Εικόνες σελίδας
PDF
Ηλεκτρ. έκδοση
[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]
[blocks in formation]

13. What will 84 barrels of flour cost at 7 dollars a barrel?

Ans. 588 dollars.

14. A merchant bought 273 hats at 8 dollars each; what did they cost? Ans. 2184 dollars. 15. How many inches are there in 253 feet, every foot being 12 inches?

OPERATION. 253

12

The product of 12, with each of the significant figures or digits, having been committed to memory from the multiplication table, it is just as easy to multiply by 12 as by a Ans. 3036 single figure. Thus, 12 times 3 are 36, &c. 16. What will 476 barrels of fish cost at 11 dollars a barrel? Ans. 5236 dollars.

17. A piece of valuable land, containing 33 acres, was sold for 246 dollars an acre; what did the whole come to?

As 12 is the largest number, the product of which, with the nine digits, is found in the multiplication table, therefore, when the multiplier exceeds 12, we multiply by each figure in the multiplier separately. Thus:

OPERATION.

246 dollars, the price of 1 acre.
33 number of acres.

738 dollars, the price of 3 acres.
738 dollars, the price of 30 acres.

Ans. 8118 dollars, the price of 33 acres.

The multiplier consists of 3 tens and 3 units. First, multiplying by the 3 units gives us 738 dollars, the price of 3 acres.

We then multiply by the 3 tens, writing the first figure of the product (8) in ten's place, that is, directly under the figure by which we multiply. It now appears, that the product by the 3 tens consists of the same figures as the product by the three units; but there is this difference-the figures in the product by the 3 tens are all removed one place further toward the left hand, by which their value is increased tenfold, which is as it should be, because the price of 30 acres

is evidently ten times as much as the price of 3 acres, that is, 7380 dollars; and it is plain, that these two products, added together, give the price of 33 acres.

These examples will be sufficient to establish the following

RULE.

I. Write down the multiplicand, under which write the multiplier, placing units under units, tens under tens, &c., and draw a line underneath.

II. When the multiplier does not exceed 12, begin at the right hand of the multiplicand, and multiply each figure contained in it by the multiplier, setting down, and carrying, as in addition.

III. When the multiplier exceeds 12, multiply by each figure of the multiplier separately, first by the units, then by the tens, &c., remembering always to place the first figure of each product directly under the figure by which you multiply. Having gone through in this manner with each figure in the multiplier, add their several products together, and the sum of them will be the product required.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

18. There are 320 rods in a mile; how many rods are there in 57 miles?

19. It is 436 miles from Boston to the city of Washington; how many rods is it?

20. What will 784 chests of tea cost, at 69 dollars a chest?

21. If 1851 men receive 758 dollars apiece, how many dollars will they all receive? Ans. 1403058 dollars. 22. There are 24 hours in a day; if a ship sail 7 miles in an hour, how many miles will she sail in 1 day, at that rate? how many miles in 36 days? how many miles in 1 year, or 365 days? Ans. 61320 miles in 1 year. 23. A merchant bought 13 pieces of cloth, each piece containing 28 yards, at 6 dollars a yard; how many yards were there, and what was the whole cost?

Ans. The whole cost was 2184 dollars.
Product, 8898040.

24. Multiply 37864 by 235.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors]

28399112.

817793024.

CONTRACTIONS IN MULTIPLICATION.

I. When the multiplier is a composite number.

11. Any number, which may be produced by the multiplication of two or more numbers, is called a composite number. Thus, 15, which arises from the multiplication of 5 and 3, (5 x 315,) is a composite number, and the numbers 5 and 3, which, multiplied together, produce it, are called component parts, or factors of that number. So, also, 24 is a composite number; its component parts or factors may be 2 and 12 (2 × 12=24;) or they may be 4 and 6 (4 × 6: 24;) or they may be 2, 3, and 4 (2 × 3 × 4 = 24.)

4

5

20

60

=

1. What will 15 yards of cloth cost, at 4 dollars a yard? 15 yards are equal to 5 × 3 yards. The cost of 5 yards would be 5 X 420 dollars; and because 15 yards contain 3 times 5 yards, so the cost of 15 yards will evidently be 3 times the cost of 5 yards, that is, 20 dollars X 360 dollars. Ans. 60 dollars.

Wherefore, If the multiplier be a composite number, we may, if we please, multiply the multiplicand first by one of the component parts, that product by the other, and so on, if the component parts be more than two; and, having in this way multiplied by each of the component parts, the last product will be the product required.

2. What will 136 tons of potashes come to, at 96 dollars per ton ?

8 X 1296. It follows, therefore, that 8 and 12 are component parts or factors of 96. Hence,

136 dollars, the price of 1 ton.

8 one of the component parts, or factors.

1088 dollars, the price of 8 tons.

12 the other component part, or factor.

Ans. 13056 dollars, the price of 96 tons.

3. Supposing 342 men to be employed in a certain plece of work, for which they are to receive 112 dollars each, how much will they all receive ?

8 X 7 X 2 = 112.

Ans. 38304 dollars.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small]

II. When the multiplier is 10, 100, 1000, &c. T12. It will be recollected, (T 3.) that any figure, on being removed one place towards the left hand, has its value increased tenfold; hence, to multiply any number by 10, it is only necessary to write a cipher on the right hand of it. Thus, 10 times 25 are 250; for the 5, which was units before, is now made tens, and the 2, which was tens before, is now made hundreds. So, also, if any figure be removed two places towards the left hand, its value is increased 100 times, &c. Hence,

When the multiplier is 10, 100, 1000, or 1 with any number of ciphers annexed, annex as many ciphers to the multiplicand as there are ciphers in the multiplier, and the multiplicand, so increased, will be the product required. Thus, Multiply 46 by 10, the product is 460.

[ocr errors]

83 100,

.... ...........

[ocr errors][merged small][merged small]

8300. 95000.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

1. What will 76 barrels of flour cost, at 10 dollars a barrel? 2. If 100 men receive 126 dollars each, how many dollars will they all receive?

3. What will 1000 pieces of broadcloth cost, estimating each piece at 312 dollars?

4. Multiply 5682 by 10000.

[blocks in formation]

¶ 13. On the principle suggested in the last T, it follows, When there are ciphers on the right hand of the multiplicand, multiplier, either or both, we may, at first, neglect these ciphers, multiplying by the significant figures only; after which we must annex as many ciphers to the product as there are ciphers on the right hand of the multiplicand and multiplier, counted together.

« ΠροηγούμενηΣυνέχεια »