banished; but the church of Alexandria still refusing to admit Arius into their communion, the emperor sent for him to Constantinople; where upon delivering in a fresh confession of his faith in terms less offensive, the emperor commanded him to be received into their communion; but that very evening, it is said, Arius died as his friends were conducting him in triumph to the great church of Constantinople. Arius, pressed by a natural want, stepped aside, but expired on the spot, his bowels gushing out. The Arian party, however, found a protector in Constantius, who succeeded his father in the East. They underwent various revolutions and persecutions under succeeding emperors; till, at length, Theodosius the Great exerted every effort to suppress them. Their doctrine was carried, in the fifth century, The length of this ark was 300 cubits, which, into Africa, under the Vandals; and into Asia according to Dr. Arbuthnot's calculation, amount under the Goths.-Italy, Gaul, and Spain, were to a little more than 547 feet; its breadth, 50 cualso deeply infected with it; and towards the bits, or 91-2 feet; its height, 30 cubits, or 54-72 commencement of the sixth century, it was tri- feet: and its solid contents 2,730-782 solid feet, umphant in many parts of Asia, Africa, and Eu- sufficient for a carriage for 81,062 tons. It conrope: but it sunk almost at once, when the Van-sisted of three stories, each of which, abating the dals were driven out of Africa, and the Goths out of Italy by the arms of Justinian. However, it revived again in Italy, under the protection of the Lombards, in the seventh century, and was not extinguished till about the end of the eighth. Arianism was again revived in the West by Servetus, in 1531, for which he suffered death. After this the doctrine got footing in Geneva, and in Poland; but at length degenerated in a great measure into Socinianism. Erasmus, it is thought, aimed at reviving it, in his commentaries on the New Testament; and the learned Grotius seems to lean that way. Mr. Whiston was one of the first divines who revived this controversy in the eighteenth century. He was followed by Dr. Clarke, who was chiefly opposed by Dr. Waterland. Those who hold the doctrine which is usually called Low Arianism, say that Christ pre-existed; but not as the eternal Logos of the Father, or as the being by whom he made the worlds, and had intercourse with the patriarchs, or as having any certain rank or employ

ARK, or NOAH'S ARK, a floating vessel built by Noah for the preservation of his family, and the several species of animals, during the deluge. The form of the ark was an oblong, with a flat bottom, and a sloped roof, raised to a cubit in the middle; it had neither sails nor rudder; nor was it sharp at the ends for cutting the water. This form was admirably calculated to make it lie steady on the water, without rolling, which might have endangered the lives of the animals within.

thickness of the floors, might be about 18 feet high, and no doubt was partitioned into a great many rooms or apartments. This vessel was doubtless so contrived, as to admit the air and the light on all, though the particular construction of the windows be not mentioned.

ARK OF THE COVENANT, a small chest or coffer, three feet nine inches in length, two feet three inches in breadth, and two feet three inches in height, in which were contained the golden pot that had manna, Aaron's rod, and the tables of the covenant. The ark was reposited in the holiest place of the tabernacle. It was taken by the Philistines, and detained twenty (some say forty) years at Kirjath-jearim; but, the people being afflicted with emerods on account of it, returned it with divers presents. It was afterwards placed in the temple. The lid or covering of the ark was called the propitiatory or mercy seat; over which two figures were placed, called cherubims, with expanded wings of a peculiar form. Here the Shechinah rested both in the

ARMINIANS

ARMINIANS

tabernacle and temple in a visible cloud: hence | persevere unto the end; and to inflict everlasting were issued the Divine oracles by an audible punishments on those who should continue in voice; and the high priest appeared before this their unbelief, and resist his divine succours; so mercy-seat once every year on the great day of that election was conditional, and reprobation in expiation; and the Jews, wherever they worship-like manner the result of foreseen infidelity and ped, turned their faces towards the place where persevering wickedness. the ark stood.

in the second temple there was also an ark, made of the same shape and dimensions with the first, and put in the same place, but without any of its contents and peculiar honours. It was used as a representative of the former on the day of expiation, and a repository of the original copy of the holy Scriptures, collected by Ezra and the men of the great synagogue after the captivity; and, in imitation of this, the Jews, to this day, have a kind of ark in their synagogues, wherein their sacred books are kept.

II. That Jesus Christ, by his sufferings and death, made an atonement for the sins of all mankind in general, and of every individual in particular; that, however, none but those who be lieve in him can be partakers of divine benefits.

III. That true faith cannot proceed from the exercise of our natural faculties and powers, nor from the force and operation of free will; since man, in consequence of his natural corruption, is incapable either of thinking or doing any good thing; and that, therefore, it is necessary, in order to his conversion and salvation, that he be regenerated and renewed by the operations of the Holy Ghost, which is the gift of God through Jesus Christ.

IV. That this divine grace or energy of the Holy Ghost begins and perfects every thing that can be called good in man, and, consequently all good works are to be attributed to God alone; that, nevertheless, this grace is offered to all, and does not force men to act against their inclinations, but may be resisted and rendered ineffectual by the perverse will of the impenitent sinner. Some modern Arminians interpret this and the last article with a greater latitude.

ARMENIANS, the inhabitants of Armenia, whose religion is the Christian of the Eutychian sect; that is, they hold but one nature in Jesus Christ. See EUTYCHIANS. They assert also the procession of the Holy Ghost from the Father only. They believe that Christ, at his descent into hell freed the souls of the damned from thence, and reprieved them to the end of the world, when they shall be remanded to eternal flames. They believe that the souls of the righteous shall not be admitted to the beatific vision till after the resurrection, notwithstanding which they pray to departed saints, adore their pictures, and furn lamps before them. The Armenian clergy V. That God gives to the truly faithful, who consist of patriarchs, archbishops, doctors, secular are regenerated by his grace, the means of prepriests, and monks. The Armenian monks are serving themselves in this state. The first Arof the cader of St. Basil; and every Wednesday minians, indeed, had some doubt with respect to and Friday they cat neither fish, nor eggs, nor the closing part of this article; but their followel nor any thing made of milk; and during Lenters uniformly maintain "that the regenerate may thy live upon nothing but roots. They have lose true justifying faith, fall from a state of grace, seven sacraments; baptism, confirmation, pe- and die in their sms." nance, the eucharist, extreme unction, orders, and After the appointment of Arminius to the theomatrimony.-They admit infants to the commu-logical chair at Leyden, he thought it his duty to noon at two or three months old. They seem to place the chief part of their religion in fastings an! abstinences; and, among the clergy, the higher the degree, the lower they must live; insomuch, Uat it is said the archbishops live on nothing but pase. They consecrate holy water but once a year; at which time every one fills a pot, and carries it home, which brings in a considerable revenue to the church.

avow and vindicate the principles which he had embraced; and the freedom with which he published and defended them, exposed him to the resentment of those that adhered to the theological system of Geneva, which then prevailed in Holland; but his principal opponent was Gomar, his colleague. The controversy which was thus begun became more general after the death of Arminius, in the year 1609, and threatened to ARMINIANS, persons who follow the doc-involve the United Provinces in civil discord. trines of Arminius, who was pastor at Amster- The Arminian tenets gained ground under the dam, and afterwards professor of divinity at Ley-mild and favourable treatment of the magistrates den Arminius had been educated in the opinions of Cavin; but, thinking the doctrine of that great man with regard to free will, predestination and grace, too severe, he began to express his doubts concerning them in the year 1591; and, upon further inquiry, adopted the sentiments of those religious system extends the love of the Supreme Being and the merits of Jesus Christ to all mankind. The Arminians are also called Re-Switzerland, and the Palatinate. The principal netrants, because, in 1611, they presented a remonstrance to the states-general, wherein they state their grievances, and pray for relief.

of Holland, and were adopted by several persons of merit and distinction. The Calvinists or Gomarists, as they were now called, appealed to a national synod; accordingly the synod of Dort was convened, by order of the states-general, in 1618; and was composed of ecclesiastic deputies from the United Provinces as well as from the reformed churches of England, Hessia, Bremen,

advocate in favour of the Arminians was Episcopius, who at that time was professor of divinity at Leyden. It was first proposed to discuss the principal subjects in dispute, that the Arminians should be allowed to state and vindicate the grounds on which their opinions were founded;

The distinguishing tenets of the Arminians may be comprised in the five following articles reative to predestination, universal redemption, the corruption of man, conversion, and perseve-but, some difference arising, as to the proper mode

L. That God, from all eternity, determined to bestow salvation on those who he foresaw would

of conducting the debate, the Arminians were excluded from the assembly, their case was tried in their absence, and they were pronounced guilty