swers to an other: as, "John came neither eating nor drinking."-Matt., xi, 18.

The following are the principal conjunctions:— 1. Copulative; And, as, both, because, even, for, if, that, then, since, seeing, so.

2. Disjunctive; Or, nor, either, neither, than, though, although, yet, but, except, whether, lest, unless, save, notwithstanding.

3. Corresponsive; Both-and; as-as; as80; if then; either-or; neither-nor; whether -or; though, or although yet.

CHAPTER X.-OF PREPOSITIONS.

A Preposition is a word used to express some relation of different things or thoughts to each other, and is generally placed before a noun or a pronoun: as, The paper lies before me on the desk.

The following, are the principal prepositions: Aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid or amidst, among or amongst, around, at, athwart ;-before, behind, below, beneath, beside or besides, between or betwixt, beyond, by ;-concerning;-down, during;-except, excepting ;for, from;-in, into;-notwithstanding;-of, off, on, out-of, over, overthwart ;-past;-round ;since;-through, throughout, till, to, touching. toward or towards;-under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon;—with, within, without.

Obs.-The words in the preceding list are generally prepositions. But when any of them are employed without a subsequent term of relation they are adverbs. For, when it signifies because, is a conjunction; without, when used for unless, and notwithstanding, when placed before a nominative, are usually referred to the class of conjunctions also.

CHAPTER XI.-OF INTERJECTIONS.

An Interjection is a word that is uttered merely to indicate some strong or sudden emotion of the mind: as, Oh! alas!

The following are the principal interjections, arranged according to the emotions which they are generally intended to indicate: 1. Joy; eigh! hey io -2. Sorrow; oh! ah! alas! alack! welladay!-3. Wonder; heigh! ha! strange !4. Wishing or earnestness; O!-5. Pain: oh! ah! eh !6. Contempt; pugh! poh! pshaw ! pish! tush! tut!-7. Aversion; foh! fie! off! begone! avaunt!-8. Calling aloud; ho! soho! hollo!9. Exultation; aha! huzza! heyday! hurrah!10. Laughter; ha, ha, ha.-11. Salutation; welcome! hail! all hail!-12. Calling to attention; lo! behold! look! see! hark!-13. Calling to silence; hush! hist! mum !--14. Surprise; oh! ha! hah! what!-15. Languor; heigh-ho! -16. Stopping; avast! whoh!

The principal parts of a sentence are the SUBJECT, the PREDICATE, and the OBJECT or ATTRIBUTE, if there be either.

The other parts may be, 1. Primary or secondary adjuncts; 2. Words used to express relation or connection; 3. Independent words.

Adjuncts, as to their nature, are adjective, adverbial, or explanatory.

Adjuncts are adjective or adverbial when they are used as adjectives or adverbs.

Explanatory adjuncts are those used to explain

preceding noun or pronoun; as,

"The emperor

Napoleon." -"Paul the Apostle."—"We, the people of the United States."

Adjuncts, as to their form, are words, phrases, or clauses.

A phrase is two or more words which express some relation of ideas, but no entire proposition; as, "Of a good disposition."-" By the means appointed."- Having loved his own.

A phrase may be used in three ways; namely, 1. As one of the principal parts of a sentence; 2. As an adjunct; 3. It may be independent.

When a phrase is used as an adjunct, it is adjective, adverbial, or explanatory.

A phrase, used in the place of a noun, is called a substantive phrase; as, " To do good is the duty of all."

An independent phrase is one the principal part of which, is not related to, or connected with, any word in the rest of the sentence; as, "He failing, who shall meet success?"

The principal part of a phrase is that on which all the others depend; as, "Under every misfortune."—"Having exhausted every expedient."

Obs. 1.-A preposition that introduces a phrase, serves only to express the relation between the principal part, and the word of the sentence, on which the phrase depends.

Obs. 2.-Phrases are also classified as to their form, depending upon the introducing word, or the principal part; thus:

1. A phrase, introduced by a preposition, is called a prepositionai phrase; as, "By doing good."-" Of great learning."

2. A phrase, the principal part of which is a verb in the infinitive mood, is called an infinitive phrase; as, "To be good." 3. A phrase, the principal part of which is a participle, is called a participial phrase; as, "A measure founded on justice." Obs. 3.-A phrase, used as a subject or object, can, with strict adherence to grammatical rules, be only infinitive in form; as, disobey parents is disgraceful."-"William loves to study grammar." (See Obş. 4, Rule XIV.)

"To

Obs. 4.-A phrase, used as an attribute, may be substantive or adjective in its nature, and may be, in form,

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1. Infinitive; as, "The object of punishment is to reform the guilty.". His conduct is to be admired." In the second example it is adjective, being equivalent to admirable.

2. Prepositional; as, "He is in good health."-"The train was behind time." These are adjective phrases.

Obs. 5.-An adjective phrase may have the following forms:
1. Prepositional; as, "Carelessness in the use of money is a vice."
2. Infinitive; as, "The desire to do good is praiseworthy."

3. Participial; as, "Seeing the danger, he avoided it."
Obs. 6.—An adverbial phrase may have the following forms:
1. Prepositional; as, "He was industrious in study."

2. Infinitive; as,

Be swift to hear, and slow to speak." 3. Idiomatic; as, “In vain.”—“Day by day."—" By and by." Obs. 6.-An explanatory phrase is substantive in its nature, and infinitive in form; as, "It is pleasant to see the sun."

Obs. 7.-The independent phrase is various in form and character. It may be distinguished as,

1. Infinitive; as, "To be candid, I was in fault."

2. Participial; as, " Considering the circumstances, much credit is due."

3. Vocative; as, "Boast not, my dear friend, of to-morrow." 4. Pleonastic; as, "The blessing of the Lord, it maketh rich." 5. Absolute; "The sun rising, the mists were dispersed."

Obs. 8.-The last form of this phrase is generally adverbial in meaning, being independent only in construction.

EXERCISE.-Analyze the following sentences, and point out the explanatory adjuncts and the phrases; parse each word as in the preceding exercises.

EXAMPLE." Diogenes, the Greek philosopher, lived in a tub."

This is a simple declarative sentence; the subject is Diogenes; the predicate, lived; philosopher is an explanatory adjunct of the subject; the and Greek are adjuncts of philosopher. The adjunct of lived is the adverbial phrase, in a tub. The principal part of the phrase is tub, of which a is an adjunct.

The butterfly, child of the summer, flutters among the flowers. Mahomet was a native of Mecca, a city in Arabia. The Cabots, natives of Venice, were the first discoverers of North America. Spain was, at one time, the wealthiest country of Europe. In the path of life, no one is constantly regaled with flowers. Industry is needful in every condition of life: the price of all improvement is labor. In the fifth century, the Franks, a people of Germany, invaded France. The book which William has lost, was a present from his brother Henry. When Alfred the Great ascended the throne of England, he was greatly harassed by the Danes, a piratical people from Scandinavia. A brave man, he would not wantonly injure others.

Syntax treats of the relation, agreement, gov ernment, and arrangement, of words in sentences. The relation of words, is their dependence, or connexion, according to the sense.

The agreement of words, is their similarity in person, number, gender, case, mood, tense, or form.

The government of words, is that power which one word has over another, to cause it to assume some particular modification.

The arrangement of words, is their collocation, or relative position, in a sentence.

The leading principles to be observed in the construction of sentences, or to be applied in their analysis by Syntactical Parsing, are embraced in the following twenty-six Rules of Syntax.

CHAPTER I.-OF RELATION AND
AGREEMENT.

RULE I-ARTICLES.

Articles relate to the nouns which they limit: as, "At a little distance from the ruins of the abbey, stands an aged elm."

Obs. 1.-Articles often relate to nouns understood; as, "The [river] Thames."-"Pliny the younger" [man].--"The honourable [body the Legislature."-" The animal [world] and the vegetable world."- "The Old [Testament] and the New Testament."

Obs. 2.-Articles belong before their nouns, but the definite article and an adjective seem sometimes to be placed after the noun to which they both relate: as, "Section the Fourth;"